For a long time, macrolides have been the first choice for the antibacterial treatment for pertussis.However, in the past decade, resistance to macrolide antimicrobials has been common in clinically isolated Bordetella pertussis in China, which is in contradiction with the recommended macrolide treatment.Therefore, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) is suggested as the first choice for antibacterial treatment for pertussis in China, with a dosage determined according to age and body weight, lasting 14 days.If TMP-SMZ cannot be used, full-dose and full-course β-lactam antimicrobials may be used, of which the effects should be assessed carefully.The impact of other antibacterial drugs, such as quinolones and tetracyclines, on the elimination of Bordetella pertussis should also be evaluated as soon as possible to treat adult pertussis and potential cases caused by drug-resistant bacteria in future.

Objective:To determine the erythromycin resistance of Bordetella pertussis isolates and their ptxP1 and ptxP3 phenotypic composition and compare clinical manifestations of children with pertussis caused by the two types of strains. Methods:This was a cross-sectional study, the pertussis cases diagnosed using bacterial culture from January 2019 to December 2022 in Beijing Children′s Hospital and the First People′s Hospital of Wuhu were collected.Any suspected Bordetella pertussis colonies were identified by the slide agglutination test.The susceptibility of isolates to erythromycin was detected by the E-test and K-B test.The ptxP gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced to determine its genotype. t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Chi-square test and Fisher′s exact test were use to statistical analysis. Results:A total of 192 strains of Bordetella pertussis were identified, including 188 (97.9%) erythromycin-resistant strains.Among the 188 strains, 30.3%(57/188) belonged to the ptxP1 genotype and 69.7%(131/188) belonged to the ptxP3 genotype.In children aged below 1 year old, the incidence of paroxysmal cough caused by infection with the ptxP3 strain was higher than that with the ptxP1 strain (57.1% vs.29.4%, P<0.05), and children infected with the ptxP3 strain were more likely to develop apnea or asphyxia (23.8% vs.17.6%), post-tussive vomiting (44.4% vs.32.4%), whooping cough (72.0% vs.50.0%) and pneumonia or bronchitis (85.7% vs.73.5%) compared to those infected with the ptxP1 strain, but the differences were not statistically significant(all P>0.05). In children aged 1 year old and above, the white blood cell count of children infected with the ptxP1 strain was higher than that of infections with the ptxP3 strain [13.5(9.9, 24.5)×10 9/L, 10.3 (7.0, 16.4)×10 9/L, P<0.05], and children infected with the ptxP1 strain were more likely to contract other pathogen infections than those infected with the ptxP3 strain (17.4% vs.4.4%, P>0.05). Conclusions:ptxP3 erythromycin-resistant Bordetella pertussis has become the main pathogen of pertussis.Infants with pertussis caused by the ptxP3 erythromycin-resistant strain show more significant manifestations and a higher possibility of severe symptoms than those infected with the ptxP1 erythromycin-resistant strain.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have examined the bulk transcriptome of peripheral blood immune cells in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients experiencing immunological non-responsiveness. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of specific immune cell subtypes in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients who exhibit immunological non-responsiveness. METHODS: A single-cell transcriptome sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from both immunological responders (IRs) (CD4 + T-cell count >500) and immunological non-responders (INRs) (CD4 + T-cell count <300) was conducted. The transcriptomic profiles were used to identify distinct cell subpopulations, marker genes, and differentially expressed genes aiming to uncover potential genetic factors associated with immunological non-responsiveness. RESULTS: Among the cellular subpopulations analyzed, the ratios of monocytes, CD16 + monocytes, and exhausted B cells demonstrated the most substantial differences between INRs and IRs, with fold changes of 39.79, 11.08, and 2.71, respectively. In contrast, the CD4 + T cell ratio was significantly decreased (0.39-fold change) in INRs compared with that in IRs. Similarly, the ratios of natural killer cells and terminal effector CD8 + T cells were also lower (0.37-fold and 0.27-fold, respectively) in the INRs group. In addition to several well-characterized immune cell-specific markers, we identified a set of 181 marker genes that were enriched in biological pathways associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication. Notably, ISG15 , IFITM3 , PLSCR1 , HLA-DQB1 , CCL3L1 , and DDX5 , which have been demonstrated to influence HIV replication through their interaction with viral proteins, emerged as significant monocyte marker genes. Furthermore, the differentially expressed genes in natural killer cells were also enriched in biological pathways associated with HIV replication. CONCLUSIONS We generated an atlas of immune cell transcriptomes in HIV-infected IRs and INRs. Host genes associated with HIV replication were identified as markers of, and were found to be differentially expressed in, different types of immune cells.
Humans ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Transcriptome/genetics* ; HIV ; HIV Infections/genetics* ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism* ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism* ; Virus Replication ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism* ; RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism*

