BACKGROUND:Ca2+expression in astrocytes has been found to be closely related to cognitive function,and the Ca2+signaling pathway regulated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors(IP3R2)and ryanodine receptor(RYR)2 receptors has become a hot spot in the study of cognitive disorder-related diseases. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the expression of Ca2+signals mediated by IP3R2 and RYR2 in hippocampal astrocytes in animal models of delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning,and to explore the possible pathogenesis of delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning. METHODS:C57BL mice with qualified cognitive function were selected by Morris water maze experiment and randomly divided into control group and experimental group.An animal model of delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning was established by static carbon monoxide inhalation in the experimental group,and the same amount of air was inhaled in the control group.Behavioral and neuronal changes,astrocyte specific marker glial fibrillary acidic protein,IP3R2,RYR2 receptor and Ca2+concentration in astrocytes of the two groups were detected using Morris water maze,hematoxylin-eosin staining,western blot,immunofluorescence double labeling and Ca2+fluorescence probe at 21 days after modeling. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In the Morris water maze,the escape latency of the experimental group was significantly longer than that of the control group(P<0.05).Hematoxylin-eosin staining results showed that in the experimental group,the number of hippocampal pyramidal cells decreased,the cell structure was disordered,and the nucleus was broken and dissolved.Immunofluorescence results showed that IP3R2 and RYR2 were co-expressed with glial fibrillary acidic protein in the hippocampus,and the expressions of IP3R2,RYR2 and glial fibrillary acidic protein were up-regulated in the hippocampus of the experimental group(P<0.05).Western blot analysis showed that the expressions of IP3R2,RYR2,and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the hippocampus of the experimental group were increased(P<0.05).Ca2+concentration in hippocampal astrocytes increased significantly in the experimental group(P<0.05).To conclude,astrocytes may affect Ca2+signals by mediating IP3R2 and RYR2 receptors,then impair the cognitive function of mice with carbon monoxide poisoning,and eventually lead to delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning.

[Purpose]To analyze the incidence and mortality trends,and survival of gallbladder cancer in Nantong City of Jiangsu Province from 2013 to 2017.[Methods]The gallbladder cancer incidence and mortality data from 2013 to 2017 were collected from Nantong cancer registries.The crude incidence/mortality rates,age-standardized incidence/mortality rates by Chinese and world standard population(ASIRC/ASMRC,ASIRW/ASMRW)were calculated by sex,age and regions(urban and rural).Joinpoint software was used to analyze the incidence and mortality trends of gallbladder cancer.The observed survival rate and relative survival rate were calculated by using life table method and Ederer Ⅱ method.[Results]From 2013 to 2017,the gallbladder cancer crude incidence and mortality rates were 6.36/105 and 4.91/105,ASIRC and ASMRC were 2.62/105 and 1.94/105,respectively.The crude incidence and mortality,and ASMRC showed an upwards trend(all P＜0.05).The ASIRC for men and women was 2.43/105 and 2.83/105,the ASMRC for men and women was 1.74/105 and 2.16/105,respectively.ASIRC and ASMRC in women were higher than those in men.The ASIRC in urban and rural areas was 2.40/105 and 2.69/105,and the ASMRC was 1.61/105 and 2.05/105,respectively.ASIRC and ASMRC in rural areas were higher than those in urban areas.The average age of onset was 70.33 years old and the average age of death was 71.86 years old.The 5-year observed survival rate was 12.90％,and the 5-year relative survival rate was 14.47％.Both the 5-year observed survival rate and relative survival rate showed an upwards trend(both P＜0.05).[Conclusion]The incidence and mortality rates of gall-bladder cancer in Nantong City are relatively high and the survival rate is generally low.It is sug-gested that targeted prevention and control measures of gallbladder cancer in Nantong City should be strengthened,particularly in rural areas and for middle-aged and elderly women.

