ObjectiveTo explore the dose-effect relationship and safety of high， medium， and low doses of raw Astragali Radix in the modified Huangqi Chifengtang （MHCD） for treating proteinuria in immunoglobulin A （IgA） nephropathy， and to provide scientific evidence for the clinical use of high-dose Astragali Radix in the treatment of proteinuria in IgA nephropathy. MethodsA total of 120 patients with IgA nephropathy， diagnosed with Qi deficiency and blood stasis combined with wind pathogen and heat toxicity， were randomly divided into a control group and three treatment groups. The control group received telmisartan combined with a Chinese medicine placebo， while the treatment groups were given telmisartan combined with MHCD containing different doses of raw Astragali Radix （60， 30， 15 g）. Each group contained 30 patients， and the treatment period was 12 weeks. Changes in 24-hour urinary protein （24 hUTP）， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome scores， effective rate， and renal function were observed before and after treatment. Safety was assessed by monitoring liver function and blood routine. ResultsAfter 12 weeks of treatment， 24 hUTP significantly decreased in the high， medium， and low-dose groups， as well as the control group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The TCM syndrome scores in the high， medium， and low-dose groups also significantly decreased （P<0.01）. Comparisons between groups showed that the 24 hUTP in the high-dose group was significantly lower than in the medium， low-dose， and control groups （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the 24 hUTP in the medium-dose group was significantly lower than in the control group （P<0.05）. The TCM syndrome scores in the high and medium-dose groups were significantly lower than in the low-dose and control groups （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The total effective rates for proteinuria in the high， medium， low-dose， and control groups were 92.59% （25/27）， 85.19% （23/27）， 60.71% （17/28）， and 57.14% （16/28）， respectively. The effective rates in the high and medium-dose groups were significantly higher than in the low-dose and control groups （χ²=13.185， P<0.05， P<0.01）. The effective rates for TCM syndrome scores in the high， medium， low-dose， and control groups were 88.89% （24/27）， 81.48% （22/27）， 71.43% （20/28）， and 46.43% （13/28）， respectively. The efficacy of TCM syndrome scores in the high and medium-dose groups was significantly higher than in the control group （χ²=14.053， P<0.01）. Compared with pre-treatment values， there was no statistically significant difference in eGFR and serum creatinine in the high and medium-dose groups. However， eGFR significantly decreased in the low-dose and control groups after treatment （P<0.05）， and serum creatinine levels increased significantly in the control group （P<0.05）. No statistically significant differences were observed in urea nitrogen， uric acid， albumin， total cholesterol， triglycerides， liver function， and blood routine before and after treatment in any group. ConclusionThere is a dose-effect relationship in the treatment of IgA nephropathy with high， medium， and low doses of raw Astragali Radix in MHCD. The high-dose group exhibited the best therapeutic effect and good safety profile.

Ulcerative colitis （UC）， a chronic， non-specific inflammatory bowel disease with typical symptoms such as abdominal pain， diarrhea， and bloody stools， demonstrates a high relapse rate and difficulty in curing. Sishenwan， first recorded in Internal Medicine Abstract （Nei Ke Zhai Yao）， are a classic prescription for treating diarrhea caused by deficiency of the spleen and kidney Yang. The core therapeutic principle of Sishenwan is warming and tonifying the spleen and kidney， and astringing the intestine and stopping diarrhea. In recent years， Sishenwan have demonstrated distinct advantages in the clinical treatment of UC. The pathogenesis of UC involves multiple factors， including immune dysregulation and gut microbiota imbalance. Although Western medicine is effective in the short term， its side effects， high relapse rate， and resistance associated with long-term use pose substantial challenges. Sishenwan have shown excellent clinical outcomes in the treatment of UC due to deficiency of the spleen and kidney Yang. Modern clinical studies indicate that Sishenwan， used alone or in combination with Western medicine or other Chinese medicine compound prescriptions， significantly improve the clinical efficacy in treating UC due to deficiency of the spleen and kidney Yang. Sishenwan effectively alleviate core symptoms such as mucus， pus， and blood in stools， and persistent abdominal pain， reduce Mayo scores and the relapse rate， and improve patients' quality of life. Research on the material basis reveals that Sishenwan contain multiple active ingredients such as psoralen， isopsoralen， and evodiamine. Mechanism studies indicate that Sishenwan inhibit the inflammatory cascade reactions by regulating the signal network through multiple targets. Sishenwan regulate cellular immunity and restore intestinal immune homeostasis. At the microecological level， Sishenwan promote the intestinal barrier repair through the "microbiota-metabolism-immunity" axis. The current research still needs to be deepened in aspects such as the mining of specific biomarkers for syndromes and the exploration of the collaborative mechanism of traditional Chinese and Western medicine. In the future， a full-chain system covering syndrome differentiation， targeting， and monitoring needs to be constructed for promoting the paradigm transformation of Sishenwan into precision drugs. This review systematically explains the treatment mechanism of Sishenwan regarding the combination of disease and syndrome and its multi-target regulatory characteristics， providing a theoretical basis and transformation direction for the treatment of UC with integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine.