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a destructive pest native to America and has recently become an invasive insect pest in China. Because of its rapid spread and great risks in China, understanding of FAW genetic background and pesticide resistance is urgent and essential to develop effective management strategies. Here, we assembled a chromosome-level genome of a male FAW (SFynMstLFR) and compared re-sequencing results of the populations from America, Africa, and China. Strain identification of 163 individuals collected from America, Africa and China showed that both C and R strains were found in the American populations, while only C strain was found in the Chinese and African populations. Moreover, population genomics analysis showed that populations from Africa and China have close relationship with significantly genetic differentiation from American populations. Taken together, FAWs invaded into China were most likely originated from Africa. Comparative genomics analysis displayed that the cytochrome p450 gene family is extremely expanded to 425 members in FAW, of which 283 genes are specific to FAW. Treatments of Chinese populations with twenty-three pesticides showed the variant patterns of transcriptome profiles, and several detoxification genes such as AOX, UGT and GST specially responded to the pesticides. These findings will be useful in developing effective strategies for management of FAW in China and other invaded areas.
Animals ; China ; Genomics ; Humans ; Male ; Pesticides ; Spodoptera/genetics* ; Transcriptome

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder.Its typical symptoms include social disorder, stereotyped behavior and restrictive interest.In addition, sensory abnormality is also a common symptom of ASD individuals.Pre-attentive processing is an automatic cognitive process that takes place before attention and is independent of consciousness, which reflects the ability to automatically detect changes in the environment of brain.Many researches show that the sensory abnormality and social ability disorder in ASD patients may be related to the defects in the pre-attentive processing stage.Mismatch negativity (MMN) is the most commonly used indicator of pre-attentive processing.ASD individuals show abnormal MMN in response to both social and non-social stimulus.Among them, the pre-attentive processing defect of non-social stimuli in ASD individuals is manifested as the amplitude or latency of MMN induced by single tones, voice or visual stimuli, which is different from that of normal people.The pre-attentive processing defect of social stimuli in ASD individuals is manifested as the amplitude or latency of MMN induced by emotional voice and emotional face, which is different from that of normal people.This result not only helps to find the physiological mechanism of sensory and social disorders in ASD individuals, but also provides theoretical support for MMN as an auxiliary diagnostic index of ASD.Future research on the pre-attentive processing of ASD individuals should pay more attention to enriching the research paradigms of MMN and adopting more kinds of social stimuli.At the same time, the influence of ASD genetic factors on MMN can also be one of the concerns of future research.

OBJECTIVE：To study the anti-tumor effect of artemether （ARM）self-microemulsifying drug delivery system （SMEDDS） on human glioma subcutaneously transplanted model mice. METHODS ：Human glioma cell line SHG 44 was inoculated and passed on to establish subcutaneous transplanted tumor model of nude mice. At the 5th，10th，15th，20th and 25th day after inoculation ，the tumor tissue volume was measured and the growth curve was drawn to confirm the initial stage of rapid tumor proliferation. Thirty nude mice was collected to establish subeutaneously transplanted tumor nude model ，and then divided into control group （normal saline ），ARM suspension group [ 60 mg/（kg·d）]，ARM-SMEDDS low-dose ，medium-dose and high-dose groups [ 10，20，30 mg/（kg·d）] at the initial stage of rapid tumor proliferation. They were given normal saline and relevant solution intragastrically once a day ，for consecutive 30 d. The weight change and general sibuation of mice were recorded. The change of tumor volume was determined and relative tumor proliferation rate was calculated. RESULTS ：The subcutaneously transplanted tumor tissue entered the initial stage of rapid tumor proliferation from the 10th day after transplantation. The general situation was normal ，and there was no obvious abnormal reaction in mice of each group during treatment. Since 10th day of administration，tumor tissue volume of mice in ARM-SMEDDS groups were shortened significantly than control group （P＜0.05）. At 15th day of administration ，tumor volume of mice in ARM-SMEDDS groups were shortened significantly than ARM suspension group（P＜0.05）. After last administration ，relative tumor proliferation rates of mice in ARM-SMEDDS groups were decreased significantly，compared with ARM suspension group （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS ：ARM-SMEDDS show significant inhibitory effect on the proliferation of human glioma ，and are better than suspension with higher dosage.