Digital intraoral scanning is a hot topic in the field of oral digital technology.In recent years,digital intra-oral scanning has gradually become the mainstream technology in orthodontics,prosthodontics,and implant dentistry.The precision of digital intraoral scanning and the accuracy and stitching of data collection are the keys to the success of the impression.However,the operators are less familiar with the intraoral scanning characteristics,imaging process-ing,operator scanning method,oral tissue specificity of the scanned object,and restoration design.Thus far,no unified standard and consensus on digital intraoral scanning technology has been achieved at home or abroad.To deal with the problems encountered in oral scanning and improve the quality of digital scanning,we collected common expert opin-ions and sought to expound the causes of scanning errors and countermeasures by summarizing the existing evidence.We also describe the scanning strategies under different oral impression requirements.The expert consensus is that due to various factors affecting the accuracy of digital intraoral scanning and the reproducibility of scanned images,adopting the correct scanning trajectory can shorten clinical operation time and improve scanning accuracy.The scanning trajec-tories mainly include the E-shaped,segmented,and S-shaped methods.When performing fixed denture restoration,it is recommended to first scan the abutment and adjacent teeth.When performing fixed denture restoration,it is recommend-ed to scan the abutment and adjacent teeth first.Then the cavity in the abutment area is excavated.Lastly,the cavity gap was scanned after completing the abutment preparation.This method not only meets clinical needs but also achieves the most reliable accuracy.When performing full denture restoration in edentulous jaws,setting markers on the mucosal tissue at the bottom of the alveolar ridge,simultaneously capturing images of the vestibular area,using different types of scanning paths such as Z-shaped,S-shaped,buccal-palatal and palatal-buccal pathways,segmented scanning of dental arches,and other strategies can reduce scanning errors and improve image stitching and overlap.For implant restora-tion,when a single crown restoration is supported by implants and a small span upper structure restoration,it is recom-mended to first pre-scan the required dental arch.Then the cavity in the abutment area is excavated.Lastly,scanning the cavity gap after installing the implant scanning rod.When repairing a bone level implant crown,an improved indi-rect scanning method can be used.The scanning process includes three steps:First,the temporary restoration,adjacent teeth,and gingival tissue in the mouth are scanned;second,the entire dental arch is scanned after installing a standard scanning rod on the implant;and third,the temporary restoration outside the mouth is scanned to obtain the three-di-mensional shape of the gingival contour of the implant neck,thereby increasing the stability of soft tissue scanning around the implant and improving scanning restoration.For dental implant fixed bridge repair with missing teeth,the mobility of the mucosa increases the difficulty of scanning,making it difficult for scanners to distinguish scanning rods of the same shape and size,which can easily cause image stacking errors.Higher accuracy of digital implant impres-sions can be achieved by changing the geometric shape of the scanning rods to change the optical curvature radius.The consensus confirms that as the range of scanned dental arches and the number of data concatenations increases,the scanning accuracy decreases accordingly,especially when performing full mouth implant restoration impressions.The difficulty of image stitching processing can easily be increased by the presence of unstable and uneven mucosal mor-phology inside the mouth and the lack of relatively obvious and fixed reference objects,which results in insufficient ac-curacy.When designing restorations of this type,it is advisable to carefully choose digital intraoral scanning methods to obtain model data.It is not recommended to use digital impressions when there are more than five missing teeth.

