To evaluate the effect of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) on the clinical prognosis of children with macrolide drug-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MRMPP) in a retrospective cohort study based on propensity score matching (PSM).A retrospective cohort study based on propensity score matching retrospectively collected the clinical data of hospitalized patients diagnosed with mycoplasma macrolide drug-resistant pneumonia (MRMPP) in Respiratory Department of Hunan Children′s Hospital from January 2020 to August 2023. According to whether bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed during hospitalization, the children were divided into BAL group and non-BAL group, and the baseline information of the two groups was matched by propensity scores, and the clinical prognosis was compared. A total of 302 children were screened, and 150 cases were successfully matched, including 59 cases in the BAL group and 91 cases in the non-BAL group. The results showed that the differences between the non-BAL group and the BAL group before PSM( P<0.05) were significantly different in age [(4.60±2.97)years vs (5.41±3.02) years, t=-2.273, P=0.024], shortness of breath (9.4% vs 22.5%, χ 2=9.864, P=0.002), and radiographic manifestations [lung interstitial changes (29.8% vs 15.3%, χ 2=8.009, P=0.005), lung consolidation (17.3% vs 55.9%, χ 2=48.457, P<0.001), spotted flaky infiltrates (52.4% vs 27.9%, χ 2=17.056, P<0.001)], bacterial infection (3.2% vs 9.2%, χ 2=4.845, P=0.028), duration of azithromycin or doxycycline use [4(2, 5) days vs 5(3, 6) days, Z=-2.374, P=0.018], White Blood Cell Count at admission [7.94 (6.25, 10.34)×10 9/L vs 7.21 (5.65, 9.01)×10 9/L, Z=-2.445, P=0.014], D Dimer [0.58 (0.44, 0.83) μg/ml vs 0.80 (0.52, 1.12) μg/ml, Z=-3.154, P=0.002], but there was no significant difference between the two groups in the above indexes after PSM ( P>0.05). The duration of hospitalization, cough relief, disappearance of rales and fever in the BAL group was shortened in the BAL group compared with that in the non-BAL group [5 (4, 7) days vs 7 (5, 8) days, Z=-2.373, P=0.018], and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Linear regression analysis of PSM cohort study showed that BAL was negatively correlated with fever time (β=-4.369, 95% CI:-8.600--0.138, P<0.05). In conclusion, BAL can shorten the fever time of MRMPP, and early BAL in addition to conventional treatment has a positive effect on the prognosis of children.

To evaluate the effect of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) on the clinical prognosis of children with macrolide drug-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MRMPP) in a retrospective cohort study based on propensity score matching (PSM).A retrospective cohort study based on propensity score matching retrospectively collected the clinical data of hospitalized patients diagnosed with mycoplasma macrolide drug-resistant pneumonia (MRMPP) in Respiratory Department of Hunan Children′s Hospital from January 2020 to August 2023. According to whether bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed during hospitalization, the children were divided into BAL group and non-BAL group, and the baseline information of the two groups was matched by propensity scores, and the clinical prognosis was compared. A total of 302 children were screened, and 150 cases were successfully matched, including 59 cases in the BAL group and 91 cases in the non-BAL group. The results showed that the differences between the non-BAL group and the BAL group before PSM( P<0.05) were significantly different in age [(4.60±2.97)years vs (5.41±3.02) years, t=-2.273, P=0.024], shortness of breath (9.4% vs 22.5%, χ 2=9.864, P=0.002), and radiographic manifestations [lung interstitial changes (29.8% vs 15.3%, χ 2=8.009, P=0.005), lung consolidation (17.3% vs 55.9%, χ 2=48.457, P<0.001), spotted flaky infiltrates (52.4% vs 27.9%, χ 2=17.056, P<0.001)], bacterial infection (3.2% vs 9.2%, χ 2=4.845, P=0.028), duration of azithromycin or doxycycline use [4(2, 5) days vs 5(3, 6) days, Z=-2.374, P=0.018], White Blood Cell Count at admission [7.94 (6.25, 10.34)×10 9/L vs 7.21 (5.65, 9.01)×10 9/L, Z=-2.445, P=0.014], D Dimer [0.58 (0.44, 0.83) μg/ml vs 0.80 (0.52, 1.12) μg/ml, Z=-3.154, P=0.002], but there was no significant difference between the two groups in the above indexes after PSM ( P>0.05). The duration of hospitalization, cough relief, disappearance of rales and fever in the BAL group was shortened in the BAL group compared with that in the non-BAL group [5 (4, 7) days vs 7 (5, 8) days, Z=-2.373, P=0.018], and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Linear regression analysis of PSM cohort study showed that BAL was negatively correlated with fever time (β=-4.369, 95% CI:-8.600--0.138, P<0.05). In conclusion, BAL can shorten the fever time of MRMPP, and early BAL in addition to conventional treatment has a positive effect on the prognosis of children.