Ulcerative colitis （UC）， a chronic， non-specific inflammatory bowel disease with typical symptoms such as abdominal pain， diarrhea， and bloody stools， demonstrates a high relapse rate and difficulty in curing. Sishenwan， first recorded in Internal Medicine Abstract （Nei Ke Zhai Yao）， are a classic prescription for treating diarrhea caused by deficiency of the spleen and kidney Yang. The core therapeutic principle of Sishenwan is warming and tonifying the spleen and kidney， and astringing the intestine and stopping diarrhea. In recent years， Sishenwan have demonstrated distinct advantages in the clinical treatment of UC. The pathogenesis of UC involves multiple factors， including immune dysregulation and gut microbiota imbalance. Although Western medicine is effective in the short term， its side effects， high relapse rate， and resistance associated with long-term use pose substantial challenges. Sishenwan have shown excellent clinical outcomes in the treatment of UC due to deficiency of the spleen and kidney Yang. Modern clinical studies indicate that Sishenwan， used alone or in combination with Western medicine or other Chinese medicine compound prescriptions， significantly improve the clinical efficacy in treating UC due to deficiency of the spleen and kidney Yang. Sishenwan effectively alleviate core symptoms such as mucus， pus， and blood in stools， and persistent abdominal pain， reduce Mayo scores and the relapse rate， and improve patients' quality of life. Research on the material basis reveals that Sishenwan contain multiple active ingredients such as psoralen， isopsoralen， and evodiamine. Mechanism studies indicate that Sishenwan inhibit the inflammatory cascade reactions by regulating the signal network through multiple targets. Sishenwan regulate cellular immunity and restore intestinal immune homeostasis. At the microecological level， Sishenwan promote the intestinal barrier repair through the "microbiota-metabolism-immunity" axis. The current research still needs to be deepened in aspects such as the mining of specific biomarkers for syndromes and the exploration of the collaborative mechanism of traditional Chinese and Western medicine. In the future， a full-chain system covering syndrome differentiation， targeting， and monitoring needs to be constructed for promoting the paradigm transformation of Sishenwan into precision drugs. This review systematically explains the treatment mechanism of Sishenwan regarding the combination of disease and syndrome and its multi-target regulatory characteristics， providing a theoretical basis and transformation direction for the treatment of UC with integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine.

With the increasing use of lower-extremity arterial angioplasty and the clinical use of a variety of vascular preparation devices. Vascular surgeons have more vascular preparation equipment such as cutting balloon, double wire balloon, chocolate balloon, shock wave balloon, AngioJet, Roterax and Acostream. These options can improve clinical outcomes, improve patient experience, and reduce stent placement and associated complications. This article will review the available vascular preparation devices for volume reduction, endovascular lithotripsy, and other special balloons to help clinicians choose the appropriate vascular preparation for their condition to improve perioperative safety and long-term patency.

Myeloid neoplasms (MNs) belong to a group of hematological malignancies characterized by the abnormal biological functions of hematopoietic stem progenitor cells. The abnormal immune and hematopoietic microenvironment of patients with MN interact with malignant clonal hematopoietic stem cells, promoting the occurrence and development of their diseases. MN large granular lymphocyte proliferation (MN-LGLP) is a special and rare clinical phenomenon in this type of disease. Currently, research on this disease in domestic and international cohorts is limited. This study analyzes the clinical and laboratory characteristics of this type of patient and explores the impact of LGLP on the clinical characteristics and survival of patients with MN. Patients with MN-LGLP are prone to neutropenia and splenomegaly. The presence of LGLP is not a risk factor affecting the survival of patients with MN-LGLP. STAG, ASXL1, and TET2 are the most common accompanying gene mutations in MN-LGLP, and patients with MN-LGLP and STAG2 mutations have poor prognoses.

Purpose/Significance By summarizing the construction experience of the immunology database and analysis portal(ImmPort),the study aims to provide insights and references for the development of a large-scale immunology database in China.Method/Process It comprehensively analyzes the architecture of ImmPort and the functionalities of its various modules,and delineates the data flow for data collection,organization,sharing,and analysis within the database.Finally,it summarizes the practical achieve-ments of the ImmPort platform.Result/Conclusion In the process of constructing the immunology database,our country should prioritize the standardization of data organization and modeling.Standardized terminology should be actively adopted to provide semantic support,and data sharing should be carried out in the management of classification and grading,while developing a supporting tool system to en-sure the safe and effective sharing and utilization of immunology data.

