The Chinese Pharmacopoeia is the legal technical standard which should be followed during the research, production, use, and administration of drugs. At present, the new edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia is planned to be promulgated and implemented. This article summarizes and analyzes the main characteristics and the content of updates and amendments of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition(Volume Ⅰ), to provide a reference for the correct understanding and accurate implementation the new edition of the pharmacopoeia.

Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) is an epigenetic modification enzyme that plays a crucial role in the development and progression of diabetes and its complications. Studies have reported that increased HDAC3 activity is associated with pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in type 1 diabetes, while in type 2 diabetes, HDAC3 affects insulin resistance and signaling by regulating the metabolism of the liver, adipose tissue, and muscle. Additionally, HDAC3 plays a key role in diabetic complications such as cardiomyopathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy. Selective inhibition of HDAC3 has the potential to improve insulin sensitivity, reduce chronic inflammation, and enhance pancreatic cell function, offering a promising new therapeutic strategy for diabetes and its complications.

ObjectiveTo explore the sequential effects of hypoxic exercising on miR-27/PPARγ and lipid metabolism target gene and protein expression levels in the obesity rats’ liver. Methods13-week-old male diet-induced obesity rats were randomly divided into three groups (n＝10): normal oxygen concentration quiet group (N), hypoxia quiet group (H), hypoxic exercise group (HE). Exercise training on the horizontal animal treadmill for 1 h/d, 5 d/week for a total of 4 week, and the intensity of horizontal treadmill training was 20 m/min (hypoxic concentration was 13.6%). Comparison of the weights of perirenal fat and epididymal fat in rats across different groups and calculation of Lee’s index based on body weight and body length of rats in each group were done. And the serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were detected. RT-PCR and Western Blot were used to detect the levels of miR-27, PPARγ, CYP7A1 and CD36. ResultsHypoxic exercise decreased the expression levels of miR-27 in the obese rats’ liver, however, the expression level of PPARγ was gradually increased. The expression levels of miR-27 in HE group were significantly lower than N group (P<0.05). The expression levels of PPARγ mRNA in N group were significantly lower than H group (P<0.05), especially lower than HE group (P<0.01). The protein expression of PPARγ protein in N group was significantly lower than that other groups (P<0.01). The expression of lipid metabolism-related genes and proteins increased in the obese rats’ liver. The expression of CYP7A1 mRNA in N group was significantly lower than H group (P<0.05), especially lower than HE group (P<0.01). The expression of CYP7A1 protein in the obese rats’ liver in N group was extremely lower than H group and HE group (P<0.01). The protein expression of CD36 in N group was significantly lower than that in HE group (P<0.05). Hypoxia exercise improved the related physiological and biochemical indexes of lipid metabolism disorder. The perirenal fat weight of obese rats in HE group was extremely lower than N group and H group (P<0.01), and the perirenal fat weight in N group was significantly higher than H group (P<0.05). The epididymal fat weight in N group was significantly higher than H group (P<0.05), and extremely higher than HE group (P<0.01). The Lee’s index in HE group was extremely lower than N group and H group (P<0.01). The serum concentration of TC in obese rats in HE group was extremely lower than N group and H group (P<0.01). The serum concentration of TG in HE group was extremely lower than N group and H group (P<0.01). The serum concentration of LDL-C in N group was extremely higher than HE group (P<0.01). The serum concentration of HDL-C in N group was extremely lower than H group (P<0.01). ConclusionHypoxia and hypoxia exercise may negatively regulate the levels of PPARγ by inhibiting miR-27 in the obese rats’ liver, thereby affecting the expression of downstream target genes CYP7A1 and CD36, and promoting cholesterol, fatty acid oxidation and HDL-C transport in the liver, and ultimately the lipid levels in obese rats were improved. The effect of hypoxia exercise on improving blood lipid is better than simple hypoxia intervention.

Objective To investigate whether the pituitary tumor transformation gene 1(PTTG 1)plays a role in colitis by regulating intestinal epithelial cells pyroptosis.Methods Ten PTTG 1 wild-type(WT)mice and Ten PTTG 1 knockout(KO)mice were randomly divided into 4 groups of 5 each,respectively PTTG1 WT control and experimental group,PTTG1 KO control and experimental group.The mice in the experimental group were given 3%dextran sodium sulfate(DSS)for 6 days to induce acute colitis,and the control group was given sterile double distilled water(ddH2O).The disease activity index of the respective group of mice was observed and recorded.Mouse colonic tissue were collected,and the expression levels of NLRP3,ASC,and GSDMD were determined by immuno-histochemistry and western blot.In HCoEpiC,PTTG1 expression was knocked down using shRNA,and the cells were subsequently treated with TNF-α to induce inflammation.Then,the expression of GSDMD was detected.Results The expression of PTTG1 was decreased in colonic mucosal tissue in mice with acute colitis(P<0.01).Compared with WT mice,the colitis was significantly aggravated in PTTG1 KO mice after 3%DSS treatment.The expression of pyroptosis-related proteins was significantly up-regulated in the colon mucosal tissues of PTTG1 KO experimental mice(P<0.05).After knocking down the expression of PTTG1 in HCoEpiC and TNF-α treatment,the expression levels of GSDMD were significantly up-regulated(P<0.05).Conclusion PTTG1 reduced pyroptosis in intestinal epithelial cells(IECs),while PTTG1 loss can enhance IEC pyroptosis,aggravating colonic inflammation.

