The type Ⅱ inflammatory response is primarily mediated by type 2 immune cells and cytokines,such as helper 2 cells(Th2)and group 2 innate lymphoid cells(ILC2),along with IL-4,IL-5 and IL-13.This response plays crucial roles in humoral immunity,parasite defense,toxin neutralization,tissue damage repair and regeneration.However,type-Ⅱ immune response can also contribute to the development of diseases.Currently,type Ⅱ inflammation is recognized to have physiological and pathological impli-cations in the skin,respiratory tract,digestive tract and adipose tissues.Moreover,it serves as a major cause of allergic diseases.Due to its unique immune microenvironment,the respiratory tract exhibits a high prevalence of type Ⅱ inflammation encompassing chronic sinusitis,allergic rhinitis,allergic asthma,allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis,and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with eosinophilia among others.This review will focus on the research progress concerning Th2 and ILC2 cells in allergic pulmonary inflam-mation as well as targeted therapy for allergic diseases.

Objective:To investigate and summarize pediatric patients with severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) presenting with varied clinical and chest imaging features in order to guide the individualized treatment. Methods:This was a retrospective cohort study. Medical records of clinical, imaging and laboratory data of 505 patients with MPP who were admitted to the Department Ⅱ of Respirology Center, Beijing Children′s Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2016 to October 2023 and met the enrollment criteria were included. They were divided into severe group and non-severe group according to whether lower airway obliterans was developed. The clinical and chest imaging features of the two groups were analyzed. Those severe cases with single lobe ≥2/3 consolidation (lobar consolidation) were further divided into subtype lung-necrosis and subtype non-lung-necrosis based on whether lung necrosis was developed. Comparison on the clinical manifestations, bronchoscopic findings, whole blood C-reactive protein (CRP) and other inflammatory indicators between the two subtypes was performed. Comparisons between two groups were achieved using independent-sample t-test, nonparametric test or chi-square test. Univariate receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed on the indicators such as CRP of the two subtypes. Results:Of the 505 cases, 254 were male and 251 were female. The age of the onset was (8.2±2.9) years. There were 233 severe cases, among whom 206 were with lobar consolidation and 27 with diffuse bronchiolitis. The other 272 belonged to non-severe cases, with patchy, cloudy infiltrations or single lobe <2/3 uneven consolidation or localized bronchiolitis. Of the 206 cases (88.4%) severe cases with lobar consolidation, 88 harbored subtype lung-necrosis and 118 harbored subtype non-lung-necrosis. All 206 cases (100.0%) presented with persistent high fever, among whom 203 cases (98.5%) presented with inflammatory secretion obstruction and plastic bronchitis under bronchoscopy. Of those 88 cases with subtype lung-necrosis, there were 42 cases (47.7%) with dyspnea and 39 cases (44.3%) with moderate to massive amount of pleural effusion. There were 35 cases (39.8%) diagnosed with lung embolism during the disease course, of which other 34 cases (38.6%) were highly suspected. Extensive airway mucosal necrosis was observed in 46 cases (52.3%), and the level of their whole blood CRP was significantly higher than that of subtype non-lung-necrosis (131.5 (91.0, 180.0) vs. 25.5 (12.0, 43.1) mg/L, U=334.00, P<0.001). They were regarded as subtype "lung consolidation-atelectasis-necrosis". Of those 118 cases with subtype non-lung-necrosis, 27 cases (22.9%) presented with dyspnea and none were with moderate to massive amount of pleural effusion. Sixty-five cases (55.1%) presented with plastic bronchitis and localized airway mucosal necrosis was observed in 32 cases (27.1%). They were deemed as subtype "lung consolidation-atelectasis". ROC curve analyses revealed that whole blood CRP of 67.5 mg/L on the 6-10 th day of disease course exhibited a sensitivity of 0.96, a specificity of 0.89, and an area under the curve of 0.97 for distinguishing between these two subtypes among those with lobar consolidation. Conclusions:Pediatric patients with severe MPP present with lobar consolidation or diffuse bronchiolitis on chest imaging. Those with lobar consolidation harbor 2 subtypes as "lung consolidation-atelectasis-necrosis" and "lung consolidation-atelectasis". Whole blood CRP of 67.5 mg/L can be applied as an early discriminating indicator to discriminate between these two subtypes.