ObjectiveTo explore the intervention mechanism of Xiangsha Liujunzi Tang in rats with functional dyspepsia （FD） based on the Ras homolog gene family member A （RhoA）/Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2 （ROCK2）/Myosin phosphatase target Subunit 1 （MYPT1） pathway. MethodSixty male SD suckling rats in SPF grades were randomly divided into blank group （n=10） and model group （n=50）. The comprehensive modeling method （gavage administration of iodoacetamide+exhaustion of swimming+disturbance of hunger and satiety） was used to replicate the rat model of FD. After successful replication of the model， the rats in the model group were randomly divided into model group， mosapride group， and high， middle， and low-dose Xiangsha Liujunzi Tang groups， with 10 rats in each group. Rats in the blank group and model group were given 10 mL kg^-1·d^-1 normal saline， those in the mosapride group were given 1.35 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 mosapride， and those in the high， middle， and low-dose Xiangsha Liujunzi Tang groups were given 12， 6， and 3 g·kg^-1·d^-1 Xiangsha Liujunzi Tang， respectively. The intervention lasted 14 days. The general living conditions of rats were observed before and after modeling and administration， and the 3-hour food intake and body mass of rats were measured. After intervention， the intestinal propulsion rate of rats was measured， and the pathological changes in the gastric tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. The content of choline acetyl transferase （ChAT） and vasoactive intestinal peptide （VIP） in the medulla oblongata and gastric tissue homogenate was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）， the distribution of adenosine triphosphate （ATP） enzyme in gastric antrum smooth muscle was observed by frozen section staining， and the protein expression levels of RhoA， ROCK2， and phosphorylated-myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 （p-MYPT1） in the gastric tissue were detected by Western blot. ResultCompared with the blank group， the model group had withered hair， lazy movement， slow action， poor general living condition， lower 3-hour food intake， body mass， and lower intestinal propulsion rate （P<0.05）， whereas no obvious abnormality in gastric histopathology. In the model group， the content of ChAT in the medulla oblongata and gastric tissue decreased， the content of VIP in gastric tissue increased， the distribution of ATP enzyme in gastric antrum smooth muscle decreased significantly， and the protein expression levels of RhoA， ROCK2， and p-MYPT1 in the gastric tissue decreased significantly （P<0.05）. As compared with the model group， the general living condition of rats in each intervention group was significantly improved， and the 3-hour food intake， body mass， and intestinal propulsion rate were significantly increased （P<0.05）. There was no significant difference in gastric pathology in the intervention groups. The content of ChAT in the medulla oblongata and gastric tissue increased significantly， the content of VIP in the gastric tissue decreased， the distribution of ATP enzyme in gastric antrum smooth muscle increased significantly， and the protein expression levels of RhoA， ROCK2， and p-MYPT1 in the gastric tissue increased significantly （P<0.05）. The intervention effect of Xiangsha Liujunzi Tang group on the above indexes was dose-dependent. ConclusionXiangsha Liujunzi Tang can effectively improve the general living condition and gastric motility of rats with FD， and its specific mechanism may be related to the activation of the RhoA/ROCK2/MYPT1 pathway in the gastric tissue to regulate smooth muscle relaxation and contraction and promote gastric motility.

Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) belong to the β-coronavirus genus. Since the discovery in 1967, HCoV-OC43 has been continuously circulating in human population and has become one of the common seasonal respiratory viruses. SARS-CoV-2, which has a higher morbidity and fatality rate, appeared at the end of 2019, followed by the emergence of a variety of variants, and the transmission and infection capacity of SARS-CoV-2 has been enhanced. HCoV-OC43 may be similar to SARS-CoV-2 in terms of genomic structure and function, species evolution, epidemic characteristics and clinical manifestations. In this review, the epidemiology, genomics, phylogenetic evolution and other aspects of HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed. Such an analysis would be helpful to understand the association and differences between the two viruses, and provide reference for understanding the potential threats of HCoV-OC43.

