Objective To examine the toxicity and sublethal effects of calcium cyanamide against susceptible isolates of Aedes albopictus, so as to provide insights into rational use of calcium cyanamide for integrated management of Ae. albopictus. Methods The sublethal concentrations [30% lethal concentration (LC₃₀) and median lethal concentration (LC₅₀)] of calcium cyana mide against susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus were determined using the larval immersion test. With 100 mL of dechlorinated water as the control group, after the larvae of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus were immersed in calcium cyanamide for 24 hours, the pupation rate, pupation duration, emergence rate, number of eggs laid, percentage of eggs hatched, and lifespan of Ae. albopictus were calculated and compared post-treatment with calcium cyanamide at different sublethal concentrations. The midgut tissues of larvae of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus treated with 100 mg/L calcium cyanamide were sampled for pathological sectioning to observe midgut tissue damages. To evaluate the residual activity, 100 larvae of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus were treated with 200 mg/L and 500 mg/L calcium cyanamide, and the mortality of larvae was calculated every 24 hour, with dead larvae replaced until no larval death. Results The regression equation for the toxicity of calcium cyanamide against larvae of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus was y = -9.441 + 4.657x, with an LC₅₀ of 106.42 mg/L [95% confidence interval (CI): (94.64, 118.36) mg/L] and an LC₃₀ of 82.17 mg/L [95% CI: (94.64, 118.36) mg/L], respectively. After larvae of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus were treated with sublethal concentrations (LC₃₀ and LC₅₀) of calcium cyanamide for 24 hours, there were reduced pupation and emergence rates of larvae (all P values < 0.000 1), prolonged pupal stage (both P values < 0.000 1), reduced numbers of eggs laid by survival female Ae. albopictus (both P values < 0.000 1), reduced percentages of eggs hatched by Ae. albopictus eggs (both P values < 0.000 1), and reduced median survival period of survival female Ae. albopictus (χ² = 9.36 and 20.33, both P values < 0.01) in the LC₃₀ and LC₅₀ groups relative to the control group. There was a numerical decline in the median survival period of survival female Ae. albopictus in the LC₃₀ groups relative to the control group (χ² = 2.42, P > 0.05), and there was a significant decline in the median survival period of survival female Ae. albopictus in the LC₅₀ group relative to the control group (χ² = 11.42, P < 0.01). Histopathological examinations showed severe damages to the midgut tissues of larvae of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus, and residual activity assay revealed that the mortality of larvae of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus was both 0 on day 32 post-treatment with calcium cyanamide at a concentration of 200 mg/L and on day 70 post-treatment with calcium cyanamide at a concentration of 500 mg/L, showing complete loss of the larvicidal activity of calcium cyanamide. Conclusions Calcium cyanamide is highly toxic against susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus, and calcium cyanamide at sublethal concentrations (LC₃₀ and LC₅₀) may inhibit growth, development, and reproductive capability of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus, and shorten the lifespan of adult mosquitoes.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of different drying conditions on the appearance and intrinsic quality indicators of Pinelliae Rhizoma for screening suitable drying conditions， so as to provide reference for its standardized production and quality evaluation. MethodsDifferent dried samples of Pinelliae Rhizoma were prepared by lime-assisted sweating method and intermittent drying method. Visual analysis was employed to measure the color brightness values（L^*） of the surface， cross-section and powder of the samples， texture analyzer was used to determine the hardness of the samples under different drying conditions. The total starch content was calculated by measuring the contents of amylose and amylopectin in the samples with ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. High performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） was used to determine the contents of seven nucleoside components（uracil， hypoxanthine， uridine， inosine， guanosine， β-thymidine and adenosine） in the samples. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to explore the correlation between the external characteristics and intrinsic indicators of the different dried samples. Principal component analysis（PCA） was used to comprehensively rank the data of various indicators， and partial least squares-discriminant analysis（PLS-DA） was used to screen differential components with variable importance in the projection（VIP） value>1. Furthermore， the difference between the optimal drying condition for Pinelliae Rhizoma and the traditional sun-drying method was explored by independent samples t-test. ResultsWith the increase of temperature， the color of the intermittently dried samples gradually deepened， while their hardness gradually decreased. Concurrently， the contents of extract， total starch， uridine and adenosine exhibited an upward trend， whereas the contents of uracil， hypoxanthine and inosine displayed a downward trajectory. Compared with the intermittent drying