Objective:The mouse kidney transplantation model presents challenges in terms of surgical difficulty and low success rate,making it difficult to master.This study aims to provide a crucial model for transplantation immunology research by modifying and developing novel techniques for mouse kidney transplantation. Methods:A total of 57 pairs of mice were used to establish and compare the modified and innovative surgical techniques for mouse kidney transplantation.Three different surgical models were established,including the abdominal suture technique for orthotopic kidney transplantation,the abdominal cuff technique for orthotopic kidney transplantation,and the cervical cuff technique for ectopic kidney transplantation.BALB/c or C57BL/6 male mice,aged 8 to 12 weeks and weighed 20 to 25 g with specified pathogen free-grade were served as the donor mice or the recipient mice.The surgical technique characteristics,key surgical times,complications,and pathological examination in the early postoperative period were summarized and compared. Results:Three different surgical models of mouse kidney transplantation were successfully established.The comparison of warm ischemic time for the 3 groups of mice showed no statistical significance(P=0.510 4).The abdominal suture group had the shortest total operation time of the donor compared with the abdominal cuff group and the cervical cuff group[(18.3±3.6)min vs(26.2±4.7)min and(22.8±2.5)min;both P<0.000 1].There was a significant difference in cold ischemia time among the 3 groups(all P<0.000 1),with(60.8±4.1)min in the cervical cuff group,(43.3±5.0)min in the abdominal suture group,and(88.8±6.7)min in the abdominal cuff group.Due to different anastomosis methods,the cervical cuff group had the shortest time[(17.6±2.7)min],whereas the abdominal cuff group had the longest time[(38.8±5.4)min].The total operation time for the recipients showed significant differences(P<0.000 1),with the abdominal suture group having the shortest time[(44.0±6.9)min],followed by the cervical cuff group[(64.1±5.2)min],and the abdominal cuff group[(80.0±6.0)min]being the longest.In the 32 mice of the abdominal suture group,there were 6 with intraoperative bleeding,including 1 arterial intimal injury bleeding and 5 with bleeding after vessel opening.Six mice had ureteral complications,including ureteral bladder anastomotic stenosis,necrosis,and renal pelvis dilation.Two mice had postoperative abdominal infections.In the abdominal cuff group,there was no intraoperative bleeding,but 6 mice showed mild arterial stenosis and 5 showed venous stenosis,4 arterial injury,4 arterial thrombosis,and 2 ureteral complications.No postoperative infections occurred in the mice.In the cervical cuff group,no intraoperative bleeding,arterial intimal injury,arterial/venous stenosis,or thrombosis were found in 13 mice.Five mice had ureteral complications,including ureteral necrosis and infection,which were the main complications in the cervical cuff group.The renal function in mice of the 3 groups remained stable 7 days after surgery.Hematoxylin and eosin staining and periodic acid-Schiff staining showed no significant differences in terms of acute rejection among the 3 surgical methods(all P>0.05). Conclusion:All 3 surgical methods are able to successfully establish mouse kidney transplantation models,with no significant differences observed in the short-term graft survival and acute rejection.The modified abdominal suture technique and abdominal cuff technique have their respective advantages in research applications.The novel cervical cuff technique for ectopic kidney transplantation model is relatively simple to be prepared and causes less trauma to the mice,providing more options for studies involving xenotransplantation,secondary transplantation,and local lymphatic drainage.However,the difficulty in harvesting the donor kidney and the high incidence of ureteral infections need further validation in long-term survival.This study holds important reference value for choosing the type of mouse kidney transplantation model for different research needs.

