Oral diseases concern almost every individual and are a serious health risk to the popula-tion.The restorative treatment of tooth and jaw defects is an important means to achieve oral function and support the appearance of the contour.Based on the principle of"learning from the nature",Deng Xu-liang's group of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology has proposed a new concept of"microstructural biomimetic design and tissue adaptation of tooth/jaw materials"to address the worldwide problems of difficulty in treating dentine hypersensitivity,poor prognosis of restoration of tooth defects,and vertical bone augmentation of alveolar bone after tooth loss.The group has broken through the bottle-neck of multi-stage biomimetic technology from the design of microscopic features to the enhancement of macroscopic effects,and invented key technologies such as crystalline/amorphous multi-level assembly,ion-transportation blocking,and multi-physical properties of the micro-environment reconstruction,etc.The group also pioneered the cationic-hydrogel desensitizer,digital stump and core integrated restora-tions,and developed new crown and bridge restorative materials,gradient functionalisation guided tissue regeneration membrane,and electrically responsive alveolar bone augmentation restorative membranes,etc.These products have established new clinical strategies for tooth/jaw defect repair and achieved inno-vative results.In conclusion,the research results of our group have strongly supported the theoretical im-provement of stomatology,developed the technical system of oral hard tissue restoration,innovated the clinical treatment strategy,and led the progress of the stomatology industry.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of daratumumab-containing regimen in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) and the associated factors affecting patients' progression-free survival (PFS).Methods:A retrospective case series study was conducted. Clinical data of 21 MM patients who were treated with daratumumab-containing regimen in the Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College from January 2021 to September 2023 were collected. The patients were treated with daratumumab (16 mg/kg intravenous drip) combined with other drugs for 28 d as 1 cycle until disease progression. Among the 21 cases, 6 cases were newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM), 7 cases were relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), and 8 cases were second-line treatment with daratumumab after the poor outcome of VRD (bortezomib + lenalidomide +dexamethasone) regimen at the time of initial treatment (daratumumab second-line treatment group). The efficacy of the patients after 2 cycles of daratumumab treatment was summarized; the PFS of the whole group and the NDMM and RRMM patients was analyzed by using Kaplan-Meier method, and log-rank test was used for comparison between the groups; the different status of disease, gender and age were included in the univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models to screen the factors affecting the PFS of MM patients.Results:The median age [ M ( Q1, Q3)] of 21 patients was 62 years old (55 years old, 68 years old); 17 were male and 4 were female. After 2 cycles of daratumumab treatment, the overall remission rate (ORR) of the whole group was 85.7% (18/21), 2 cases (9.5%) achieved strict complete remission (sCR), 3 cases (14.3%) achieved complete remission (CR), 9 cases (42.9%) achieved very good partial remission (VGPR), 4 cases (19.0%) achieved partial remission (PR), 2 cases (9.5%) had stable disease and 1 case (4.8%) had disease progression. After 2 cycles of daratumumab treatment, all 6 NDMM patients were in remission, with 2 cases of sCR, 1 case of CR, and 3 cases of VGPR; 4 of 7 RRMM patients were in remission, with 1 case of CR and 3 cases of PR; 8 patients with daratumumab second-line treatment were in remission, with 1 case of CR, 6 cases of VGPR, and 1 case of PR; the difference in ORR among the 3 groups was statistically significant ( P = 0.010), the difference in ORR between patients with NDMM and daratumumab second-line treatment was not statistically significant ( P = 0.245), the ORR of NDMM patients was higher than that of RRMM patients, and the difference was statistically significant ( P = 0.029). The median follow-up time was 15.4 months (95% CI: 13.7-17.1 months). The median PFS time for the whole group was 10.6 months (95% CI: 7.3-15.5 months); the median PFS time was not reached in NDMM patients, the median PFS time was 14.6 months (95% CI: 2.1-27.2 months) in RRMM patients, the median PFS time was 9.6 months (95% CI: 9.5-9.7 months) in patients with daratumumab second-line treatment, and the difference in PFS among the 3 groups was not statistically significant ( P = 0.085). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that high age was an independent risk factor for PFS in MM patients ( HR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.03-1.21, P = 0.009). Conclusions:Daratumumab has good results in treating MM and can be used as a first-line treatment option for NDMM patients, which may improve the remission rate of MM patients with previous ineffective treatment of VRD regimen, and may also improve the prognosis of RRMM patients. High age may be a risk factor for disease progression in MM patients treated with daratumumab.