Objective To study the diagnostic value of miR-571 for liver fibrosis by detecting miR-571 expression in the peripheral blood of patients with liver fibrosis.Methods From December 2022 to September 2023,40 patients with liver fibrosis,40 patients with chronic hepatitis,and 40 healthy controls were chosen as research subjects.The expression level of miR-571 in peripheral blood was detected using a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,and the relative expression of miR-571 in each group was evaluated.The Spearman correlation method was utilized to examine the relationship between miR-571 and clinical detection indices.To assess the capacity of miR-571 and the multivariate diagnostic model to identify liver fibrosis,binary logistic regression was used to create a multivariate diagnostic model,and ROC curves were generated.Results The expression of miR-571 was significantly higher in the liver fibrosis group than in the healthy control and hepatitis groups,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.001).The expression level of miR-571 was positively connected with ALT,APRI score,and FIB-4 index(r = 0.23,0.30,0.22,P<0.05)and negatively correlated with PLT(r =-0.19,P<0.05)according to Spearman correlation analysis.Logistic regression research revealed that miR-571 and the FIB-4 index were independent risk factors for liver fibrosis.The AUC for miR-571 to diagnose fibrosis was 0.91(95%CI:0.85～0.96),while the AUC for miR-571 paired with the FIB-4 index was 0.94(95%CI:0.90～0.98).Conclusion MiR-571 expression was shown to be considerably higher in the peripheral blood of hepatic fibrosis patients,and the combined FIB-4 index offers some clinical diagnostic value for hepatic fibrosis.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia(AML)patients with PTPN11 gene mutation.Methods Total 115 adult AML patients who underwent initial diagnosis,treatment,and second-generation sequencing(NGS)detecting at hospital were recruited in this study.Clinical da-ta included disease characteristics,treatment efficacy,long-term prognosis,immune cell subpopulations,and leu-kemia stem cells were collected to analyze the clinical characteristics and prognosis of AML patients with PTPN11 gene mutation.Results PTPN11 gene mutation rate in newly diagnosed adult AML was 9.57％,and the mutation site mainly occurred in exon 3 region with all mutation type being point mutation.Compared with PTPN11 wild-type group,PTPN11 gene mutation group had a higher early mortality rate(18.18％vs 4.00％,P=0.048),a lower complete response rate(33.33％vs 67.71％,P=0.039),a higher recurrence rate(83.33％vs 42.31％,P=0.043),a shorter median overall survival time(9 months vs 20 months,P=0.026),a lower proportion of ef-fector T cells[(1.39±0.12)％vs(3.56±0.46)％,P=0.038],and a higher proportion of leukemia stem cells[(13.82±3.66)％vs(3.87±1.40)％,P=0.021].Conclusion PTPN11 gene mutation is a poor prognostic marker for AML.Those patients have a high early mortality rate,low complete remission rate,high recurrence rate,short median overall survival time,a low proportion of effector T cells,and a high proportion of leukemia stem cells.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of transfrontal neuroendoscopic surgery in the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma.Methods Analysis of clinical data of 80 cases of chronic subdural hematoma.According to the surgical method,40 cases were divided into traditional external drainage of parietaltuber,40 cases were divided into transfrontal neuroendoscopic small bone window hematoma removal.The treatment efficiency,hematoma recurrence rate,operation time and intraoperative blood loss were compared between the two groups.Results Treatment efficiency of neuroendoscopic group was 95.0%,significantly higher than drainage group 75.0%,hematoma recurrence rate one month after surgery of neuroendoscopic group was 5.0%,significantly lower than that in drainage group 25.0%,operation time of neuroendoscopic group was(54.1±7.5)min,longer than that of drainage group(40.7±9.4)min,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).The intraoperative blood loss of neuroendoscopic group was(30.1±4.5)mL,compared with(27.1±6.4)mL in the drainage group,the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).Conclusion Transfrontal neuroendoscopic surgery can significantly improve the efficacy of chronic subdural hematoma,and hematoma recurrence rate is extremely low.It is worthy of clinical application.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of brexpiprazole in treating acute schizophrenia.Methods Patients with schizophrenia were randomly divided into treatment group and control group.The treatment group was given brexpiprozole 2-4 mg·d-1 orally and the control group was given aripiprazole 10-20 mg·d-1orally,both were treated for 6 weeks.Clinical efficacy of the two groups,the response rate at endpoint,the changes from baseline to endpoint of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS),Clinical Global Impression-Improvement(CGI-S),Personal and Social Performance scale(PSP),PANSS Positive syndrome subscale,PANSS negative syndrome subscale were compared.The incidence of treatment-related adverse events in two groups were compared.Results There were 184 patients in treatment group and 186 patients in control group.After treatment,the response rates of treatment group and control group were 79.50％(140 cases/184 cases)and 82.40％(150 cases/186 cases),the scores of CGI-I of treatment group and control group were(2.00±1.20)and(1.90±1.01),with no significant difference(all P＞0.05).From baseline to Week 6,the mean change of PANSS total score wese(-30.70±16.96)points in treatment group and(-32.20±17.00)points in control group,with no significant difference(P＞0.05).The changes of CGI-S scores in treatment group and control group were(-2.00±1.27)and(-1.90±1.22)points,PSP scores were(18.80±14.77)and(19.20±14.55)points,PANSS positive syndrome scores were(-10.30±5.93)and(-10.80±5.81)points,PANSS negative syndrome scores were(-6.80±5.98)and(-7.30±5.15)points,with no significant difference(P＞0.05).There was no significant difference in the incidence of treatment-related adverse events between the two group(69.00％vs.64.50％,P＞0.05).Conclusion The non-inferiority of Brexpiprazole to aripiprazole was established,with comparable efficacy and acceptability.

