Objective: To investigate the regional differences in the incidence of urothelial carcinoma among kidney transplant recipients between northern and southern China，so as to provide reference for early diagnosis of this disease. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases，including CNKI，Wanfang，CBM，and PubMed，using the keywords “kidney transplantation” and “tumor” to collect clinical data from qualified kidney transplant centers.The latest and most complete literature data published by 17 transplant centers in northern China and 14 in southern China were included.Statistical analyses were performed to compare the incidence of post-transplant urothelial carcinoma and non-urothelial malignancies. Results: A total of 37 475 kidney transplant recipients were included，among whom 837 (2.23%) developed post-transplant malignancies，including urothelial carcinoma (366/837，43.73%)，non-urothelial carcinoma (444/837，53.05%)，and malignancies with unspecified pathology (27/837，3.23%).The incidence of malignancies was significantly higher in northern China than in southern China [(2.82±1.39)% vs. (1.67±0.83)%，P=0.011]，with a particularly pronounced difference in the incidence of urothelial carcinoma [(1.68±1.12)% vs. (0.32±0.32)%，P<0.001].No significant difference was observed in the incidence of non-urothelial carcinoma between the two regions [(1.11±0.56)% vs. (1.35±0.65)%，P=0.279].Additionally，female transplant recipients exhibited a higher incidence of malignancies than males in both regions (southern China：2.38% vs. 1.80%; northern China：8.93% vs. 2.52%). Conclusion: The incidence of urothelial carcinoma following kidney transplantation is significantly higher in northern China than in southern China，underscoring the importance of implementing regular tumor screening for kidney transplant recipients，particularly for female patients in northern China，to facilitate early diagnosis and timely intervention.

Objective:To examine whether multiple-course prophylactic intravesical instillation chemotherapy is superior to single-course chemotherapy in preventing bladder tumor recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy(RNU)for primary upper tract urothelial carcinoma(UTUC).Methods:A comprehensive literature search was performed using the PubMed, Wanfang Data and China National Knowledge Infrastructure and all publications before March 2021 about clinical trials comparing the effects of single-course and multiple-course prophylactic intravesical instillation chemotherapy after RNU for UTUC were retrieved.Analysis was performed using Stata/SE 12.0.Results:Seven trials included a total of 998 patients, with 473 participants receiving multiple-course and 525 receiving single-course intravesical instillation chemotherapy.Bladder cancer recurrence occurred in 69 out of 473 patients(14.6%)with multiple-course chemotherapy and in 123 out of 525 patients(23.4%)with single-course chemotherapy.The absolute risk reduction was 8.8% and the relative risk reduction was 37.6%.Compared with a single-course instillation, the pooled OR of bladder cancer recurrence was 0.55(95% CI: 0.40-0.76, P<0.001)for multiple-course instillations.No serious adverse events were reported. Conclusions:Compared with single-course instillation chemotherapy, multiple-course prophylactic intravesical instillation chemotherapy significantly decreases the risk of bladder cancer recurrence in primary UTUC patients treated with RNU, indicating multiple intravesical instillation chemotherapy is superior to single instillation chemotherapy.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty in pediatric patients. Methods: Sixty pediatric patients of both sexes with hydronephrosis, aged 3-12 yr, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ, undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty from March 2018 to April 2019, were divided into 2 groups using a random number table method: control group (group C, n=28) and ERAS group (n=32). In ERAS group, preoperative ERAS education was carried out, the time of preoperative food and water deprivation was shortened, pediatric patients drank glucose water at 2 h before surgery, anesthetic regimen was optimized, lung protective ventilation and target-directed fluid therapy were performed, and intraoperative warming and multi-mode antiemetic measures were carried out during operation, and multi-mode analgesic measures were taken after operation, and pediatric patients received water and food intake early through the mouth and got out of bed as soon as possible after operation.In group C, the traditional concept was adopted for perioperative management.Immediately after tracheal intubation, at 30 min and 1 and 2 h after establishing pneumoperitoneum, at 5 min after the end of pneumoperitoneum and at 5 min after extubation, the airway peak pressure and tidal volume were recorded, and blood gas analysis was performed.The occurrence of cardiovascular events was recorded during surgery.The postoperative time of extubation, time of first intake, the first postoperative off-bed time, the first flatus time, time of pulling out the ureter and drainage tube, and length of hospital stay were recorded.The Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale was used to assess the agitation during the recovery period.The Faces Pain Scale-Revised scale was used to assess the degree of pain within 72 h after surgery.When Faces Pain Scale-Revised scale score ≥4, fentanyl 0.25 μg/kg was intravenously injected as rescue analgesic.The requirement for rescue analgesia was recorded.The overall complications were evaluated by using Clavin-Dindo grading, and postoperative complications included nausea and vomiting, abdominal distension, abdominal pain, incision infection, abdominal infection, anastomotic leakage, fever, etc. Results: Compared with group C, the preoperative food and water deprivation time was significantly shortened, the time of postoperative extubation was prolonged, the postoperative length of hospital stay, time of first intake, the first postoperative off-bed time, the first flatus time, and time of pulling out the ureter were shortened, airway peak pressure was decreased at 1 and 2 h of pneumoperitoneum, arterial blood lactate concentrations were decreased at each time point of pneumoperitoneum (P<0.05 or 0.01), and no significant change was found in the incidence of postoperative agitation, nausea and vomiting, incision infection, abdominal infection or fever in group ERAS (P>0.05). No intraoperative adverse cardiovascular events were found, and no pediatric patients required rescue analgesia after operation in two groups. Conclusion ERAS can be safely and effectively used for the pediatric patients undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplast.