group， the content of extract in the samples subjected to lime-assisted sweating increased. With the increase of lime dose， the hardness and the total content of nucleoside components in the samples showed a downward trend， while the total starch content showed an upward trend. Correlation analysis showed that the comprehensive score of L^* was negatively correlated with the contents of uracil， hypoxanthine and inosine， and positively correlated with the contents of uridine， guanosine and adenosine. Hardness was negatively correlated with adenosine content， and positively correlated with the contents of inosine， uracil and hypoxanthine. Through comprehensive consideration and comprehensive score of principal components， the method of 5% lime-mixed sweating for 6 days emerged as the top-ranking approach. Except for the extract， the results of independent samples t-test showed that there was no significant difference between the 5% lime-mixed sweating for 6 days and the traditional sun-drying in terms of other content indicators. ConclusionThe whiteness and firmness of Pinelliae Rhizoma exhibit significant correlations with its chemical composition， while uridine， uracil， guanosine， adenosine and inosine are the key constituents responsible for the quality difference of Pinelliae Rhizoma under different drying conditions. The lime-assisted sweating method optimized in this study can be proposed as a viable alternative to the traditional sun-drying method. This method not only ensures the quality of the medicinal material but also effectively reduces the drying time and prevents mold contamination， which provides a valuable reference for the standardization of drying conditions and the establishment of quality evaluation criteria for Pinelliae Rhizoma.

Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast (DCIS) most commonly manifests as asymptomatic calcifications at mammography. The most common manifestation of MRI is nonmass enhancement. The ultrasound mainly presents as a hypoechoic irregular hypervascular mass without posterior features. Core-needle biopsy is a commonly used method for preoperative diagnosis of DCIS. Due to differences in needle type and sample size, there is a certain degree of pathological upgrading of the lesion. In recent years, there has been controversy over the diagnosis and treatment of DCIS. With the development of breast disease diagnostic technology, advances in digital breast tomography, artificial intelligence, and radiomics are expected to help DCIS management and address issues such as overdiagnosis.

BACKGROUND:At present,measurement osteotomy technique and gap balance technique are the two main surgical methods in total knee arthroplasty.Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages.By adjusting the osteotomy angle,the gap balance technique can reduce the release of soft tissue and obtain a more balanced flexion and extension space.The clinical efficacy of gap balance technique is superior,but this surgical method lacks tools and is easily influenced by the surgeon's surgical experience and subjective judgment,with more errors.Measurement osteotomy technique has a short learning curve,but it relies on anatomic markers and is prone to many complications due to inaccurate positioning.In recent years,many instrument companies have successively developed and launched tools that can improve the quality of surgery.However,there are still few reports about the tool. OBJECTIVE:To compare the clinical efficacy of gap balance technique and measurement osteotomy technique under Offset Repo-Tensor in total knee arthroplasty,and explore the value of Offset Repo-Tensor in total knee arthroplasty. METHODS:The medical records of 85 patients with total knee arthroplasty were collected and divided into two groups according to the operation method.Group A consisted of 44 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty using a gap balance technique combined with Offset Repo-Tensor.Group B consisted of 41 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty using measurement osteotomy technique.Surgical time,American Knee Society Score,knee range of motion,changes in lower limb alignment,and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups to evaluate the clinical efficacy of gap balance technique combined with Offset Repo-Tensors in total knee arthroplasty. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)All 85 patients were followed up.(2)Postoperative knee range of motion in both groups was higher than that before surgery(P<0.05),and the improvement in group A was more significant than that in group B(P<0.05).(3)American Knee Society Score in both groups after surgery was higher than that before surgery(P<0.05),and the American Knee Society Score in group A was higher than that in group B at 2 weeks,1,3 months,and the last follow-up(P<0.05).(4)The operation time of group A was slightly shorter than that of group B,but the difference was not significant(P>0.05).(5)The lower limb alignment in both groups was improved after operation,but there was no significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05).(6)The complication rate of group A(2%)was lower than that of group B(7%),but there was no significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05).(7)It is indicated that compared with the measurement osteotomy technique,the combination of Offset Repo-Tensor and gap balance technique can elevate the clinical effect and improve the function and motion range of the knee joint.

