Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicle structures that communicate and exchange information between cells. They carry a variety of biologically active molecules whose compositions and contents vary according to the origin and recipient cells. Therefore, exosomes can be used as biomarkers. Neurodegenerative diseases are diseases with hidden onset, so early screening and accurate diagnosis is undoubtedly a reliable guarantee to reduce their mortality and increase the cure rate. Exosomes, as a research hotspot in recent years, have great potential for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases given their transport capacity and contents, and have significant advantages in abundance, stability, diversity and accessibility. The purpose of this paper is to discuss exosomes as potential candidates for early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, and thus to elaborate new fields of their application, with a view to providing a richer perspective for clinical prediction and treatment.

Objective:Employ Lasso regression to develop a nomogram model for predicting the risk of liver cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB).Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on age, gender, laboratory test results, and liver ultrasound results of 1218 patients diagnosed with CHB at the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University between 1 January 2023 and 30 November 2023. Based on the R caret package, patients were divided into a training set ( n=853) and an internal validation set ( n=365) at a ration of 7∶3, and an additional 185 patients with CHB treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Qunli campus during the same period was included as an external validation set. Lasso regression and multiple logistic regression were employed for variable selection and nomogram model construction. The discriminative ability, calibration, and clinical utility of the prediction model were evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, Decision Curve Analysis (DCA), respectively. Results:Age, platelet, gamma-glutamine transpeptidase, prealbumin, portal vein diameter, and spleen thickness were selected as predictive variables for the occurrence of liver cirrhosis in CHB patients ( P<0.05), and a nomogram model was constructed based on the aforementioned variables. The AUC values for the ROC curves in the internal validation set and external validation set were 0.934 (95% CI 0.910-0.959) and 0.881 (95% CI 0.820-0.942), respectively. The fitting degree of calibration curve was observed in both sets (Internal validation set P=0.881; External validation set P=0.478). DCA curves demonstrated the high clinical utility of the model. Conclusion:Age, platelet, gammaglutamine transpeptidase, prealbumin, portal vein diameter, and spleen thickness were risk factors for the occurrence of liver cirrhosis in CHB patients. The constructed nomogram model exhibits good predictive value and clinical utility.

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis is a chronic interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology with a short survival period, poor prognosis, and difficult to completely cure. At present, the main diagnostic method of IPF is High Resolution CT (HRCT), which has the disadvantage of high subjective impact and low repeatability. Therefore, it is necessary to develop novel biomarkers to aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of IPF. In recent years, more and more studies have focused on exosomes, whose specific regulatory mechanisms for IPF have not been fully elucidated, although it has been extensively studied in the field of malignant tamors and cardiovascular disease. In addition, exosomes can be secreted by different cells and body fluids, having potential applications in suggesting IPF risk and diagnostic prognosis.

Cyperi Rhizoma is a common Chinese medicine in clinical practice， which has a long history of processing. In order to sort out the process of its processing， starting with the angle of processing excipients， the historical evolution and developmental venation of Cyperi Rhizoma processing were analyzed and summarized by consulting relevant literature of ancient medical records and modern codes. After combing the ancient and modern literature， it was found that there were many processing methods of Cyperi Rhizoma， the processing methods without auxiliary materials included frying， boiling， steaming and so on， and the adding auxiliary materials included vinegar， ginger， salt， multiple excipients， etc. However， with the evolution of history， some characteristic excipients have gradually disappeared， while vinegar-processed products are mainly used in modern times. Meanwhile， processing methods of Cyperi Rhizoma are well documented in various processing standards， the phenomenon of multiple methods adopted in one place and different methods in different places exists， which lacks unified quality standards and leads to uneven quality of Cyperi Rhizoma decoction pieces， which may even affect the safety and effectiveness of its clinical medication. Based on this， the problems existing in the processing research of Cyperi Rhizoma were analyzed in this paper， and made an outlook on the inheritance of the ancient processing methods and the quality standard improvement of the decoction pieces， in order to provide important literature evidence and theoretical support for the study of processing process and mechanism of Cyperi Rhizoma.

Tumor-associated autoantibodies (TAAS), as cancer biomarkers, have attracted special attention. In recent years, increasing evidence has indicated that TAAS shows an elevated level in the early stage of human malignancies, and examination of TAAS in patients′ clinical specimens has a good predictive value for a variety of cancers′ early diagnosis. The mechanism of TAAS and its clinical application will be introduced, and the advantages and problems of tumor autoantibodies as markers will be expounded in this article.

The complement system plays a major role in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). At present, complement component 3(C3) and component 4(C4) are the diagnostic markers in the internationally recognized standard of SLE classification. Complement C3 and C4 can play a role in the diagnosis of SLE patients, but they are not very specific diagnostic markers. Therefore, it is important to find more better biomarkers of SLE. In this review, the latest findings in complement-focused research in SLE were explored. Complement level, cell-bound complement activation products and membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins are associated with the pathogenesis of SLE. They may become SLE biomarkers and aid the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with this disease.

Atherosclerosis(AS) is the basic pathological process of many cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Particularly, the rupture of vulnerable plaques is a major cause of disability and death among middle-aged and elderly people. It's crucial to find out some reliable serummarkers for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of AS. This study aims to summarize some newly reported miRNAs which can control the development of AS by regulating the biological function of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and macrophages.We also enumerated some target genes and signal pathways that they may act on, and thus provide some new ideas for the treatment of AS and to provide theoretical basis for finding serum biomarkers which can evaluate the occurrence and stability of AS plaque.

Aquaporin (AQP)is a molecular weight of about 28 kD of the four polymer structure membrane channel protein. In mammals,there are 1 3 different AQP,expressed in different tissues and organs,regulating waterand glycerol and urea and other small molecules transmembrane transport of major proteins.AQP-1 is mainly expressed in the renal proximal tubule and Henle’s loop drop bronchiole epithelial cell apical membrane and basement membrane,is responsible for the reabsorption of renal tubular water molecules.The expression of AQP-1 can be changed when the kidney is damaged or damaged,so it is very important to study the mechanism of AQP-1 for understanding the pathogenesis of water metabolism and the treatment of clinical water metabolism.

Adult ; Aged ; Arsenicals ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Bone Marrow Cells ; drug effects ; metabolism ; DNA Methylation ; drug effects ; Female ; Humans ; Inhibitor of Differentiation Proteins ; metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myelodysplastic Syndromes ; metabolism ; therapy ; Oxides ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

Objective To investigate the effects of TLR7 on imiquimod induced apoptosis of THP-1 derived macrophages.Methods Three cell lines ( THP-1 derived macrophages, MDCK cell line and HUVEC cell line) with different capabilities of expressing TLR7 were selected.The survival rates of cells af-ter the treatment with different concentrations of imiquimod were detected by MTT assay.The levels of IL-6 in the supernatants of TLR7 inhibitor chloroquine or TLR7-siRNA treated cells were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The apoptosis of cells was detected by flow cytometry after inhibiting the ex-pression of TLR7.Results Imiquimod induced the apoptosis of THP-1 derived macrophages, MDCK cell lines and HUVEC cell lines.The levels of IL-6 were significantly decreased as the expression of TLR7 was inhibited by treating THP-1 derived macrophages with chloroquine or TLR7-siRNA.Treating THP-1 derived macrophages with chloroquine or TLR7-siRNA did not affect the cell apoptosis induced by imiquimod.Con-clusion Imiquimod could induce the apoptosis of THP-1 derived macrophages through TLR7 independent pathway.