Pregnancy predisposes to various oral diseases,which can compromise the health of both the pregnant woman and the fe-tus.Management of these diseases often entails both local and systemic anti-infective treatments,which may involve complex medication practices.There is a prevalent concern among pregnant women regarding the potential effects of local anesthetics,antibiotics and other pharmacological agents on fetal health.Dentists should comprehend the drug indications and their safe usage boundaries to formulate ef-fective systematic strategies and clinical management protocols.The rational use of medications should not be precluded.Effective treat-ment should be administered to prevent adverse outcomes.This article reviews the safety of commonly used local and systemic oral med-ications during pregnancy and aims to offer appropriate therapeutic approaches for managing oral diseases in this population.

Background/Aims: Low educational attainment is a well-established risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in developed areas. However, the association between educational attainment and the risk of NAFLD is less clear in China. Methods: A cross-sectional study including over 200,000 Chinese adults across mainland China was conducted. Information on education level and lifestyle factors were obtained through standard questionnaires, while NAFLD and advanced fibrosis were diagnosed using validated formulas. Outcomes included the risk of NAFLD in the general population and high probability of fibrosis among patients with NAFLD. Logistic regression analysis was employed to estimate the risk of NAFLD and fibrosis across education levels. A causal mediation model was used to explore the potential mediators. Results: Comparing with those receiving primary school education, the multi-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for NAFLD were 1.28 (1.16 to 1.41) for men and 0.94 (0.89 to 0.99) for women with college education after accounting for body mass index. When considering waist circumference, the odds ratios (95% CIs) were 0.94 (0.86 to 1.04) for men and 0.88 (0.80 to 0.97) for women, respectively. The proportions mediated by general and central obesity were 51.00% and 68.04% for men, while for women the proportions were 48.58% and 32.58%, respectively. Furthermore, NAFLD patients with lower educational attainment showed an incremental increased risk of advanced fibrosis in both genders. Conclusions In China, a low education level was associated with a higher risk of prevalent NAFLD in women, as well as high probability of fibrosis in both genders.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness， safety， economy， innovation， suitability and accessibility of recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein （EC）， and to provide evidence for selecting skin detection methods for tuberculosis infection diagnosis and auxiliary diagnosis of tuberculosis. METHODS The effectiveness and safety of EC compared with purified protein derivative of tuberculin （TB-PPD） were analyzed by the method of systematic review. Cost minimization analysis， cost-effectiveness analysis and cost-utility analysis were used to evaluate the short-term economy of EC compared with TB-PPD， and cost-utility analysis was used to evaluate the long-term economy. The evaluation dimensions of innovation， suitability and accessibility were determined by systematic review and improved Delphi expert consultation， and the comprehensive score of EC and TB-PPD in each dimension were calculated by the weight of each indicator. RESULTS The scores of effectiveness， safety， economy， innovation and suitability of EC were all higher than those of TB-PPD. The affordability scores of the two drugs were consistent， while the availability score of EC was lower than those of TB-PPD. After considering dimensions and index weight， the scores of effectiveness， safety， economy， innovation， suitability， accessibility and the comprehensive score of EC were all higher than those of TB-PPD. CONCLUSIONS Compared with TB-PPD， EC performs better in all dimensions of effectiveness， safety， economy， innovation， suitability and accessibility. However， it is worth noting that EC should further improve its availability in the dimension of accessibility.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of laser irradiation on related growth factors in and apoptosis of in vitro cultured infantile hemangioma endothelial cells. Methods:Cultured infantile hemangioma endothelial cells were divided into 3 groups: intense pulsed light (IPL) group irradiated with IPL at a dose of 23 J/cm 2 for 1 session, laser group irradiated with 1 064-nm Nd:YAG laser at a dose of 90 J/cm 2 for 1 session, control group receiving no irradiation. On days 1, 3 and 7 after irradiation, RT-PCR was performed to measure the mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) , VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) , and Western blot analysis to determine VEGFR-2 protein expression, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect the levels of VEGF and bFGF in the culture supernatant, and flow cytometry to detect cell apoptosis. Results:Compared with the control group, the laser group showed significantly decreased mRNA expression of VEGF (0.363±0.021 vs. 1.000±0.023, P< 0.001) , VEGFR-2 (0.483±0.017 vs. 1.001±0.031, P=0.001) and bFGF (0.402±0.040 vs. 1.000±0.004, P< 0.001) , decreased VEGFR-2 protein expression (0.332±0.055 vs. 0.768±0.096, P< 0.05) , decreased levels of VEGF (69.389±24.179 ng/L vs. 334.506±13.084 ng/L, P< 0.001) and bFGF (2.386±0.151 ng/L vs. 9.165±0.232 ng/L, P< 0.001) in the culture supernatant, but significantly increased apoptosis rate (18.413%±2.654% vs. 4.300%±0.036%, P< 0.01) on day 7 after irradiation. Compared with the control group, the IPL group also showed significantly decreased mRNA expression of VEGF (0.436±0.041 vs. 1.000±0.023, P< 0.05) , VEGFR-2 (0.493±0.037 vs. 1.001±0.031, P< 0.05) and bFGF (0.490±0.044 vs. 1.000±0.004, P< 0.05) , decreased VEGFR-2 protein expression (0.406±0.037 vs. 0.768±0.096, P< 0.05) , decreased levels of VEGF (128.858±6.063 ng/L vs. 334.506±13.084 ng/L, P< 0.001) and bFGF (2.723±0.471 ng/L vs. 9.165±0.232 ng/L, P< 0.001) in the culture supernatant, but significantly increased apoptosis rate (16.597%±1.877% vs. 4.300%±0.036%, P< 0.01) on day 7 after irradiation. Conclusion:The 1 064-nm Nd:YAG laser may exert a therapeutic effect on hemangioma by inhibiting hemangioma endothelial cells via regulating key factors on the VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling pathway and cell apoptosis.