Objective:To assess the clinical effectiveness and safety of Omalizumab for treating pediatric allergic asthma in real world in China.Methods:The clinical data of children aged 6 to 11 years with allergic asthma who received Omalizumab treatment in 17 hospitals in China between July 6, 2018 and September 30, 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.Such information as the demographic characteristics, allergic history, family history, total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, specific IgE levels, skin prick test, exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels, eosinophil (EOS) counts, and comorbidities at baseline were collected.Descriptive analysis of the Omalizumab treatment mode was made, and the difference in the first dose, injection frequency and course of treatment between the Omalizumab treatment mode and the mode recommended in the instruction was investigated.Global Evaluation of Treatment Effectiveness (GETE) analysis was made after Omalizumab treatment.The moderate-to-severe asthma exacerbation rate, inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) dose, lung functions were compared before and after Omalizumab treatment.Changes in the Childhood Asthma Control Test (C-ACT) and Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) results from baseline to 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, and 52 weeks after Omalizumab treatment were studied.The commodity improvement was assessed.The adverse event (AE) and serious adverse event (SAE) were analyzed for the evaluation of Omalizumab treatment safety.The difference in the annual rate of moderate-to-severe asthma exacerbation and ICS reduction was investigated by using t test.The significance level was set to 0.05.Other parameters were all subject to descriptive analysis.A total of 200 allergic asthma patients were enrolled, including 75.5% ( n=151) males and 24.5% ( n=49) females.The patients aged (8.20±1.81) years. Results:The median total IgE level of the 200 patients was 513.5 (24.4-11 600.0) IU/mL.Their median treatment time with Omalizumab was 112 (1-666) days.Their first dose of Omalizumab was 300 (150-600) mg.Of the 200 cases, 114 cases (57.0%) followed the first Omalizumab dosage recommended in the instruction.After 4-6 months of Omalizumab treatment, 88.5% of the patients enrolled ( n=117) responded to Omalizumab.After 4 weeks of treatment with Omalizumab, asthma was well-controlled, with an increased C-ACT score [from (22.70±3.70) points to (18.90±3.74) points at baseline]. Four-six months after Omalizumab administration, the annual rate of moderate-to-severe asthma exacerbation had a reduction of (2.00±5.68) per patient year( t=4.702 5, P<0.001), the median ICS daily dose was lowered [0 (0-240) μg vs. 160 (50-4 000) μg at baseline] ( P<0.001), the PAQLQ score was improved [(154.90±8.57) points vs. (122.80±27.15) points at baseline], and the forced expiratory volume in one second % predicted (FEV 1%pred) was increased [(92.80±10.50)% vs. (89.70±18.17)% at baseline]. In patients with available evaluations for comorbidities, including allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis or eczema, urticaria, allergic conjunctivitis and sinusitis, 92.8%-100.0% showed improved symptoms.A total of 124 AE were reported in 58 (29.0%) of the 200 patients, and the annual incidence was 0(0-15.1) per patient year.In 53 patients who suffered AE, 44 patients (83.0%) and 9 patients (17.0%) reported mild and moderate AE, respectively.No severe AE were observed in patients.The annual incidence of SAE was 0(0-1.9) per patient year.Most common drug-related AE were abdominal pain (2 patients, 1.0%) and fever (2 patients, 1.0%). No patient withdrew Omalizumab due to AE. Conclusions:Omalizumab shows good effectiveness and safety for the treatment of asthma in children.It can reduce the moderate-to-severe asthma exacerbation rate, reduce the ICS dose, improve asthma control levels, and improve lung functions and quality of life of patients.