Infant, Newborn ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Case-Control Studies ; Tracheotomy ; Respiration, Artificial

Klotho gene was originally discovered as an anti-aging gene, Klotho protein encoded by Klotho gene is expressed in multiple human tissues, and its most prominent function is the regulation of phosphate homeostasis. Klotho protein possesses various activities, including inhibition of multiple signaling pathways, reducing oxidative stress and suppressing inflammation, and these activities are associated with cancer. Klotho protein is discovered as a universal tumor suppressor, and its expression is associated with tumorigenesis and prognosis of patients. Lung cancer is the most common malignancy tumor, and it is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide because of its high incidence and mortality. This article summarizes the research progress of the role of Klotho on pathogenesis, therapeutic effect and prognosis in lung cancer, in order to provide new biomarker and target for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of lung cancer.
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Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; Carcinogenesis ; Inflammation

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen-Albiziae Flos on the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain，NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 1 （NLRP1）/chemokine ligand 1 （CXCL1）/chemokine receptor 2 （CXCR2） pathway in the hippocampus of the rat model of chronic unpredictable mild stress （CUMS）-induced depression. MethodA total of 120 male SD rats were randomized into blank，CUMS，CUMS + low-，medium-，and high-dose （4，8，16 g·kg^-1） Ziziphi Spinosae Semen-Albiziae Flos，and CUMS + venlafaxine hydrochloride （0.008 g·kg^-1） groups，with 20 rats in each group.The rat model of depression was established by solitary feeding combined with CUMS.The behaviors and spatial learning and memory abilities of rats were examined by sugar water consumption test，tail suspension test，forced swimming test，and Morris water maze test.Quantitative real-time PCR （Real-time PCR） and Western blot were employed to determine the expression of factors associated with the NLRP1/CXCL1/CXCR2 pathway in the hippocampus.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to determine the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α），interleukin （IL）-18，IL-1β，and IL-6 in the hippocampus.The immunofluorescence assay was used to measure the levels of reactive oxygen species （ROS） in the hippocampus. ResultCompared with the blank group，the CUMS group showed decreased preference to sugar water and times of crossing the platform （P<0.01），and increased immobility time of tail suspension，forced swimming floating time，and escape latency （P<0.01）.Compared with the CUMS group，the administration of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen-Albiziae Flos and venlafaxine hydrochloride alleviated the effects of CUMS on the above-mentioned behaviors and spatial learning and memory abilities of the rats （P<0.05，P<0.01）.Compared with the blank group，the CUMS group showed up-regulated protein levels of NLRP1，CXCL1，and CXCR2 （P<0.01） and elevated levels of IL-18，IL-1β，TNF-α，and IL-6 （P<0.01） in the hippocampus.The treatment with Ziziphi Spinosae Semen-Albiziae Flos and venlafaxine hydrochloride attenuated the activation of NLRP1/CXCL1/CXCR2 signaling pathway and lowered the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus of CUMS rats （P<0.05，P<0.01）.In addition，Ziziphi Spinosae Semen-Albiziae Flos lowered the level of ROS in the hippocampus （P<0.05，P<0.01）. ConclusionZiziphi Spinosae Semen-Albiziae Flos can mitigate the depressive behaviors of the rat model of CUMS-induced depression by inhibiting the activation of NLRP1/CXCL1/CXCR2 signaling pathway.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of cyclophosphamide combined with leflunomide in the treatment of lupus nephritis.Methods:The clinical data of 90 patients with lupus nephritis who received treatment in The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng from January 2019 to June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were divided into two groups according to different treatment methods. The single drug group ( n = 45) was treated with cyclophosphamide alone, and the combined drug group ( n = 45) was treated with cyclophosphamide combined with leflunomide. All patients were treated for 6 months. Total response rate, inflammatory factor level, immune function, renal function, and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results:Total response rate in the combined drug group was 95.56% (43/45), which was significantly higher than 82.22% (37/45) in the single drug group ( χ2 = 4.05, P < 0.05). After treatment, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and rheumatoid factor in the combined drug group were (45.21 ± 5.07) ng/L, (3.13 ± 1.01) mg/L, (43.37 ± 18.20) IU/mL, respectively, which were significantly lower than (60.20 ± 6.13) ng/L, (6.23 ± 1.31) mg/L, (73.19 ± 19.17) IU/mL in the single drug group ( t = 12.64, 12.57, 7.56, all P < 0.001). Immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G levels in the combined drug group were significantly lower than those in the single drug group ( t = 13.05, 13.40, both P < 0.001), but immunoglobulin M level in the combined drug group was significantly higher than that in the single drug group ( t = 13.51, P < 0.001). Serum creatinine and 24-hour urine protein levels in the combined drug group were (78.23 ± 19.13) μmol/L and (1.15 ± 0.33) g/24 hours, respectively, which were significantly lower than (92.19 ± 20.19) μmol/L and (3.15 ± 0.81) g/24 hours in the single drug group ( t = 3.36, 15.33, both P < 0.001). The incidence of adverse reactions in the combined drug group was 6.67% (3/45), which was significantly lower than 22.22% (10/45) in the single drug group ( χ2 = 4.40, P < 0.05). Conclusion:Cyclophosphamide combined with leflunomide is effective against lupus nephritis. The combined therapy can regulate the inflammatory reaction, improve the immune function, promote the recovery of renal function, and be safe.