Reducing the mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus(HBV)is crucial for achieving HBV elimination.Launched in July 2015 at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing,China,the"Zero Hepatitis B Mother-to-Child Transmission Project"(Shield Project)is a public welfare initiative integrating scientific prevention and applied research and aims to perform standardized management of pregnant women with hepatitis B using the mobile application of"Shield Project",in order to further reduce or eliminate the mother-to-child transmission of HBV.At present,the Shield Project has expanded nationwide,offering detailed implementation strategies,successful practices,and reliable data to support the global effort to eliminate the mother-to-child transmission of HBV.This article introduces the implementation strategies and outcomes of the Shield Project in four representative cases,in order to provide strong evidence for further understanding and preventing the mother-to-child transmission of HBV.

Objective To translate the fear-avoidance components scale(FACS)into Chinese and test its reliability and validity.Methods In September 2023,the Chinese version of the Fear-avoidance component scale(FACS)was translated from the English version with translation,back-translation,cultural adjustment and pre-experiment according to Brislin's translation-back-translation model,after having been granted the rights by the author of FACS in August 2023.In October 2023,with the convenience sampling method,402 patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain in a Grade IIIA hospital were selected as the trial subjects to test the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of FACS.Results A total of 376 patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain had completed the study.The Chinese version of FACS encompassed 2 dimensions with 18 items:fear-avoidance psychology(12 items)and fear-avoidance behaviour(6 items).The total Cronbach α coefficient of the scale was 0.907 with the split-half reliability at 0.836 and test-retest reliability at 0.895.The Cronbach α coefficients of the two dimensions were at 0.884 and 0.812,split-half reliability at 0.871 and 0.896 and the test-retest reliability at 0.808 and 0.921,respectively.The content validity index of the scale level was 0.935,with a range from 0.870 to 1.000 at the item level.The KMO value for exploratory factor analysis was at 0.909,the spherical test value at 3134.208(P<0.01)and the cumulative variance contribution rate at 66.514%.Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the model fitted the data well.Conclusion The Chinese version of FACS exhibits good reliability and validity.It can serve as an effective tool in the assessment of fear-avoidance in the patients with chronic pain in China.

In order to understand the characteristics of avian leukosis virus(ALV)infection and the polymorphisms of receptor genes Tva,Tvb and NHE1 sequences in different Qingyuan Ma chick-en breeding farms,the isolation and identification of exogenous ALV virus,receptor gene amplifi-cation and sequencing analysis were carried out in five Qingyuan Ma chicken breeding farms.The results of virus isolation and subtype identification showed that the positive rate of exogenous ALV virus isolation in farms A,B and C was less than 5％,among which there was ALV-J infection alone in farm A,mixed infection with ALV-J and ALV-K in farm B,ALV-K infection a-lone in farm C,and no exogenous ALV infection was detected in farm D and E.Polymorphism anal-ysis of recipient genes showed that there were different frequencies of Tvar3,Tvar4 and Tvbr3 re-sistance alleles in A-E farms,and the distribution frequency of Tvar3 was 0.2-0.6,the distribution frequency of Tvar4 was 0.3-0.7,and the distribution frequency of Tvbr3 was 0.1-0.7.In addition,there were Tvar5 resistance alleles in both B and D farms,with a distribution frequency of 0.2.A to-tal of 18 SNP mutations occurred in the NHE1 receptor gene sequence,and further analysis showed that positions 1 279,1 361,1 369,1 406,1 442,and 1 912 were non-synonymous mutations,which could cause changes in amino acids.The study suggested that there were differences in the exogenous ALV and its subtypes among the five Qingyuan Ma chicken breeders,and each farm should have a more targeted and unique purification strategy.The distribution of Tva and Tvb re-sistance alleles at different frequencies,along with the occurrence of 6 non-synonymous mutations in the NHE1 gene,indicate that Qingyuan Ma chicken have the potential of genetic resistance breeding.