G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 40, as one of GPRs family, plays a potential role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. To study the effect of GPR40 novel agonist SZZ15-11 on hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia and its potential mechanism, spontaneous type 2 diabetic KKA^y mice, human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and murine mature adipocyte 3T3-L1 cells were used. KKA^y mice were divided into four groups, vehicle group, TAK group, SZZ (50 mg·kg^-1) group and SZZ (100 mg·kg^-1) group, with oral gavage of 0.5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), 50 mg·kg^-1 TAK875, 50 and 100 mg·kg^-1 SZZ15-11 respectively for 45 days. Fasting blood glucose, blood triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), non-fasting blood glucose were tested. Oral glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test were executed. Blood insulin and glucagon were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). After mice′s execution, liver tissue was harvested to test TG and TC content. Then pathological morphology of liver was observed through hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and the lipid metabolism relative signal pathway was analyzed by Western blot and RT-PCR. The experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College. At the same time, Akt phosphorylation level in HepG2 cells and adiponectin in 3T3-L1 cells treated with TNFα were measured with Western blot. The results show that SZZ15-11 not only decreased blood glucose and lipid, improved insulin sensitivity, but also increased fasting blood glucagon and promoted insulin secretion after glucose loading in KKA^y mice. Additionally, SZZ15-11 alleviated hepatic steatosis and liver dysfunction in KKA^y mice. In liver tissue, SZZ15-11 increased AMPKα phosphorylation level and cholesterol metabolism relative gene Abcg8 transcription. In HepG2 cells, SZZ15-11 increased Akt phosphorylation level. In adipocyte 3T3-L1, SZZ15-11 recovered the decreased adiponectin expression by TNFα. This study proved that GPR40 agonist SZZ15-11 could be a candidate compound for regulating glucolipid metabolic disorder.

Objective To establish an artificial intelligence(AI)diagnostic model for the histopathologic diagnosis of extramammary Paget's disease(EMPD)and to evaluate its efficiency for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of EMPD.Methods All non-tumor skin disease patients who underwent skin tissue biopsy in Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University from September 2003 to February 2023 were recruited,and their pathological data were collected,including EMPD,Bowen's disease(BD),squamous cell carcinoma(SCC),and epidermal hyperplasia and hypertrophy.With EMPD as the main research subject,the histopathological images of BD,SCC,and non-tumor skin diseases were included in the study.The histopathological data of 4 types of diseases was classified and diagnosed by ResNet101 and DenseNet121 deep learning neural networks,and the performance of these models was evaluated.Results The AUC values of the ResNet101 diagnostic model for the diagnosis of EMPD,BD,SCC and non-tumor skin diseases on the images at x20 magnification were 0.97,0.98,1.00 and 0.96,respectively,with an accuracy of 0.925±0.011,while the AUC values on the images at x40 magnification were 1.00,0.99,1.00 and 0.97,respectively,with an accuracy of 0.943±0.017.The AUC values of the DenseNet121 diagnostic model for the diagnosis of 4 diseases on the images at x20 magnification were 0.98,0.95,0.99 and 1.00,respectively,with an accuracy of 0.912±0.034,while the AUC values on the images at x40 magnification were 0.99,0.96,1.00 and 1.00,respectively,with an accuracy of 0.971±0.012.Our results indicated that the histopathologic diagnostic model could effectively differentiate EMPD from BD,SCC and non-tumor skin diseases at low power magnification.The FLPOs of ResNet101 was 786.6 M,and the parameter was 4.5 M;The FLPOs of DensNet121 was 289.7 M,and the parameter was 0.8M.Conclusion Our AI diagnostic model is of good effectiveness in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of EMPD.DenseNet121 is recommended as the dermatopathological diagnostic model of this study.