OBJECTIVE: To construct a HIV-1 gp120 transgenic mouse model (gp120) with 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (7nAChR) gene knockout. METHODS: The 7nAChR gene knockout mice (7R) were crossed with HIV-1gp120 transgenic mice (gp120) to generate F1 generation mice. We selected the F1 mice with the genotype of 7R/gp120 to mate to obtain the F2 mice. The genotypes of the F3 mice were identified by PCR, and the protein expressions in the double transgenic animal model was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. BV2 cells were treated with gp120 protein and 7nAChR inhibitor, and the expressions of IL-1β and TNF- were detected using ELISA. RESULTS: The results of PCR showed the bands of the expected size in F3 mice. Two F3 mice with successful double gene editing (7R/gp120) were obtained, and immunohistochemistry showed that the brain tissue of the mice did not express 7 nAChR but with high gp120 protein expression. In the cell experiment, treatment with gp120 promoted the secretion of IL-1β and TNF- in BV2 cells, while inhibition of 7nAChR significantly decreased the expression of IL-1β and TNF- ( < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS By mating gp120 Tg mice with 7R mice, we obtained gp120 transgenic mice with 7nAChR gene deletion, which serve as a new animal model for exploring the role of 7nAChR in gp120-induced neurotoxicity.
Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Glycoproteins ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor ; metabolism

Trauma is the leading cause of death for people under 40 years old in the world. At present, the rescue and treatment system of trauma patients in China is not yet well established, and the mortality of trauma patients is higher than those in the developed countries. Improving the treatment system is the key to reducing the trauma mortality. In order to innovate the service mode of trauma first aid, further promote the establishment of regional trauma first aid system, improve the ability of trauma treatment, reduce the mortality and disability rate of trauma patients in Jiangxi Province, recently Health Commission of Jiangxi Province and the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University have reached a consensus on the establishment of Jiangxi trauma first aid center. In order to provide reference for the construction of trauma treatment system, the author analyzes the following aspects including functional positioning, basic requirements, organization management, and evaluation of core indicators.