Objective:To study the outcomes and post-discharge follow-up of neonatal tracheotomy in neonatal intensive care unit(NICU).Methods:This study included patients who were admitted to NICU in Beijing Children′s Hospital from January, 2016 to August, 2021, and less than 28 days or 44 weeks(corrected age)on admission, and required tracheotomy.The patients were divided into tracheotomy group and the non-tracheotomy group (the parents signed to refuse the tracheotomy) according to whether perform tracheotomy.Demographic data, general hospitalization information, diagnosis, indications for tracheotomy, follow-up outcomes at 3/6/12 months of age after discharge of patients were collected and analyzed.Results:Totally 26 patients were included in this study, 14 cases in tracheotomy group and 12 cases in non-tracheotomy group.The average gestational age was(37.7±3.80)weeks and(38.99±1.83)weeks, and birth weight was(2 823.57±948.89)g and (3 320.83±378.76)g, respectively.There were no significant differences in sex, gestational age, birth weight, age on admission, weight on admission, age at diagnosis, ratio of endotracheal intubation for respiratory support on admission between two groups( P>0.05). The commonest indications of tracheotomy group were bilateral vocal cord paralysis(50.0%) and congenital anomaly/defect of throat/larynx(21.4%), and the commonest indications of non-tracheotomy group were bilateral vocal cord paralysis(50.0%) and vocal cord/subglottic mass(25.0%), and there was no significant difference between two groups( P>0.05). The rate of discharge-against-medical order of tracheotomy and non-tracheotomy group was 7.14% and 66.67%( P=0.003), respectively.The total follow-up rate of tracheotomy and non-tracheotomy group was 88.9% and 38.9%, while the follow-up rates at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months were 100.0% vs. 50.0%, 83.3% vs. 41.7%, and 81.8% vs. 25.0%, respectively, whose differences were statistically significant(all P<0.05). In the 14 cases of tracheotomy group, 3 cases died, 4 cases successfully removed the tracheal cannula, 5 cases did not remove the tracheal cannula, and 2 cases were lost. Conclusion:Bilateral vocal cord paralysis is the commonest indication of neonatal tracheotomy.Parents′ compliance in the tracheotomy group is significantly higher than that in non-tracheotomy group.To give caring skill training for parents of neonates with tracheotomy before discharge is beneficial for improving the overall prognosis of children.

