Objective: To investigate the distribution characteristics and functional genes of cariogenic bacteria in oral microorganisms of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to improve the understanding of the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and dental caries. Methods: The experimental group included 10 patients with type 2 diabetes treated in the Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University. The normal control group included healthy oral subjects without type 2 diabetes in the community population (10 cases). Samples of supragingival plaque from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and normal controls were collected and sequenced. Bioinformatics and statistical analysis of cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, Actinomyces viscosus and Candida albicans were carried out. Results: There were slightly fewer cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, Actinomyces viscosus and Candida albicans in supragingival plaque samples of type 2 diabetic patients than in normal controls, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The results of KEGG pathway functional metabolic differences showed that the metabolic pathways of D-arginine and D-ornithine metabolism, biofilm formation-Escherichia coli, carolactam degradation and arginine biosynthesis were more abundant in the T2DM group than in the normal control group, while metabolic pathways such as tyrosine metabolism, selenocompound metabolism and pyruvate metabolism showed the opposite trend. Conclusion There was no significant difference in the content of cariogenic microorganisms between type 2 diabetic patients and normal control group. The differential metabolic pathways of the functional genes indicated that an increase in the arginine metabolic pathway was beneficial to the maintenance of acid-base balance in the oral microecological environment.

Objective: To investigate the three-dimensional forces in real-time at different tips of the posteriors created by clear aligners on maxillary teeth during en-masse retraction of anteriors after 2 first premolars extraction treatment. Methods: Four groups of maxillary models with different tips of posteriors(T1-upright of posteriors, T2-posteriors with distal inclination of 5°, T3-posteriors with mesial inclination of 5°, T4-posteriors with mesial inclination of 10°) undergoing 0.25 mm en-masse retraction treatment using clear aligners were simulated on a multi-axis force/torque transducer measurement system. When each clear aligner was inserted, a computer connected to the transducer collected and recorded the three-dimensional force of every tooth in real-time. Each group included 12 aligners. Results: Incisors received smaller lingual and extrusive forces; canines received greater distal forces; smaller mesial forces were observed on the posteriors, and molars received greater buccal and extrusive forces in T2,compared with T1,which showed statistically significant differences(P<0.05). Incisors received smaller lingual and extrusive forces; canines received greater distal forces; greater mesial forces were observed on the posteriors, and molars received greater buccal and extrusive forces in T3 and T4,compared with T1,which showed statistically significant differences(P<0.05). Conclusion Posteriors with distal inclination contributed to the torque of the anterior and anchorage of posteriors. In group T2 posterior teeth experienced larger buccal forces and extrusive forces than in group T1. When the posteriors crown inclined mesially, the anterior teeth were more prone to lingual tip and caused overbite. The more mesially inclined the posterior teeth were, the more serious overbite was, and the posterior teeth were more prone to anchorage loss.

OBJECTIVE To study the effects of Ganbao capsules on intestinal mucosal barrier and gut microbiota in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD）， and to explore its mechanism of prevention and treatment of NAFLD. METHODS Eight of 26 SD rats were randomly selected as blank group and fed with ordinary diet， and the remaining 18 rats were fed with high diet to establish NAFLD model （2 for modeling inspection）； after successful modeling， they were divided into model group and Ganbao group， with 8 rats in each group. Ganbao group were given Ganbao capsules solution （1 440 mg/kg） intragastrically， and the blank group and model group were given the constant volume of distilled water intragastrically， once a day， for consecutive 5 weeks. The contents of alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， aspartate aminotransferase （AST） and triglyceride （TG） in serum of rats were detected by automatic analyzer； the contents of lipopolysaccharide， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin-6 （IL-6） and IL-1β in serum of rats were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The pathological morphology of liver and ileum tissues were observed by HE staining， the expressions of Occludin and zonula occludens-1 （ZO-1） were detected by immunohistochemistry method， and the intestinal flora were detected by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing technology. RESULTS Compared with the model group， the serum contents of ALT， AST， TG， lipopolysaccharide， TNF-α， IL-6 and IL-1β in Ganbao group were decreased significantly （P＜0.01）， the pathological changes of liver and ileum tissues were improved 262 significantly， and the expressions of Occludin and ZO-1 were increased significantly （P＜0.01）. Intestinal microbiotaanalysis revealed that compared with the model group， Ganbao capsules could recover the abundance and diversity of the gut E-mail：hdf8833@126.com microbiota in rats. At the phylum level， Ganbao capsules could significantly increase the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes， and significantly reduce the relative abundance of Firmicutes and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes （P＜0.01）. At the genus level， Ganbao capsules could significantly increase the relative abundance of Lactobacillus， Blautia， Bacteroides and Akkermansia， and significantly reduce the relative abundance of Prevotella， Turicibacter， Weissella， SMB53 and Desulfovibrio （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. There were different species among the gut microbiota of rats in each group. CONCLUSIONS Ganbao capsules may improve NAFLD by protecting intestinal mucosal barrier function and regulating gut probiotics/harmful bacteria structure.