To investigate the formation of polystyrene nanoplastic-plant protein corona and its potential impact on plants, three differently modified polystyrene nanoplastics with an average particle size of 200 nm were taken to interact with the leaf proteins of Impatiens hawkeri for 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 16 h, 24 h, and 36 h, respectively. The morphological changes were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the surface roughness was determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM), the hydrated particle size and zeta potential were determined by nanoparticle size and zeta potential analyzer, and the protein composition of the protein corona was identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The proteins were classified in terms of biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions to study the adsorption selection of nanoplastics to proteins, investigate the formation and characteristics of polystyrene nanoplastic-plant protein corona and predict the potential impact of protein corona on plants. The results showed that the morphological changes of the nanoplastics became clearer as the reaction time extends, as evidenced by the increase in size and roughness and the enhancement of stability, thus demonstrating the formation of protein corona. In addition, the transformation rate from soft to hard protein corona was basically the same for the three polystyrene nanoplastics in the formation of protein corona with leaf proteins under the same protein concentration conditions. Moreover, in the reaction with leaf proteins, the selective adsorption of the three nanoplastics to proteins with different isoelectric points and molecular weights differed, and the particle size and stability of the final formed protein corona also differed. Since a large portion of the protein fraction in protein corona is involved in photosynthesis, it is hypothesized that the formation of the protein corona may affect photosynthesis in I. hawkeri.
Polystyrenes/chemistry* ; Protein Corona/chemistry* ; Microplastics ; Plant Proteins ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Nanoparticles/chemistry*

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with malignant tumors and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) related multisystem adverse events as well as therapeutic efficacy of ICI.Methods:The general data, immune-related adverse events (irAE) type, onset time, severity and ICI efficacy of patients with malignant tumors who developed irAE after receiving ICI in China-Japan Friendship Hospital between January 2019 and November 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were divided into multisystem irAE group and single system irAE group according to whether patients with more than 1 organ or system developed irAE for once. The occurrence of irAE was summarized, and the clinical characteristics of patients were compared. Progression-free survival analysis was not performed owing to the pause of immunotherapy caused by some irAE, so the efficacy of ICI was evaluated by using ICI treatment duration (TD).Results:A total of 47 patients with malignant tumors and irAE were included in this study, with 70 times of irAE in total. The median onset time was 90 d (35 d, 196 d). Among them, 12 patients (25.53%) developed multisystem irAE (32 times of irAE in total); the other 35 patients (74.47%) developed single system irAE (38 times of irAE in total). Cutaneous toxicity for 7 times, thyroid toxicity for 7 times and pulmonary toxicity for 5 times were the most frequent among multisystem irAE group; pulmonary toxicity for 13 times, thyroid toxicity for 12 times and cutaneous toxicity for 5 times were the most frequent among single system irAE group. There were no statistically significant differences in the proportion of patients stratified by age, gender, the combination of other treatments and different body mass between the two groups (all P > 0.05). The median follow-up time was 20 months (9-40 months). The median TD of ICI was 16.00 months (95% CI 3.62-31.22 months) in multisystem irAE group and 4.60 months (95% CI 4.12-11.30 months) in single system irAE group; TD in multisystem irAE group was longer than that in single system irAE group, and the difference was statistically significant ( HR = 0.413, 95% CI 0.202-0.844, P = 0.038). Conclusions:The efficacy of ICI in patients with malignant tumors and multisystem irAE is better than that in those with single system irAE. It suggests that the better efficacy of ICI may be associated with greater risk of irAE. There is no significant difference in the clinical features between multisystem irAE and single system irAE.