Objective To construct a scoring system of combination of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein for diagnosis of invasive bacterial diarrhea in children. Methods The clinical data of hospitalized children with acute diarrhea were retrospectively analyzed. All of the children were divided into two groups, invasive bacterial diarrhea group and nonbacterial diarrhea group. The scoring system of combination of two markers for diagnosis of invasive bacterial diarrhea in children was constructed by means of two categories logistic regression analysis using procalcitonin and C- reactive protein as parameters. In addition,receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC)was used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy.Results One hundred ten cases of invasive bacterial diarrhea and 108 cases of nonbacterial diarrhea were included. The levels of serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in invasive bacterial diarrhea group were significantly higher than those in nonbacterial diarrhea group, and there were statistical difference(P all<0.05).The area under the ROC curve(AUC)of invasive bacterial diarrhea was 0.894 when the established scoring system was used, which was higher than the AUCs when either serum procalcitonin or in C- reactive protein was used (P<0.05). The best diagnostic boundary value for combination of serum procalcitonin and C- reactive protein scoring was 0.52 with a sensitivity at 80.9% and specificity at 88.9%. Conclusions The scoring system of combination of procalcitonin and C- reactive protein has good accuracy in diagnosis of invasive bacterial diarrhea in children, and can assist the early diagnosis of the disease.

Objective To explore the functional mechanism of a Chinese medicine compound “Qiangzhizufang”on rat model of Tourette syndrome ( TS) combined with fear.Methods The rat model of TS combined with fear was established by intraperitoneal injection of 3,3’-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) combined with acoustic stimulation.After giving different drug lavage treatment, the changes of behavior of the rat models were assessed by field test and behavior test.The content of DA, TH and TH mRNA in the brain tissue was detected by HPLC, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR, separately.Results Compared with the normal control group, stereotyped behavior and exercise behavior were increased, freezing time prolonged, but the content of DA, TH and TH mRNA in the brain tissue were not obviously changed in the model control group.Compared with the model control group, the stereotyped behavior and exercise behavior were decreased, content of DA, TH and TH mRNA in the brain tissue was decreased in the “Qiangzhizufang” group. Conclusions The Chinese medicine compound“Qiangzhizufang” can improve the behavior in rat models of TS combined with fear.This effect may be realized through down-regurating TH mRNA expression, reducing the content of TH, and reducing the dopamine synthesis.

Objective To determine the incidence of breast cancer?related lymphedema ( BCRL) in China and to analyze the associated risk factors. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data and the incidence of BCRL in 281 patients who were newly diagnosed with breast cancer and received surgery. The incidence of BCRL was evaluated using arm circumference measurement and Norman questionnaire. The risk factors for lymphedema were analyzed using chi?square test and logistic regression model. Results In all patients,the incidence rates of BCRL determined by arm circumference measurement and Norman questionnaire were 31?7% and 27?0%, respectively. The multivariate analysis showed that postoperative radiotherapy,a preoperative body mass index no less than 24 kg/m2 ,a large axillary lymph node dissection area,and a large number of positive axillary lymph nodes significantly increased the risk of BCRL (HR=2?87,P=0?042;HR=2?54,P=0?011;HR=1?97,P=0?037;HR=1?06,P=0?023). Moreover, patients with breast cancer and hypertension had 1?74?fold higher risk of BCRL than those with normal blood pressure. Conclusions The incidence of BCRL is still very high. However,most of patients only have mild edema. Postoperative radiotherapy, a large axillary lymph node dissection area, a large number of positive axillary lymph nodes,a high preoperative body mass index,and hypertension are risk factors for BCRL.