Circadian rhythms are self-sustaining oscillations within biological systems that play key roles in a diverse multitude of physiological processes.The circadian clock mechanisms in brain and peripheral tissues can oscillate independently or be synchronized/disrupted by external stimuli.Dental enamel is a type of mineralized tissue that forms the exterior surface of the tooth crown.Incremental Retzius lines are readily observable microstructures of mature tooth enamel that indicate the regulation of amelogenesis by circadian rhythms.Teeth enamel is formed by enamel-forming cells known as ameloblasts,which are regulated and orchestrated by the circadian clock during amelogenesis.This review will first examine the key roles of the circadian clock in regulating ameloblasts and amelogenesis.Several physiological processes are involved,including gene expression,cell morphology,metabolic changes,matrix deposition,ion transportation,and mineralization.Next,the potential detrimental effects of circadian rhythm disruption on enamel formation are discussed.Circadian rhythm disruption can directly lead to Enamel Hypoplasia,which might also be a potential causative mechanism of amelogenesis imperfecta.Finally,future research trajectory in this field is extrapolated.It is hoped that this review will inspire more intensive research efforts and provide relevant cues in formulating novel therapeutic strategies for preventing tooth enamel developmental abnormalities.

Macrophages are important cells of the immune system. Tumor-associated macrophages are enriched macrophages near tumor cells or tissues. Their role is mainly to promote the construction of tumor inflammatory microenvironment and inhibit tumor immune response. Cell co-culture system is a symbiotic culture system formed by mimicking the internal environment of the body in vitro. The co-culture condition is relatively consistent with the environment in vivo, enabling better information exchange and material exchange between cells, which is a supplement to the monolayer cell culture and animal experiments. Tumor-associated macrophages and tumor cells co-exist in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, constructing a co-culture system for tumor-associated macrophages and tumor cells would be conducive to studying the antitumor effect of tumor-associated macrophages and developing new immunotherapy drugs. The co-culture system would provide a new direction for treating malignant tumors. This article mainly reviewed the co-culture patterns of macrophages and the antitumor effects of different phenotypes of macrophages, and highlighted the importance of using immunotherapy to treat malignant tumors in the tumor microenvironment.

【Objective】 To explore the clinical characteristics and risk factors of renal function deterioration in children with renal dysplasia and chronic kidney disease (CKD), so as to provide a basis for the diagnosis, treatment, and management. 【Methods】 The clinical data of children with renal dysplasia complicated with CKD treated in the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University during 2012 and 2022 were retrospectively analyzed, including the gender, age of diagnosis, growth index, concomitant malformation and complications. According to the diagnostic criteria and staging standard of KDIGO2020 guidelines, patients with disease deteriorated to CKD stage 4-5 were enrolled into the regression group. Factors affecting the deterioration of renal function were determined with Cox regression analysis. 【Results】 A total of 122 children were involved, including 66 (54.1%) with CKD stag 4-5. There were more boys than girls. Bilateral and unilateral renal dysplasia occurred in 88 (72.13%) and 34 (27.87%) cases, respectively, and 64 (52.46%) cases were complicated with other urinary diseases. There were significant differences in weight, height and body mass index (BMI) among patients with CKD stage 1-5 (P<0.01). The age of onset of CKD <10 years, BMI lower than the 3rd percentile of the same sex and age, bilateral renal dysplasia, and one or more complications of congenital renal and urinary tract abnormalities (CAKUT) were the risk factors of deterioration of renal function (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Renal dysplasia complicated with CKD are more common in boys, with high incidence of bilateral renal dysplasia. Bilateral renal dysplasia, age of onset of CKD <10 years, BMI lower than 3% and complications are important influencing factors of renal dysplasia in children with CKD.

Objective:To seek specific response points on the body surface of patients with primary dysmenorrhea(PD)by observing blood perfusion unit(PU)at different points of the three Yin meridians of foot using laser speckle contrast imaging(LSCI). Methods:Eighty PD patients were recruited as a PD group,and 80 healthy female undergraduates were taken as a normal group.During one menstrual cycle(before menstruation,during menstruation,and 3 d after menstruation),each participant was examined using the LSCI system to determine PU at bilateral Taixi(KI3),Taibai(SP3),Taichong(LR3),Shuiquan(KI5),Diji(SP8),Zhongdu(LR6),Sanyinjiao(SP6),and Xuehai(SP10)and non-acupuncture points.The researchers in charge of point location,operation,and statistical analysis were not aware of grouping.PU at the detection spots was taken as the outcome measure. Results:Compared with the normal group,the PD group showed increases in PU at right Taixi(KI3)before menstruation(P<0.05)and at bilateral Zhongdu(LR6)and right Diji(SP8)during menstruation(P<0.05).At the other time points,significance was not found between the two groups in comparing PU at the detected spots. Conclusion:Compared with healthy participants,PD patients present specific changes in PU at Taixi(KI3),Diji(SP8),and Zhongdu(LR6)at specific time points during the menstrual cycle,which provides a reference for acupuncture-moxibustion treatment of PD in clinical settings.