OBJECTIVE To explore the improvement effect and potential mechanism of Baicao fuyanqing suppository on bacterial vaginitis （BV） in rats. METHODS The female SD rats were randomly divided into normal group， model group， metronidazole group （positive control， 0.03 g/kg）， Baicao fuyanqing suppository low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups （0.18， 0.36， 0.72 g/kg）， with 8 rats in each group. Except for the normal group， the rats in other groups were injected subcutaneously with 0.2 g of Estradiol benzoate injection+20 μL of Escherichia coli suspension （2×108～3×108 cfu/mL） through the vaginal opening to establish the BV rat model. Administration groups were given relevant medicine vaginally， while the normal group and the model group were given normal saline， once a day， for 6 consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after the last administration， the vaginal appearance score and vaginal pH were measured for each group of rats. The levels of cytokines [interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， IL-2， IL-13， immunoglobulin A （IgA）] in vaginal lavage fluid were determined. The morphology of the uterus and accessories， and pathological changes in the vaginal tissue were observed. The expressions of Toll-like receptor 2 （TLR2）， TLR4 and nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） in vaginal tissues were determined. RESULTS Compared with the normal group， the uterus edema， the irregular shape of uterus and accessories， the vaginal mucosa hyperplasia， and the massive desquamation of epithelial cells were observed in the model group， complicating with massive infiltration of inflammatory cells； vaginal opening redness and swelling score and secretion score， vaginal pH， the levels of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and IL-2， the protein expressions of TLR2， TLR4 and NF- κB were all increased or up-regulated， while the levels of IgA and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-13 decreased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with the model group， varying cn degrees of improvement in uterine and accessories， and vaginal tissue lesions in rats were observed in administration groups， and most of the quantitative indicators mentioned above showed significant improvement （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS Baicao fuyanqing suppository has a certain improvement effect on inflammatory symptoms in BV rats， and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the TLR/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Objective:To analyze the clinical and chest CT features in a family with interstitial lung disease(ILD), and assess the probable causative gene mutations for the family.Methods:In order to identify the etiology of the proband′s ILD, the pedigree was investigated.The clinical data of five proband′s pedigree members were collected, and the chest HRCT examination was performed on four proband′s pedigree members with respiratory symptoms.The human whole exon sequencing was performed on the proband′s blood samples, then its deleterious effects were assessed.Subsequently, the strong pathogenic mutation was validated by Sanger sequencing.Results:According to the family survey, there were five patients with ILD in the family, including three males and two females.One of them died.The surfactant protein C(SFTPC)gene(exon4, c.342G>T, p.K114N)was found in all four surviving patients.The mutation was considered to be originated from the father of the proband, and the pathogenic mutation was considered, which was not included in the databases and was a noval mutation.In addition, the clinical manifestations of different patients in the family were significantly different.Conclusion:The novel mutation of p. k114n in SFTPC gene can lead to ILD in children, and the mutation has incomplete exons in family members.Chest CT and whole exon sequencing play an important role in the diagnosis of ILD in children.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the most common neoplasmas with a poor prognosis and a low 5-year survival rate. Early screening is an important measure for the prevention and treatment of lung cancer. At present, different countries have issued corresponding lung cancer screening guidelines, but China still lacks guidelines based on Chinese population research. Therefore, the National Cancer Center launched a Multi-center Cancer Screening Program in Urban China. This study analyzed the evaluation of lung cancer risk assessment model and screening effect in urban China of Yunnan, so as to explore the evaluation model of high-risk lung cancer population suitable for China's national conditions and develop lung cancer screening guidelines for Chinese. METHODS: A questionnaire survey and lung cancer risk assessment were conducted on 165,337 people in 36 street offices in 4 main urban areas of Kunming, Yunnan Province, using cluster sampling method from January 2015 to December 2019. People with high-risk of lung cancer conducted low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening of chest. What's more, all participants were followed up by active or passive follow-up. RESULTS: There were 264 patients were diagnosed lung cancer by pathology, and the overall incidence of lung cancer was 0.16% (264/165,337). The high-risk group (0.31%, 116/37,914) was higher than the non-high-risk group (0.12%, 148/127,423), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). The incidence of lung cancer in the high-risk group was higher than the non-high-risk group among the male, female, and lower 50-year-old or more than 50-year-old subgroups, with statistical differences (P<0.001), but there was no statistical difference in the group without LDCT screening (P=0.73). The sensitivity of the lung cancer high-risk population assessment model was 43.94% (116/264) and the specificity was 77.10% (127,275/165,073). The early diagnosis rate of the screening group was 72.97% (54/74), which was significantly higher than that of the non-screening group [28.48% (43/151)]. CONCLUSIONS The lung cancer high-risk population assessment model of National Key Public Health Program: Cancer Screening Program in Urban China can detect high-risk populations and improve the early diagnosis rate of lung cancer effectively.