Objective:To solve international students' problems of learning difficulties and passive learning caused by language barriers in the process of biochemistry learning from the perspective of teachers in this specialty.Methods:Eighty international students were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. In the experimental group, the regional management mode was introduced in teaching, allowing students to speak mother tongues or English for group discussions on well-designed questions, and at the same time, classroom quizzes and stage tests were given, introducing formative evaluation to supervise students' learning and assess their learning performance. The control group received conventional teaching. The learning effects were assessed through a final exam and questionnaire survey. SPSS 25.0 was used to perform the Kruskal-Wallis H test and Nemenyi test. Results:Twenty-seven (75.00%) students believed that group discussion by region could deepen the discussion of questions; 27 (75.00%) no longer felt difficult, or even felt easy, to learn biochemistry; and nearly 90.00% of the students affirmed the formative evaluation mode, believing that it had positive effects on their learning attitude and behavior. In addition, the median exam score of the experimental group was 36.94% higher than that of the control class in the same year.Conclusions:Regional management combined with formative evaluation can promote international students' learning enthusiasm, improve their comprehensive achievement, and positively affect their learning behavior.

Objective:To observe the expression changes of microRNA(miR)-122 in liver tissue of rats infected with Clonorchis sinensis and its correlation with expression level of inflammatory cytokines. Methods:Totally 24 SPF grade Wistar male rats were selected and randomly divided into a control group (100 μl physiological saline gavage), a 4-week infection group (100 Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae gavage), and an 8-week infection group (100 Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae gavage) based on body weight (100-120 g) using a random number table method, with 8 rats in each group. Starting from the third week of infection, rat feces were collected and directly smeared with physiological saline for identification of Wistar rat animal models infected with Clonorchis sinensis. After 4 and 8 weeks of infection, the rats in the 4- and 8-week infection groups were euthanized, while 4 rats in the control group were euthanized, respectively. The heart blood and left lobe liver tissue and serum samples were collected from each group of rats. Using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining to observe liver pathological damage under the light microscope, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR to detect the expression level of miR-122 in liver tissue, and Luminex 200 liquid suspension chip to detect the expression levels of serum inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6)]. The correlation between miR-122 and inflammatory cytokines was analyzed using Pearson correlation. Results:Under the light microscope, the morphology of hepatocytes in control group was normal, and no inflammatory cell infiltration was observed. There was inflammatory cells such as lymphocyte, eosinophil and other inflammatory cell infiltration around the portal area in the 4-week infection group. The hepatocytes of the 8-week infected rats were arranged in a disordered manner, with varying degrees of swelling, loose and lightly stained cytoplasm, and some hepatocytes showed watery degeneration; additionally, bile duct dilation and thickening of the bile duct wall were observed in the liver tissue. There were statistically significant differences of liver miR-122 (1.00 ± 0.32, 2.57 ± 0.60, 3.63 ± 1.63), serum TNF-α [(0.14 ± 0.06), (0.43 ± 0.09), (0.61 ± 0.10) ng/ml], and IL-6 expression levels [(0.03 ± 0.01), (1.06 ± 0.24), (1.48 ± 0.33) ng/ml] in control group, 4- and 8-week infection groups ( F = 13.36, 69.99, 82.23, P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in expression level of IL-1β between different groups ( F = 2.15, P = 0.141). The Pearson correlation analysis showed that the expression level of miR-122 was positively correlated with the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 ( r = 0.67, 0.80, P < 0.001). Conclusion:Clonorchis sinensis infection can increase the expression of miR-122 in the host liver tissue, and the miR-122 is closely related to the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6.