Objective:To investigate the effect of hemodiafiltration combined with Jinshuibao tablet on serum inflammatory factors and oxidative stress indices in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Methods:A total of 86 patients with diabetic nephropathy who received treatment in The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng from April 2019 to April 2020 were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to receive either hemodiafiltration (control group, n = 42) or hemodiafiltration combined with Jinshuibao tablet (observation group, n = 44). Microinflammatory state, oxidative stress index level, renal function and nutritional status were compared between the two groups. Results:Before treatment, serum interleukin-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in the control group were (30.13 ± 3.25) ng/L, (9.43 ± 2.57) mg/L, (46.69 ± 3.54) ng/L respectively, and they were (30.16 ± 3.34) ng/L, (9.48 ± 2.65) mg/L, (46.73 ± 3.38) ng/L respectively in the observation group. There were no significant differences in these indices between the two groups (all P > 0.05). After treatment, serum interleukin-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in the control group were (16.69 ± 2.73) ng/L, (8.12 ± 2.21) mg/L, (35.63 ± 2.75) ng/L, respectively, and they were (12.34 ± 2.52) ng/L, (6.47 ± 1.53) mg/L, (26.65 ± 2.13) ng/L, respectively in the observation group. After treatment, serum interleukin-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in both groups were significantly lower than those before treatment (control group: t = 20.52, 2.50, 15.99; observation group: t = 27.60, 6.16, 32.57, all P < 0.05). After treatment, serum interleukin-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-α levels were significantly lower than those in the control group ( t = 7.68, 4.04, 16.97, all P < 0.05). Before treatment, serum levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in the control group were (5.63 ± 1.36) nmol/L, (63.38 ± 7.56) mU/L, and (195.96 ± 26.36) IU/L, respectively, while those in the observation group were (5.68 ± 1.25) nmol/L, (63.25 ± 7.38) mU/L, and (195.83 ± 26.27) IU/L, respectively. There were no significant differences in these indices between the two groups (all P > 0.05). After treatment, serum levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in the control group were (4.83 ± 1.13) nmol/L, (83.46 ± 5.75) mU/L and (236.69 ± 18.75) IU/L respectively, while those in the observation group were (4.24 ± 0.86) nmol/L, (88.75 ± 5.47) mU/L and (258.76 ± 15.47) IU/L, respectively. After treatment, serum levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in each group were superior to those before treatment (control group: t = 2.93, 13.70, 8.16, P = 0.002, < 0.001, < 0.001; observation group: t = 6.15, 17.99, 13.37, all P < 0.001). After treatment, serum levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in the observation group were superior to those in the control group ( t = 2.73, 4.37, 5.96, P = 0.004, < 0.001, < 0.001). After treatment, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and 24-hour urine protein in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group ( t = 7.85, 8.71, 2.06, P < 0.001, < 0.001, 0.021), and creatinine clearance rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group ( t = 3.01, P = 0.002). Total protein, prealbumin and albumin levels in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group ( t = 9.47, 12.13, 6.18, all P < 0.001). Conclusion:Hemodiafiltration combined with Jinshuibao tablet for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy has a positive effect on microinflammatory state and oxidative stress index level and improves patient's renal function and nutritional status.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of tripterygium glycoside tablets combined with irbesartan for chronic nephritis and its effect on 24-hour urine protein and inflammatory factor levels.Methods:Ninety patients with chronic nephritis who received treatment at The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng from April 2018 to January 2020 were included in this study. They were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, with 45 patients in each group. The control group was treated with irbesartan. The observation group was treated with tripterygium glycoside tablets combined with irbesartan. All patients were treated for 3 successive months. Clinical efficacy and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Changes in 24-hour urine protein level, symptom score, and inflammatory factor levels after treatment relative to those before treatment were compared between the two groups.Results:Response rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group [95.6% (43/45) vs. 80.0% (36/45), χ2 = 5.07, P = 0.024). Before treatment, there were no significant differences in 24-hour urine protein level, symptom score, and inflammatory factor level between the two groups (all P > 0.05). After treatment, the 24-hour urine protein level in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group [(1.42±0.01) g/24 hours vs. (1.95 ± 0.05) g/24 hours, t = 69.72, P = 0.012). The symptom score in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group [(0.78 ± 0.01) points vs. (1.33 ± 0.12) points, t = 30.64, P = 0.001]. Serum levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group ( t = 15.70, P = 0.006; t = 96.55, P = 0.003; t = 43.41, P = 0.002). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups ( P = 0.694). Conclusion:Tripterygium glycoside tablets combined with irbesartan is highly effective on chronic nephritis. The combined therapy can remarkably decrease 24-hour urine protein levels, reduce symptom scores, and decrease inflammatory factor levels.