Objective:To explore the performance characteristics of the digital clock-drawing test(dCDT) for amnestic mild cognitive impairment(aMCI), and its diagnostic value for aMCI patients compared with the traditional clock-drawing test (tCDT).Methods:Total 81 middle-aged and elderly outpatients in Affiliated Hospital to Shanxi Medical University from November 2020 to May 2021 were selected, including 42 cognitively normal people (control group) and 39 aMCI patients (aMCI group). The dCDT developed by our team was used to collect drawing process parameters (such as stroke length, time and speed). The Cognitive Domain Indexs of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were calculated using the CDIS scoring method, and the correlation between dCDT parameters and MoCA indexs were analyzed.Logistic regression analysis was used to construct the predictive model, and the sensitivity and specificity of different methods for the diagnosis of aMCI patients were compared by the area under the ROC curve.Results:(1) The total time(51.25(38.80, 63.75)s vs 42.42(33.64, 51.91)s) and time in air(36.34(26.81, 47.25)s vs 28.47(22.37, 33.98)s) of the aMCI group were significantly higher than those of the control group, and the minute hand/hour hand ratio(1.23±0.35 vs 1.39±0.34), strokes per minute((31.31±10.44) vs (41.05±9.48))and tCDT score(3.0(3.0, 4.0), 4.0(3.0, 4.0))were significantly lower than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Other dCDT parameters were not statistically significant between the two groups ( Z=-1.835--0.440, P>0.05). (2) Correlation analysis showed that the total time was negatively correlated with MoCA MIS( r=-0.224, P=0.049), LIS( r=-0.237, P=0.037)and AIS( r=-0.236, P=0.038); time in air was negatively correlated with MoCA MIS( r=-0.268, P=0.018), LIS( r=-0.271, P=0.016), AIS( r=-0.259, P=0.022)and OISA( r=-0.267, P=0.018); the minute hand/hour hand ratio was positively correlated with MoCA EIS( r=0.259, P=0.022)and VIS( r=0.309, P=0.006); the strokes per minute was positively correlated with MoCA MIS( r=0.376, P=0.001), EIS( r=0.290, P=0.010), VIS( r=0.294, P=0.009), AIS( r=0.238, P=0.036)and OISA( r=0.301, P=0.007). (3)dCDT model composed of the pre-second hand latency, the ratio of minute hand/hour hand, and the strokes per minute can correctly classify 77.8% of aMCI, with a sensitivity of 74.36% and a specificity of 80.95%.Its diagnostic power for aMCI was significantly higher than the tCDT scoring( Z=2.335, P=0.02). Conclusion:The cognitive impairment in aMCI can be detected by dCDT, and different dCDT parameters can reflect the impairment of different cognitive domains.Compared with tCDT scoring, dCDT can improve the diagnostic efficacy of aMCI patients.

Since an epidemic occur of Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19) in December, 2019, all the dental healthcare service providers in our country have been greatly impacted. The strategy of managing the dental clinics is quite different from that of the medical healthcare clinics, and the key point of the administration of those dental healthcare providers is to focus on the management of outpatient care because they only supply just a little bit of inpatient care service but quite an large amount of outpatient care service. So we think the next step is to make plausible and effective scenarios to protect our dental healthcare staff and patients against corona virus infection during the treatments procedures after the reopening all of our dental clinics. To overcome this harsh condition, the infection prevention and control strategies adopted by the Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University were designed to be flexible and could be adjusted promptly according to the national and local governmental orders and latest guidelines released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. All these prevention procedures and protocols were customized to fit our own situation and have been updated for several times based on the latest global pandemic reports. After going through the hardest time in the past four months, it’s considered that our COVID-19 prevention rules have been proved to be efficient and work well. Further more, it has made massive progress for the hospital in improving the capability of dealing with this state of emergency, especially by previewing and triaging patients strictly to cut off the possible coronavirus spreading from the original step, enhancing the standard precautions and those specific protocols made for minimizing the droplets, aerosol and contact transmission of COVID-19 indoors. Besides, a daily supervision system was set up as a routine job and a team of qualified infection prevention specialists were assigned to check and report every incorrect details during the whole procedure of dental practice. Meanwhile, the safety and well-being of the public and our medical workers could be also guaranteed through following those detailed prevention scenarios.