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological characteristics, diagnosis, treat-ment and prognosis of gallbladder cancer in China from 2010 to 2017.Methods:The single disease retrospective registration cohort study was conducted. Based on the concept of the real world study, the clinicopathological data, from multicenter retrospective clinical data database of gallbladder cancer of Chinese Research Group of Gallbladder Cancer (CRGGC), of 6 159 patients with gallbladder cancer who were admitted to 42 hospitals from January 2010 to December 2017 were collected. Observation indicators: (1) case resources; (2) age and sex distribution; (3) diagnosis; (4) surgical treatment and prognosis; (5) multimodality therapy and prognosis. The follow-up data of the 42 hospitals were collected and analyzed by the CRGGC. The main outcome indicator was the overall survival time from date of operation for surgical patients or date of diagnosis for non-surgical patients to the end of outcome event or the last follow-up. Measurement data with normal distribu-tion were represented as Mean±SD, and comparison between groups was conducted using the t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M( Q1, Q3) or M(range), and com-parison between groups was conducted using the U test. Count data were described as absolute numbers or percentages, and comparison between groups was conducted using the chi-square test. Univariate analysis was performed using the Logistic forced regression model, and variables with P<0.1 in the univariate analysis were included for multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Logistic stepwise regression model. The life table method was used to calculate survival rates and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw survival curves. Log-rank test was used for survival analysis. Results:(1) Case resources: of the 42 hospitals, there were 35 class A of tertiary hospitals and 7 class B of tertiary hospitals, 16 hospitals with high admission of gallbladder cancer and 26 hospitals with low admission of gallbladder cancer, respectively. Geographical distribution of the 42 hospitals: there were 9 hospitals in central China, 5 hospitals in northeast China, 22 hospitals in eastern China and 6 hospitals in western China. Geographical distribution of the 6 159 patients: there were 2 154 cases(34.973%) from central China, 705 cases(11.447%) from northeast China, 1 969 cases(31.969%) from eastern China and 1 331 cases(21.611%) from western China. The total average number of cases undergoing diagnosis and treatment in hospitals of the 6 159 patients was 18.3±4.5 per year, in which the average number of cases undergoing diagnosis and treatment in hospitals of 4 974 patients(80.760%) from hospitals with high admission of gallbladder cancer was 38.8±8.9 per year and the average number of cases undergoing diagnosis and treatment in hospitals of 1 185 patients(19.240%) from hospitals with low admission of gallbladder cancer was 5.7±1.9 per year. (2) Age and sex distribution: the age of 6 159 patients diagnosed as gallbladder cancer was 64(56,71) years, in which the age of 2 247 male patients(36.483%) diagnosed as gallbladder cancer was 64(58,71)years and the age of 3 912 female patients(63.517%) diagnosed as gallbladder cancer was 63(55,71)years. The sex ratio of female to male was 1.74:1. Of 6 159 patients, 3 886 cases(63.095%) were diagnosed as gallbladder cancer at 56 to 75 years old. There was a significant difference on age at diagnosis between male and female patients ( Z=-3.99, P<0.001). (3) Diagnosis: of 6 159 patients, 2 503 cases(40.640%) were initially diagnosed as gallbladder cancer and 3 656 cases(59.360%) were initially diagnosed as non-gallbladder cancer. There were 2 110 patients(34.259%) not undergoing surgical treatment, of which 200 cases(9.479%) were initially diagnosed as gallbladder cancer and 1 910 cases(90.521%) were initially diagnosed as non-gallbladder cancer. There were 4 049 patients(65.741%) undergoing surgical treatment, of which 2 303 cases(56.878%) were initially diagnosed as gallbladder cancer and 1 746 cases(43.122%) were initial diagnosed as non-gallbladder cancer. Of the 1 746 patients who were initially diagnosed as non-gallbladder cancer, there were 774 cases(19.116%) diagnosed as gallbladder cancer during operation and 972 cases(24.006%) diagnosed as gallbladder cancer after operation. Of 6 159 patients, there were 2 521 cases(40.932%), 2 335 cases(37.912%) and 1 114 cases(18.087%) undergoing ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination before initial diagnosis, respec-tively, and there were 3 259 cases(52.914%), 3 172 cases(51.502%) and 4 016 cases(65.205%) undergoing serum carcinoembryonic antigen, CA19-9 or CA125 examination before initially diagnosis, respectively. One patient may underwent multiple examinations. Results of univariate analysis showed that geographical distribution of hospitals (eastern China or western China), age ≥72 years, gallbladder cancer annual admission of hospitals, whether undergoing ultrasound, CT, MRI, serum carcinoembryonic antigen, CA19-9 or CA125 examination before initially