Objective:To analyze the lipid levels, adverse perinatal outcome and their correlation in Tibetan pregnant women in high altitudes in late pregnancy.Methods:Retrospective analysis was performed on clinical and laboratory data of 523 Tibetan singleton pregnant women who delivered after 28 weeks at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaya People's Hospital, Changdu City. The subjects were divided into three groups according to the altitude of their long-term residence, including altitude<3 500 m (Group A, n=161), altitude ≥3 500 m and <4 000 m (Group B, n=203) and altitude≥4 000 m (Group C, n=159). In addition, the subjects were also grouped into high TG group (TG≥3.23 mmol/L, n=80) and control group (TG<3.23 mmol/L, n=443). The baseline information, levels of lipid and perinatal outcome were compared among Group A,B and C, and also between the high TG and control group, respectively, using Mann-whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, LSD- t, Chi-square test, or Fisher exact test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was also applied to analyze the correlation between hypertriglyceridemia and adverse perinatal outcome. Results:The maternal age, gravidity and parity, body mess index, blood pressure on admission and total cholesterol (TC), TG, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), TG/HDL-C ratio and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio in late pregnancy and the occurrence of adverse perinatal outcome did not show any significant differences among Group A, B and C (all P>0.05). However, the hemoglobin (Hb) level increased with the elevation of altitude as expected, and that in Group C was higher than that in Group A and B [121.0 g/L (108.0-132.0 g/L) vs 115.0 g/L (103.5-128.0 g/L) and 117.0 g/L (101.0-127.0 g/L), H=2.37 and 1.97, both P<0.05]. The proportion of women with hypertriglyceridemia, the high TG group, in late pregnancy was 15.3% (80/523), and no significant difference was found in HDL-C or Hb levels between the high TG and control group [1.7 mmol/L (1.5-2.0 mmol/L) vs 1.8 mmol/L (1.5-2.1 mmol/L), Z=－1.51;123.5 g/L (110.0-131.8 g/L) vs 117.0 g/L (104.0-128.0 g/L), Z=1.69; both P>0.05]. Higher rates of cesarean section [13.8% (11/80) vs 6.6% (29/443), χ2＝4.98], hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) [16.3% (13/80) vs 7.5% (33/443), χ2＝6.54], preeclampsia (PE) [8.8% (7/80) vs 1.6% (7/443), χ2＝13.37], hyperglycemia during pregnancy [11.3%( 9/80) vs 3.6% (16/443), χ2＝8.69], preterm birth (PB) [7.5% (6/80) vs 2.0% (9/443), χ2＝7.27], microsomia [5.0% (4/80) vs 0.9% (4/443), Fisher exact test] and neonatal asphyxia [8.8%(7/80) vs 2.5% (11/443), χ2＝8.01] were observed in the high TG group than in the control group (all P<0.05). Regarding the pregnant women at different altitude, TG was negatively correlated with Hb ( r=－0.17, P=0.037) only in Group C .Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed higher risk of HDP ( OR=2.42,95% CI:1.17-5.00), PE ( OR=5.25, 95% CI:1.73-16.00), hyperglycemia during pregnancy ( OR=3.77, 95% CI:1.56-9.09), PB ( OR=4.33, 95% CI:1.42-13.22), microsomia ( OR=4.33, 95% CI:1.42-13.22), neonatal asphyxia ( OR=3.45, 95% CI:1.27-9.35) and fetal demise ( OR=4.94, 95% CI:1.01-24.21) in women with high TG level in late pregnancy (all P<0.05). Conclusions:There were no differences in adverse perinatal outcomes or serum lipid levels in late pregnancy among women living at different high altitudes. However, hypertriglyceridemia at the third trimester is closely associated with the incidence of HDP, PE, hyperglycemia during pregnancy, PB, microsomia, neonatal asphyxia and fetal demise in this group of women.