Objective: To investigate the effects and the potential mechanism of shikonin on rat random flaps. Methods: Seventy-two wistar male rats in grade SPF were randomly divided into negative control group, tetramethylpyrazine group (TMP group) or shikonin treatment group. The random skin flap sized 8 cm×2 cm, with a cephalic based pedicle, was performed on the back of the rat. Each group was administered accordingly by intraperitoneal injection once per day for 7 days: shikonin treatment group (1 mg/kg), TMP group (10 mg/kg) and control group (1 ml/kg). Morphological changes of skin flaps were observed by HE staining. The positive expression of iNOS and COX-2 in skin flap tissues after operation were detected by immunofluorescence staining. The serum contents of TNF-α and IL-6 were detected by ELISA. Results: Inflammatory cell infiltration and inflammatory reaction of flap was more severe in control group at different time points after operation. The number of inflammatory cells in shikonin treatment group and TMP group were significantly decreased, compared with controls (P<0.01). The decrease of the inflammatory cell numbers in shikonin treatment group was more significant. The proliferation of granulation tissue and fibroblast in skin flap was obvious, and the survival rates of the skin flap were significantly increased in shikonin treatment group and TMP group (both P<0.01). The numbers of iNOS or COX-2 positive cells in shikonin treatment group and TMP group were significantly decreased, when compared with controls (both P<0.01). Compared with TMP group, the numbers of iNOS and COX-2 positive cells in shikonin treatment group were significantly decreased (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively)in early period after operation. Compared with the control group, serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in shikonin treatment group and TMP group were significantly decreased (all P<0.01). The shikonin treatment group developed more significant reduce. Conclusions Shikonin can significantly improve inflammatory response of skin flap in rats, which might be related to inhibiting the expression of iNOS and COX-2, decreasing serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 , and reducing the release of inflammatory cytokines .

Objective Study on the absorption,distribution,transformation,excretion and toxicity of four forms of arsenic in rats.Methods Four thousand and fifty data were obtained from 28 days animal metabolism experiments of 81 rats exposed to the four As species.Distribution,metabolism,excretion,and subacute toxicity of 4 As species were compared by analyzing the arsenate [As(V)],arsenite [As(Ⅲ)],methyl arsenate (MMAV) and dimethyl arsenate (DMAV) content of rat feces (excrement and urine),blood,seven organs,and liver and kidney pathology.Results After oral administration of each As species,82.9％ of As(Ⅲ),85.1％ of As(V),95.0％ of MMAV and 96.2％ of DMAV were accumulatively secreted via feces and urine,while 16.2％ of As(Ⅲ),14.1％ of As(V),4.65％ of MMAV and 0.120％ of DMAV were detected in blood.The DMAV accumulated in blood and urine after dosing As(Ⅲ),As(V) and MMAV,and the content of DMAV in the blood was 8 times greater than urine.Four kinds of arsenic had effects on rat liver and kidney function,the influence on liver was acute phase effect while that on renal was cumulative effects.The effect of As(Ⅲ) was the most significant,followed by MMAV.Four kinds of arsenic could cause tissue deformation and inflammatory cells infiltration,but showed no difference between groups.Conclusion The distribution,metabolism,excretion,and toxicity of the four kinds of arsenic in rats were different in varying degrees.The research of health risk for arsenic should consider its different forms.

AIM:To discuss the effect of Shenmai injection on insulin resistance ( IR) in 3T3-L1 cells and its mechanisms.METHODS:3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced by chemical reagents to differentiate into fully differentiated adipocytes.Oil red O staining was used to detect the differentiation level of the adipocytes .The insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 cell model was demonstrated using insulin , which was confirmed by glucose concentration in cell supernatant .The IR cell model was given 10 μmol/L rosiglitazone , 25 and 50 g/L Shenmai injection and normal saline for comparison .MTT assay was used to assess the cell activity of 3T3-L1 cells which was treated with drugs for 8, 16, 24 and 36 h.Glucose oxidase method was used to detect the glucose concentration in the cell supernatant at 8, 16 and 24 h.The protein levels of glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), AKT and p-AKT were determined by Western blot .RE-SULTS:3T3-L1 adipocytes were successfully induced as shown by the positive oil red O staining .The IR cell model was demonstrated , and glucose concentration in the cell supernatant after treatment with Shenmai injection showed that Shenmai injection reduced the IR in 3T3-L1 cell model.The protein levels of GLUT4, PI3K and p-AKT increased compared to con-trol group.CONCLUSION:Shenmai injection reduces the IR in 3T3-L1 cell model, which functions by increasing the protein levels of GLUT4, PI3K and p-AKT.