diagnosis were related factors influencing initial diagnosis of gallbladder cancer patients ( odds ratio=1.45, 1.98, 0.69, 0.68, 2.43, 0.41, 1.63, 0.41, 0.39, 0.42, 95% confidence interval as 1.21-1.74, 1.64-2.40, 0.59-0.80, 0.60-0.78, 2.19-2.70, 0.37-0.45, 1.43-1.86, 0.37-0.45, 0.35-0.43, 0.38-0.47, P<0.05). Results of multivariate analysis showed that geographical distribution of hospitals (eastern China or western China), sex, age ≥72 years, gallbladder cancer annual admission of hospitals and cases undergoing ultrasound, CT, serum CA19-9 examination before initially diagnosis were indepen-dent influencing factors influencing initial diagnosis of gallbladder cancer patients ( odds ratio=1.36, 1.42, 0.89, 0.67, 1.85, 1.56, 1.57, 0.39, 95% confidence interval as 1.13-1.64, 1.16-1.73, 0.79-0.99, 0.57-0.78, 1.60-2.14, 1.38-1.77, 1.38-1.79, 0.35-0.43, P<0.05). (4) Surgical treatment and prognosis. Of the 4 049 patients undergoing surgical treatment, there were 2 447 cases(60.435%) with complete pathological staging data and follow-up data. Cases with pathological staging as stage 0, stage Ⅰ, stage Ⅱ, stage Ⅲa, stage Ⅲb, stage Ⅳa and stage Ⅳb were 85(3.474%), 201(8.214%), 71(2.902%), 890(36.371%), 382(15.611%), 33(1.348%) and 785(32.080%), respectively. The median follow-up time and median postoperative overall survival time of the 2 447 cases were 55.75 months (95% confidence interval as 52.78-58.35) and 23.46 months (95% confidence interval as 21.23-25.71), respectively. There was a significant difference in the overall survival between cases with pathological staging as stage 0, stage Ⅰ, stage Ⅱ, stage Ⅲa, stage Ⅲb, stage Ⅳa and stage Ⅳb ( χ2=512.47, P<0.001). Of the 4 049 patients undergoing surgical treatment, there were 2 988 cases(73.796%) with resectable tumor, 177 cases(4.371%) with unresectable tumor and 884 cases(21.833%) with tumor unassessable for resectabi-lity. Of the 2 988 cases with resectable tumor, there were 2 036 cases(68.139%) undergoing radical resection, 504 cases(16.867%) undergoing non-radical resection and 448 cases(14.994%) with operation unassessable for curative effect. Of the 2 447 cases with complete pathological staging data and follow-up data who underwent surgical treatment, there were 53 cases(2.166%) with unresectable tumor, 300 cases(12.260%) with resectable tumor and receiving non-radical resection, 1 441 cases(58.888%) with resectable tumor and receiving radical resection, 653 cases(26.686%) with resectable tumor and receiving operation unassessable for curative effect. There were 733 cases not undergoing surgical treatment with complete pathological staging data and follow-up data. There was a significant difference in the overall survival between cases not undergoing surgical treatment, cases undergoing surgical treatment for unresectable tumor, cases undergoing non-radical resection for resectable tumor and cases undergoing radical resection for resectable tumor ( χ2=121.04, P<0.001). (5) Multimodality therapy and prognosis: of 6 159 patients, there were 541 cases(8.784%) under-going postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and advanced chemotherapy, 76 cases(1.234%) under-going radiotherapy. There were 1 170 advanced gallbladder cancer (pathological staging ≥stage Ⅲa) patients undergoing radical resection, including 126 cases(10.769%) with post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy and 1 044 cases(89.231%) without postoperative adjuvant chemo-therapy. There was no significant difference in the overall survival between cases with post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy and cases without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy ( χ2=0.23, P=0.629). There were 658 patients with pathological staging as stage Ⅲa who underwent radical resection, including 66 cases(10.030%) with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and 592 cases(89.970%) without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. There was no significant difference in the overall survival between cases with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and cases without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy ( χ2=0.05, P=0.817). There were 512 patients with pathological staging ≥stage Ⅲb who underwent radical resection, including 60 cases(11.719%) with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and 452 cases(88.281%) without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. There was no significant difference in the overall survival between cases with postoperative adjuvant chemo-therapy and cases without post-operative adjuvant chemo-therapy ( χ2=1.50, P=0.220). Conclusions:There are more women than men with gallbladder cancer in China and more than half of patients are diagnosed at the age of 56 to 75 years. Cases undergoing ultrasound, CT, serum CA19-9 examination before initial diagnosis are independent influencing factors influencing initial diagnosis of gallbladder cancer patients. Preoperative resectability evaluation can improve the therapy strategy and patient prognosis. Adjuvant chemotherapy for gallbladder cancer is not standardized and in low proportion in China.