Objective:To observe the clinical effect of free posterior interosseous artery perforator flap carrying superficial vein for reconstructing severe perioral scar hyperplasia and contracture.Methods:The retrospective observational study method was used. From August 2019 to March 2023, 11 patients with severe perioral scar hyperplasia and contracture after severe facial burns who met the inclusion criteria were admitted to General Hospital of TISCO (the Sixth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University). All patients were male and aged 23 to 56 years, with an average age of 31.3 years. After the perioral scar was removed and released, the wound area was 3.0 cm×2.0 cm to 10.5 cm×2.0 cm. The free posterior interosseous artery perforator flap carrying superficial vein was used to repair the wound, and the flap incision area was 3.5 cm×2.5 cm to 11.0 cm×2.5 cm. Among them, 6 patients required repair of wounds after resecting scar around ipsilateral upper and lower lips, and the lobular treatment of the flap was conducted. The wound in the flap donor area was directly sutured. After surgery, the survival of the flap and the occurrence of vascular crisis were observed. During follow-up after surgery, the appearance, texture, and color of the flap, the appearance of the flap donor area, and improvements of crooked mouth, drooling, limited mouth opening, and lip valgus in patients were observed.Results:All the flaps in patients completely survived after surgery, with no occurrence of vascular crisis. During follow-up of 6 to 36 months after surgery, the flap was not significantly bloated, was soft in texture, and had a similar color to that of the normal facial skin. Only linear scars were left in the flap donor area, and crooked mouth, drooling, limited mouth opening, and lip valgus in patients were significantly improved.Conclusions:The free posterior interosseous artery perforator flap carrying superficial vein can reconstruct severe perioral scar hyperplasia and contracture, with low incidence of postoperative flap vascular crisis, and the lobular treatment of flaps can repair wounds around unilateral upper and lower lips at the same time. After surgery, the appearance and function of the perioral area are significantly improved. The flap is a good choice for repairing small area of severe perioral scar hyperplasia and contracture.

The high neurogenic potential of dental and oral-derived stem cells due to their embryonic neural crest origin, coupled with their ready accessibility and easy isolation from clinical waste, make these ideal cell sources for neuroregeneration therapy. Nevertheless, these cells also have high propensity to differentiate into the osteo-odontogenic lineage. One strategy to enhance neurogenesis of these cells may be to recapitulate the natural physiological electrical microenvironment of neural tissues via electroactive or electroconductive tissue engineering scaffolds. Nevertheless, to date, there had been hardly any such studies on these cells. Most relevant scientific information comes from neurogenesis of other mesenchymal stem/stromal cell lineages (particularly bone marrow and adipose tissue) cultured on electroactive and electroconductive scaffolds, which will therefore be the focus of this review. Although there are larger number of similar studies on neural cell lines (i.e. PC12), neural stem/progenitor cells, and pluripotent stem cells, the scientific data from such studies are much less relevant and less translatable to dental and oral-derived stem cells, which are of the mesenchymal lineage. Much extrapolation work is needed to validate that electroactive and electroconductive scaffolds can indeed promote neurogenesis of dental and oral-derived stem cells, which would thus facilitate clinical applications in neuroregeneration therapy.
Cell Differentiation ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism* ; Neural Stem Cells/metabolism* ; Neurogenesis ; Tissue Scaffolds

Myoclonus dystonia syndrome (MDS) is an inherited movement disorder, and most MDS-related mutations have so far been found in the ε-sarcoglycan (SGCE) coding gene. By generating SGCE-knockout (KO) and human 237 C > T mutation knock-in (KI) mice, we showed here that both KO and KI mice exerted typical movement defects similar to those of MDS patients. SGCE promoted filopodia development in vitro and inhibited excitatory synapse formation both in vivo and in vitro. Loss of function of SGCE leading to excessive excitatory synapses that may ultimately contribute to MDS pathology. Indeed, using a zebrafish MDS model, we found that among 1700 screened chemical compounds, Vigabatrin was the most potent in readily reversing MDS symptoms of mouse disease models. Our study strengthens the notion that mutations of SGCE lead to MDS and most likely, SGCE functions to brake synaptogenesis in the CNS.

With the appearance of the disadvantages of traditional tumor treatment, immunotherapy has entered people′s horizons as modern emerging treatment strategies, among which plant polysaccharides have received much more attention due to their antitumor activity and significant immunomodulatory effects. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), as a component of tumor microenvironment, are important factors affecting tumors, and the regulation of TAMs by plant polysaccharides is one of the effective immunotherapy to treat tumor. In this review, we mainly described the regulation of TAMs by plant polysaccharides and the underlying mechanisms, and then gave an outlook on the research interests and the development of plant polysaccharides as immune adjuvants, aiming to provide reference for the study of plant polysaccharides in the immunotherapy for tumors.