Objective To identify clinical prevalence of untypical adefovir-resistant mutations of hepatitis B virus (HBV),and to analyze their phenotypic characteristics.Methods 1741 patients with chronic HBV infection were evolved.Untypical adefovir-resistant mutations were analyzed by direct sequencing.Longitudinal analysis was performed by clonal sequencing.Wild-type and mutant HBV genomic amplicons were constructed into pTriEx-HBV 1.1 vector and transfected into HepG2 cells.The replication capacity and the 50％ effective concentration of drugs (EC50) were calculated.Results Patients treated with adefovir alone were more likely to develop rtN238T mutation than those treated with other nucleos(t) ide drugs (x2 =17.10,P ＜ 0.01).The patient received adefovir for 47 months,and then viral rebound and biochemical breakthrough occurred with detection of rtN238T + A181V and rtN238T mutation.Switching-to entecavir therapy suppressed HBV DNA and ALT to an undetectable level and converted all viruses into wild type ones.The reulsts of viral replication capacity showed that rtN238T + A181V strain was higher than rtA181V strain (t =9.54,P ＜ 0.01).Compared to the wild type virus,rtN238T + A181V variant was relatively less susceptible to adefovir.Conclusions rtN238T mutation conferred no resistance to ADV but enhanced natural replication capacity,hence it might represent a novel compensatory drug-resistant mutation for adefovir.

Objective To establish a molecular typing system of Staphylococcus aureus by using resolution melting for food-poi-soning fast tracing.Methods Primers were designed and synthesized according to the literature of VNTR in Staphylococcus au-reus ,and were used to perform molecular typing on the strains which had detected by PFGE,then 4 types of VNTRs were with higher discriminatory power were selected.On this basis,we established a molecular typing system for the detection of 59 Staphy-lococcus aureus isolated from food poisoning.Results The molecular typing system has good precision for detection.The standard deviation(s)of within-batch repetitive experiments were 0.03 -0.05 ℃,between-batch repetitive experiments were 0.04 -0.06℃,between-day repetitive experiments were 0.04-0.06 ℃.At the same time,the 59 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were divided into 19 types which were 11 epidemic clones and 8 sporadic clones.The correlation coefficient of Simpson was 0.916 4.Conclusion The molecular typing system for Staphylococcus aureus based on resolution melting was simple,fast and repeatable.It can be ap-plied to fast tracing and screen of Staphylococcus aureus in food poisoning.

Objective To evaluate the capability of 18 F-FLT uptake and investigate the early radiation response of human colorectal cancer cells HCT116 exposed to 6 MV X-rays.Methods 3.7 kBq 18F-FLT was added to HCT116 cells with different cell numbers (1.0 × 105-1.5 × 106) and cultured with different times (36,60,84 h).The 18F-FLT uptake rate was measured with a γ-counter after exposed to different does of 6 MV X-rays (0,2,4,6,8 Gy) after 24,48,and 72 h of irradiation.Then the cell uptake inhibition rate,cell proliferation,and cell cycle phase were measured.Results The uptake rate of 18F-FLT in HCT116 was (18.97 ± 1.16)％.The 18F-FLT uptake inhibition rates at 24 h after different does of irradiation (2,4,6,8 Gy) were (32.10±0.02)％,(54.46 ±0.04)％,(62.74 ±0.04)％,and (65.81 ±4.81)％,respectively,which was positively correlated with radiation dose.Conclusions The 18F-FLT uptake rate of human colorectal cancer HCT116 cells could be used to evaluate the early radiation response.

Objective　To evaluate the real-life clinical characteristics of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients with moderate and severe enlarged prostate.　Methods　From February 2009 to January 2011,a prospective,non-interventional,multi-center study was conducted on 2 758 BPH patients recruited from 32 hospitals in 10 cities nationwide with the following criteria:prostate volume (PV) larger ≥30 ml and international prostate symptom score (IPSS) ≥ 8. Patient age,PV,IPSS,Qmax medical treatment patterns and physician prescription practice were recorded. The demographic information and clinic characteristics were evaluated as well.　Results　The mean patient age,PV,IPSS score and Qmax of 2 786eligible patients were 69.2 ±8.5 years (50 to 97 years),47.8 ±16.6 ml (30 to 165 ml),17.5 ±5.4 (8to 35 ) and 11.6 ± 3.6 ml/s (2 to 36 ml/s),respectively.Age subgroup analysis pointed that the mean PV and Qmax in 50 -55 years group were 42.8 ml and 13.3 ml/s compared to 49.0 ml and 11.1 ml/s in the group beyond 71 years.Both parameters had statistical significances (P ＜ 0.05 ). For 56.1％ of the patients,it was their first time coming to clinic seeking for medical advice. Of whom,22.8％ patients had taken BPH prescription medication regularly beyond two weeks.Only 31.3％ of the patients had a history of BPH shorter than one year.22.9％ and 18.3％ of the patients had a history of BPH for 1 -2 and 3 -4 years.And 27.5％　of the patients had a history of BPH related symptoms longer than five years. Only 52.6％ patients were treated with α adrenoceptor antagonists + 5-α reductase inhibitor by urologists according to the recommendation in Chinese guideline of BPH.　Conclusions　The symptoms and key parameters of moderate and severe benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients become worse and more with increased age in China.It is quite late for most patients coming to clinic seeking for their first medical advice.Furthermore,there is a huge gap between urologist prescription and the recommendation of the Chinese guideline on BPH.