Objective To explore the effectiveness of modified radical mastectomy combined with radioactive particle implantation in treating advanced breast cancer.Methods A total of 106 patients diagnosed with advanced breast cancer at our hospital from January 2012 to July 2014 were included in this study and were randomly divided into an intervention group (n=53),in which patients were treated with modified radical mastectomy combined with radioactive particle implantation,and a control group (n=53).in which patients received modified radical mastectomy alone.Rates of 1-and 3-year survival,over 1 year local control,disease recurrence,and post treatment complications were recorded and compared between the two groups.Results There was no difference in 1-and 3 year survival rates between the two groups (both P＞0.05).The over 1-year local control rate of cancer in the intervention group (92.5％) was higher than in the control group (77.4％) (x2=4.7111,P=0.030).The disease recurrence rate within 1 year in the intervention group (9.4％) was lower than that in the control group (24.5％) (x2 =4.2828,P =0.0385).The rate of post-treatment complications in the intervention group (11.3 ％) was significantly lower than in the control group (26.4 ％) (x2 =3.9442,P =0.0470).Conclusions Radical mastectomy combined with radioactive particle implantation not only helps to improve the local control rate of patients with advanced breast cancer,but also significantly reduces the recurrence rate of disease and the incidence of complications.

Objective To investigate the influence of mental intervention on the self-image of breast cancer patients.Methods Fifty patients with breast cancer who were hospitalized in our hospital from January to September,2015 were enrolled as the control group in the study,where routine nursing intervention,health education on disease related knowledge and psychological nursing were carried out.During October 2015 to June 2016,50 patients with breast cancer were enrolled as the observation group,where psychological awareness intervention was carried out apart from the routine nursing intervention.The self-image level of breast cancer patients from the two groups was evaluated by self-image questionnaire for breast cancer patients (BIBCQ).Result After intervention,the scores on self-image in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P＜0.05).Conclusion Mental intervention can improve the self-image of breast cancer patients and help improve their quality of life.

Objective To explore the pathway and effects of implementing standardized nursing management in military hospitals.Methods Investigation was carried out on the basis of authoritative standards, literatures and the existing nursing standards from September 2014. A number of 10 standardized nursing systems were developed and applied to clinic gradually with continuous evaluation and improvement in the whole hospital.Results After the implementation of standardized management, the quality scores of nursing service (95.14±2.55), nursing clinical practice ability (96.13±1.67) and satisfaction of patients (98.86±1.04) were significant higher than those before the implementation (t=-9.05, -11.27, -27.31;P<0.05). Identification rate of nurses were higher than 90%.Conclusions Implementation of standardized management in military hospitals helps to establish normalized management mechanism, improves the nursing quality and promotes effective and correct training of nurses.

Caveolins are the major component proteins of the caveolae, and they are also the essential proteins to carry out the physiological functions of caveolae. Caveolins are expressed in smooth muscle cels, endothelial cels, and adipocytes. Caveolae are not only involved in the basic physiological processes, such as celular fat intake, endocytosis, and pinocytosis, but also play a very important role in cel signal transduction and transport and permeability of macromolecular substance. With the in-depth research on the molecular structure and biochemical function of caveolins, increasing studies have shown that caveolae and their main component caveolins play an important role in the pathophysiological process of cerebrovascular diseases. This article reviews the roles of caveolins in the blood-brain barrier destruction after cerebral ischemia.