Objective:Lung ultrasound (LUS) has been used in the diagnosis of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome(RDS) successfully, but there have been no multicenter prospective studies to verify its reliability or determine how to grade RDS with LUS findings.This study aimed to discuss the necessity and feasibility of using LUS findings to determine RDS grades through a multicenter prospective study.Methods:Every researcher participated in the National Neonatal Lung Ultrasound Training Course and receiving 3-6 months of lung ultrasound system training at the National Neonatal Lung Ultrasound Training Center.Patients between June 2018 and May 2020 who met the RDS ultrasound diagnostic criteria and had full available clinical data were included in this study.The LUS examination was completed immediately after the patients were admitted to the hospital.Some of them also underwent chest X-ray examination.Arterial blood gas analysis was completed immediately before or after the LUS ultrasound examination.RDS grading was performed according to the LUS findings and whether the patient had serious complications.Results:A total of 275 qualifying cases were included in this study, which included 220 premature infants and 55 full-term infants, and the primary RDS occurred in 117 cases (42.5%), and secondary RDS occurred in 158 cases (57.5%). LUS manifestations of RDS patients can be divided into three categories: (1)A ground-glass opacity sign: which could be found among 50 infants when they were admitted to the hospital (that was, at their first LUS examination). Twenty-eight of these infants were considered to have wet lungs and were not sent for special management on admission, but LUS showed typical snowflake-like lung consolidation within 0.5 to 4 hours.Twenty-two of them were given mechanical ventilation with exogenous pulmonary surfactant; Eighteen cases were controlled within 6-12 hours, but the lung lesions became more severe in the other 4 infants (due to severe intrauterine infection). (2)Snowflake-like lung consolidations: the first LUS on admission showed typical snowflake-like lung consolidation involving areas ranging from 1-2 intercostal spaces to 12 lung divisions in 204 cases.Thirty-eight infants among them the lung consolidation only had involvement of 1-2 intercostal spaces at the time of admission; Fifteen of them received invasive respiratory support and recovered within 4-12 hours.Twelve patients received noninvasive respiratory support; Seven of them recovered, while five cases developed severe lung illness.The remaining 11 patients who were not given any form of ventilator support developed severe conditions within 1-4 hours.Thirty of them showed snowflake signs involving 12 lung regions at admission.The remaining 136 patients had lung consolidation degree between the two degree above condition.(3)Snowflake-like sign with complications: Twenty-one patients had severe complications such as pneumothorax, pulmonary hemorrhage or/and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn or large area atelectasis, etc, although snowflake lung consolidation did not involve all lung regions.Conclusion:(1) LUS is reliable and accurate for diagnosing RDS.RDS has the same characteristics on ultrasound for both preterm and full-term infants, both primary and secondary RDS.(2) To facilitate the management of RDS, it is necessary to classify RDS according to the ultrasound findings and the presence of severe complications.(3) Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that RDS can be divided into mild, moderate and severe degrees.The exact standards for grading are as follows: Mild RDS: the early stage of RDS, in which lung consolidation shows as a ground-glass opacity sign on ultrasound; Moderate RDS: lung consolidation shows a snowflake sign on ultrasound, not all of the lung fields are involved; Severe RDS meets one or more of the following criteria: lung consolidation shows as a snowflake sign on ultrasound and all lung regions are involved, or regardless of its degree and extent, lung consolidation has caused serious complications, such as pulmonary hemorrhage, pneumothorax, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, or/and a large area of pulmonary atelectasis.

Objective To analyze the characteristics of chest CT in children with invasive pulmonary fungal infections(IPFIs),and to explore the influencing factors on chest CT manifestations in children with IPFIs.Methods A retrospective case-control study was conducted to select 97 children with IPFIs from October 2010 to October 2016 in the department of respiratory medicine,PICU and hematology.The children were divided into CT characteristic change group(39 cases) and CT non-characteristic change group(58 cases) according to the chest CT manifestations. Non-conditional multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent influencing factors of CT characteristic changes in children with IPFIs. Results The ratios of less than 3-year-old infants, Candida, the proportion of ICU admission in the CT characteristic change group were lower than those in the CT non-characteristic change group(P<0.05). The proportions of more than 3-year-old, neutropenia,Aspergillus,central venous catheter,hematological malig-nancies were higher than those in the CT non-characteristic change group(P<0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the hematological malignancies was an independent influencing factor for the characteristic changes of CT in children with IPFIs.Conclusion When children with blood system malignant tumors manifest as fever,cough and other symptoms of infection,chest CT manifestations show characteristic changes,Aspergillus infection should be considered,and empirical antifungal treatment should be focused.