Objective To further clarify the pathogenesis of different types of Kaposi′s sarcoma (KS) by measuring the protein expressions of caspase-3 and E-cad in tumor tissues of Xinjiang Uygur patients with acqured immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-Kaposi′s sarcoma (KS) and classical KS.Methods From July 2011 to October 2014, 38 patients with KS at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University and Urumqi Infectious Disease Hospital were enrolled, among whom 28 were male and 10 were female, and all of them were uygur.Immunohistochemical and Western blot methods were used to detect the expressions of caspase-3 and E-cad proteins in 22 cases of AIDS-KS patients and 16 cases of classic KS.The quantitative data of normal distribution were analyzed by t test, while count data were compared with χ2 test with R × C table.Results KS lesions in patients with classic KS were confined to the skin, without mucosal, lymph node or visceral involvement.Lesions in AIDS-KS patients were not only confined to the skin and superficial lymph nodes, but also oral mucosa involved in 12 cases and internal organs involved in 7 cases.Liver and lung involvement was more common.The CD4+T lymphocyte count in patients with AIDS-KS was (200.8±166)/μL.All 15 AIDS cases with CD4+ T cell count less than 200/μL developed opportunistic infections.CD4+ T lymphocyte count of patients with classic KS was (562.52±222.66)/μL and the 16 patients with CD4+T lymphocyte count greater than 350/μL had no opportunistic infections.The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the positive expression rate of caspase-3 protein in KS tissues in patients with AIDS-KS was 68.2%, in patients with classic KS was 100.0%, with significant difference between two groups (χ2=7.37, P=0.01).The positive expression rate of E-cad protein in KS tissues in patients with AIDS-KS was 72.7%, in patients with classic KS was 100.0%, with significant difference between two groups (χ2=5.18, P=0.03).Western blotting showed that the gray value of caspase-3 in the KS tissue of patients with AIDS-KS was 0.55±0.36, and that in patients with classic KS was 0.86±0.56, with significant difference between two groups (t=-2.070, P<0.05).The gray value of E-cad in the KS tissue of patients with AIDS-KS was 0.54±0.41, and that in patients with classic KS was 0.85±0.45, with significant difference between two groups (t=-2.060,P<0.05).Conclusions There are differences in the protein expressions of caspase-3 and E-cad in tumor tissues of patients with AIDS-KS and classical KS in Xinjiang Uygur patients with Kaposi's sarcoma, which may correlate with a faster progression and a higher mortality rate for AIDS-KS.

Objective To investigate the expression of vascular endothelial factor C(VEGF-C) and E-cadherin in gastric cancer and explore the relationship between expression of VEGF-C and E-cadherin and the pathogenesis of gastric cancer.Methods Real-time quantitative reverse ranscriptase-polymerase chain rection was applied on 40 cases of gastric cancer and corresponding adjacent noncancerous tissues,in order to detect mRNA expression of VEGF-C and E-cadherin gene.VEGF-C and E-cadherin protein expression in gastric cancer and adjacent normal gastric mucosa were detected by immunohistochemistry.Statistical analysis was carried out to analyze the correlation among VEGF-C,E-cadherin and protein expression with various clinical parameters in these gastric cancer patients.Results The expression of VEGF-C protein in 40 cases of gastric cancer's cancer tissues was 0.461±0.012,significantly higher than that in the adjacent normal tissues(0.036+0.023;t=1.101,P＜0.05),but E-cadherin expression was significantly lower than that of the adjacent normal tissues (0.079±0.002 vs.0.321±0.005;t=1.844,P＜0.05).There was correlation between VEGF-C mRNA expression with histological grading,TNM staging,lymph node and distant metastasis (t=-1.621,-1.474,-2.378,-1.966,P＜0.05).There was correlation between E-cadherin mRNA expression with tumor size,histological grading,TNM stage,there was a significant difference (t=1.875,1.673,1.544,P＜0.05).VEGF-C and E-cadherin protein expression was negatively correlated(r=-0.688,P＜0.05).Conclusion Up-regulated of VEGF-C gene and decreased expression of E-cadherin may play an important role in the carcinogenesis of gastric cancer

A 68?year?old female patient was admitted to the hospital for multiple masses in the mouth and lungs as well as on dorsal hands for more than 20 days without obvious subjective symptoms. No abnormalities were found by physical examination. Dermatological examination showed two bean?sized dark?red nodules on the upper jaw as well as one pigeon egg?sized dark?red nodule on the left dorsal hand, and all the nodules were hard with smooth surfaces and limited mobility. Positron emission tomography?computed tomography (PetCT) revealed multiple metastases to the brain, lymph nodes, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, both kidneys, multiple bones and intermuscular tissues. Pathology of nodules from the upper jaw showed lowly differentiated tumor cells with osteoid matrix, chondroid structures and tumor bone in local areas, and immunohistochemical examination of tumor cells found positive staining for S100(focally), vimentin, CD99, P63 and Ki?67(60%), but negative staining for keratin. A diagnosis of osteosarcoma of the right side of the upper jaw was considered. Pathology of nodules from the dorsal hand revealed no obvious abnormalities in the epidermis, while there was a diffuse infiltration of medium?to large?sized histiocyte?like cells in the whole dermis with cell atypia and irregularly red?stained bone matrix and tumor bone in some regions. Immunopathology showed positive staining for Ki67(60%), and negative staining for CD3, CD10, CD20, Bcl?2, and Bcl?6. A diagnosis of cutaneous metastasis of osteosarcoma was made. The patient refused further treatment and died 6 months after the onset of lesions.