Chronic venous insufficiency(CVI), a prevalent condition within vascular surgery, displays marked variation in prevalence in the world. The management of CVI poses a significant challenge to healthcare systems and profoundly impacts patients′ well-being, warranting heightened attention. Current therapeutic approaches to CVI encompass both non-surgical and surgical interventions. Non-surgical treatments aim to alleviate symptoms through compression and medication, while surgical methods focus on repairing or removing diseased veins to restore normal blood flow. However, the effectiveness of existing treatments remains suboptimal, necessitating further research and the exploration of novel therapeutic schedule. This review article delves into the attributes and characteristics of current treatment modalities for lower extremity venous insufficiency and speculates on potential future trends in management.

Objective:To evaluate the role of hippocampal prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) in baicalin-induced reduction of cognitive dysfunction after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) in mice.Methods:Thirty healthy male C57BL/6 mice, aged 16 weeks, weighing 20-25 g, were divided into 5 groups ( n=6 each) using a random number table method: control group (C group), CIRI group, baicalin+ CIRI group (B+ CIRI group), overexpression of PTGS2+ CIRI group (PTGS2+ CIRI group), and overexpression of PTGS2+ baicalin+ CIRI group (PTGS2+ B+ CIRI). In B+ CIRI group and PTGS2+ B+ CIRI group, baicalin-liposome 0.2 ml was injected through the tail vein, and the CIRI model was established 1 week later. In PTGS2+ CIRI group and PTGS2+ B+ CIRI group, PTGS2-overexpressed adeno-associated virus 1.2 μl was injected into the hippocampus, and the CIRI model was established 4 weeks later. CIRI model was established by using the transient (50 min) bilateral common carotid artery occlusion/reperfusion. On the 12th day after developing the model, the spatial learning and memory ability was evaluated using Morris water maze test. The expression of PTGS2 in the hippocampus was detected by Western blot, and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-6, Iba-1 and CD68 mRNA in the hippocampus was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results:Compared with C group, the escape latency was significantly prolonged, the time spent in the target quadrant was shortened, the number of crossing the original platform was reduced, and the expression of PTGS2 and expression of Iba-1, CD68, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA in the hippocampus was up-regulated in CIRI group ( P<0.05). Compared with CIRI group, the escape latency was significantly shortened, the time spent in the target quadrant was prolonged, the number of crossing the original platform was increased, and the expression of PTGS2 and expression of Iba-1, CD68, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA in the hippocampus was down-regulated in B+ CIRI group, and the escape latency was significantly prolonged, the time spent in the target quadrant was shortened, the number of crossing the original platform was reduced, and the expression of PTGS2 and expression of Iba-1, CD68, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA in the hippocampus was up-regulated in PTGS2+ CIRI group ( P<0.05). Compared with B+ CIRI group, the escape latency was significantly prolonged, the time spent in the target quadrant was shortened, the number of crossing the original platform was reduced, and the expression of PTGS2 and expression of Iba-1, CD68, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA in the hippocampus was up-regulated in PTGS2+ B+ CIRI group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The mechanism by which baicalin attenuates cognitive dysfunction after CIRI is related to down-regulation of hippocampal PTGS2 expression and inhibition of neuroinflammation in mice.

A comprehensive understanding of the nutritional composition and active components of human milk are important for promoting infant health. However, in the design and implementation of scientific research on human milk, the lack of standardized research and implementation methods have led to the collection, storage, and testing processes of human milk samples being largely based on reference literature and practical experience. This has resulted in variability in the representativeness of human milk samples and differences in the comparability of research results between different studies. This article summarizes the principles and guidelines for the " Specification for collection and storage of human milk samples for research", published by the Chinese Nutrition Society on December 30, 2022, and discusses the feasibility and importance of standardized management in the process of scientific research on human milk.

Purpose/Significance To meet the urgent needs of mass data analysis and application in the biomedical field and solve the problems such as the lack of standardized management of data analysis and utilization tools.Method/Process The paper comprehen-sively analyzes and summarizes the construction ideas,methods and technical realization of the tool standardization collection,manage-ment and shared utilization of ELIXIR's biomedical data tool service platform system.Some suggestions are put forward from the aspects of ecosystem construction,management norms,operation environment management,benchmark testing and verification,technology renewal strategy and community-driven innovation.Result/Conclusion The useful experience in the construction of ELIXIR's data tool service platform system is learned to provide comprehensive references for the standardized management of biomedical data analysis and utilization tools and service platform construction in China.