ObjectiveTo establish and evaluate a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） model with lung-spleen qi deficiency. MethodA rat model mimicking COPD with lung-spleen qi deficiency was established by the combination of cigarette smoking and intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide （LPS） along with gavage of Sennae Folium infusion. Forty male SPF-grade SD rats were randomly assigned to blank， model， and low- （L-FXY）， medium- （M-FXY）， and high-dose （H-FXY） Sennae Folium infusion groups. Other groups except the blank group were exposed to daily cigarette smoke， with LPS administrated via intratracheal instillation on the 1st and 14th days. On the 28th day of modeling， the L-FXY， M-FXY， and H-FXY groups were administrated with Sennae Folium infusion at 5， 10， and 20 g·kg^-1， respectively， and at 4 ℃ for three weeks. The modeling lasted for 49 days. The general conditions （body mass， food intake， fecal water content， and anal temperature） and behaviors （grip strength test and tail suspension test） of rats in different groups were examined. The lung function， lung histopathology， D-xylose， amylase， and gastrin levels in the serum， interleukin（IL）-1β and IL-6 levels in the alveolar lavage fluid， levels of T-lymphocyte subsets （CD4⁺， CD8⁺， and CD4⁺/CD8⁺） in the peripheral blood， and thymus and spleen indices were measured. ResultTwo rats died in the H-FXY group. Compared with the blank group， both the M-FXY and H-FXY groups exhibited reduced body mass and food intake （P<0.01） and increased fecal water content （P<0.01）. The anal temperature in the H-FXY group was lower than that in the blank group （P<0.01）. The grip strength decreased in the modeling groups compared with the blank group （P<0.01）， and the duration of immobility in the tail suspension test increased in the M-FXY and H-FXY groups （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the blank group， the modeling groups showed reduced 0.3 second forced expiratory volume （FEV_0.3）， FEV_0.3/forced vital capacity （FVC）（P<0.01）， thickening of bronchial walls， proliferation of goblet cells， and the presence of emphysematous changes. In terms of gastrointestinal function， the M-FXY and H-FXY groups had lower levels of D-xylose， gastrin， and α-amylase than the blank group （P<0.01）. Regarding the immune and inflammatory indices， the M-FXY and H-FXY groups showed lower thymus and spleen indices than the blank group （P<0.01）. Compared with the blank group， the modeling groups presented lowered CD4⁺ level （P<0.01） and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio （P<0.05， P<0.01） in the peripheral blood and elevated levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in the alveolar lavage fluid （P<0.01） than the blank group. ConclusionA model of COPD with lung-spleen Qi deficiency was established through the combination of daily cigarette smoke， intratracheal instillation with LPS， and gavage of Sennae Folium infusion. The comprehensive evaluation results suggested medium-dose （10 g·kg^-1） Sennae Folium infusion for gavage during the modeling of COPD with lung-spleen Qi deficiency.

Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), formerly known as autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, are a group of hereditary heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease that contains many subtypes. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 23 (SCA23), one type of SCAs, is caused by mutant prodynorphin (PDYN) gene. A 22-year-old patient was diagnosed with sporadic SCA23 due to gene detection, with a novel identified mutation, PDYN c.647C>T (p.P216L). Located in the dynorphin A-coding-region of PDYN gene, the pathogenic mechanism of the mutation may be relevant to the pathological changes caused by the variant including neurological dysfunction and death of cells. Mild improvement with the patient has been witnessed after active balance and speaking exercise.

In order to more accurately and effectively understand the intermuscular coupling of different temporal and spatial levels from the perspective of complex networks, a new multi-scale intermuscular coupling network analysis method was proposed in this paper. The multivariate variational modal decomposition (MVMD) and Copula mutual information (Copula MI) were combined to construct an intermuscular coupling network model based on MVMD-Copula MI, and the characteristics of intermuscular coupling of multiple muscles of upper limbs in different time-frequency scales during reaching exercise in healthy subjects were analyzed by using the network parameters such as node strength and clustering coefficient. The experimental results showed that there are obvious differences in the characteristics of intermuscular coupling in the six time-frequency scales. Specifically, the triceps brachii (TB) had relatively high coupling strength with the middle deltoid (MD) and posterior deltoid (PD), and the intermuscular function was closely connected. However, the biceps brachii (BB) was independent of other muscles. The intermuscular coupling network had scale differences. MVMD-Copula MI can quantitatively describe the relationship of multi-scale intermuscular coupling strength, which has good application prospects.
Arm ; Electromyography ; Exercise ; Humans ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Upper Extremity

The aim of this work is to discover the inhibitory mechanism of tea peptides and to analyse the affinities between the peptides and the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) as well as the stability of the complexes using in vitro and in silico methods. Four peptide sequences identified from tea, namely peptides I, II, III, and IV, were used to examine ACE inhibition and kinetics. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC

42 cases with gastroesophageal varices were prospectively included. The groups were treated with endoscopic band ligation or combined with tissue adhesive. The results showed that the left gastric vein internal diameter, average blood flow velocity and blood flow volume after the treatment of band ligation combined with tissue adhesive were significantly lower than that of the treatment of band ligation alone, and the differences were statistically significant ( P < 0.05). Spleen and portal vein internal diameter, blood flow and average velocity, the liver and spleen size, shear wave velocity and liver function grade of the two groups after treatment did not change significantly ( P > 0.05). The effective rate of band ligation combined with tissue adhesive in the treatment of esophageal and gastric varices (66.67%, 52.38%) were higher than that of band ligation alone (42.85%, 23.81%) ( P > 0.05), and the re-bleeding rate of the latter was higher (9.52% and 19.05%, P > 0.05). Hence, it is suggested that the combined therapy is safe and more effective, and has no apparent effect on liver function and portal hypertension.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a commonly seen disease of digestive system and with the characteristics of acute onset and high mortality. The existing scoring systems and biochemical indices for early prediction of AP severity are complicated and lagging in time. With the deepening of research, the emergence of new biomarkers, such as immature granulocyte percentage, red blood cell distribution width, can timely and effectively assess the severity of AP. This article reviewed the progress of research on biomarkers for predicting the severity of AP.