Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of stage treatment withTiao He Ying Wei(regulating Ying-nutritional and Wei-defensive qi) needling in treating insomnia.Method A hundred insomnia patients presenting difficulty falling asleep were randomized into group A1 and B1, 50 cases each; 100 insomnia patients presenting difficulty maintaining sleep were randomized into group A2 and B2, 50 cases in each group; 100 insomnia patients presenting early-morning awakening were randomized into group A3 and B3, 50 cases each. Group A1, A2 and A3 were treated withTiao He Ying Wei needling, while group B1, B2 and B3 were treated with conventional medication. The Symptoms score and cerebral blood flow indicators were observed before and after the intervention.Result After the treatment, the symptoms scores were significantly changed in each group (P<0.05). The improvement of symptoms score in group A1 was superior to that in group B1 (P<0.05); the improvement of symptoms score in group A2 was superior to that in group B2 (P<0.05); the improvement of symptoms score in group A3 was superior to that in group B3 (P<0.05). The cerebral blood flow indicators (middle cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery, anterior cerebral artery, and basilar artery) were significantly changed after the treatment in group A1, A2 and A3 (P<0.05). After the treatment, there were significant differences in comparing the cerebral blood flow indicators between group A1 and B1, A2 and B2, and A3 and B3 (P<0.05).Conclusion Stage treatment withTiao He Ying Wei needling can improve the sleep quality of insomnia patients.

Objective To investigate in vitro combined effect of ceftriaxone and azithromycin against clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae(NG). Methods A total of 25 NG clinical isolates were collected from the STD clinic of Dalian Dermatosis Hospital in 2012. Epsilometer test(Etest)method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations(MICs)of ceftriaxone and azithromycin against NG isolates. Fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was calculated to evaluate the in vitro combined effect of ceftriaxone and azithromycin against NG isolates. Results The mean MICs of ceftriaxone and azithromycin were 0.032 mg/L (range, 0.008- 0.064 mg/L) and 0.834 mg/L (range, 0.064-4.000 mg/L), respectively. The FICI ranged from 0.724 to 2.696, and ceftriaxone and azithromycin showed an additive effect against the above NG isolates. Conclusion Ceftriaxone and azithromycin show an additive effect against NG in vitro, but further studies with large sample size are needed to confirm their effects.

Objective To determine the prevalence of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae(PPNG) and the distribution of blaTEM-135 gene variants in PPNG at several gonococcal antimicrobial surveillance sites in China, to compare N. gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing(NG-MAST)types of PPNG and its blaTEM-135 gene variants, and to assess the difference and association in NG-MAST types of blaTEM-135 gene variants among different regions. Methods A total of 572 N. gonorrhoeae isolates were collected at 6 gonococcal antimicrobial surveillance sites from Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Tianjin, Guangdong and Guangxi in 2012. After isolation, purification, and identification, cefalotin paper discs were used for detection of PPNG. DNA was extracted by QIAxtractor DX kits after cultivation of the PPNG strains. Then, mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA) PCR was performed to identify blaTEM-135 variants, and NG-MAST analysis to determine N. gonorrhoeae genotypes. Results Among the 572 N. gonorrhoeae strains, 38.1%(218/572) were identified as PPNG, and of the PPNG strains, 52.3% (114/218) were blaTEM-135 variants. The detection rate of PPNG at these surveillance sites from high to low was as follows: 51.7% (45/87, Zhejiang), 45.6%(36/79, Shanghai), 38.0% (78/205, Guangdong), 37.5% (12/32, Guangxi), 31.2% (24/77, Jiangsu) and 25.0%(23/92, Tianjin), and that of blaTEM-135 variants was as follows: 68.9%(31/45, Zhejiang), 58.3%(14/24, Jiangsu), 50.0%(39/78, Guangdong), 47.2%(17/36, Shanghai), 39.1%(9/23, Tianjin)and 33.3%(4/12, Guangxi). NG-MAST analysis showed that the ST2318, ST1768, ST1866, ST1053 and ST8726 types predominated among these bla TEM-135 variants, and a strong correlation was found between blaTEM-135 variants and some NG-MAST types, such as ST1768, ST1053 and ST8726 types. The distribution of NG-MAST types was significantly different between the surveillance site in Tianjin (in the Northern part of China) and the other sites (in the Southern part of China), but highly similar among the surveillance sites in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai regions. Conclusions There is a high prevalence of PPNG and its blaTEM-135 variants at several gonococcal antimicrobial surveillance sites in China, with significant differences in NG-MAST genotype distribution of PPNG and its blaTEM-135 variants among different regions.

Objective To test the ceftriaxone susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) isolates from Nanjing city,and to assess their genotypes by using the NG multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) method.Methods A total of 204 NG strains isolated in 2007 and 81 in 2012 from Nanjing city were included in this study.The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ceftriaxone was determined for these strains using an agar dilution method.DNA was extracted by the Qiagen commercial kit from these strains followed by NG-MAST.Results All the isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone (MIC,≤ 0.25 μg/ml).The MIC of ceftriaxone was ≥ 0.06 μg/ml for 63.2％ of all the NG strains,70.6％ of those isolated in 2007 and 44.4％ of those in 2012,and ≥ 0.125 μg/ml for 31.6 ％ of all the NG strains,39.7％ of those isolated in 2007,11.1％ of those in 2012.Totally,166 genotypes were identified among the 285 isolates,of which,73 had been reported,and 93 were previously unreported.The most prevalent genotype was ST568 (n =13) in NG strains isolated in 2007,followed by ST270 (n =9),ST421 (n =7),ST2288 (n =5),ST1731 (n =4),ST1766 (n =4),ST1866 (n =4),ST1870 (n =4),while ST2318 (n =5),ST1053 (n =4),ST5990 (n =4),ST8726 (n =4) were the common genotypes in 2012.Those isolates with identical or similar genotypes tended to display similar MICs for ceftriaxone.Conclusions The prevalent genotypes of NG are markedly different between 2007 and 2012 in Nanjing region,and there is a strong association between the genotypes and ceftriaxone susceptibility of NG.NG-MAST results may serve as a genetic marker in the surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility in NG.

Objective To discuss the feasibility of constructing the system of traditional Chinese medicine nursing diagnosis.Methods Based on the theoretical analysis and status quo analysis,the feasibility of constructing the system of TCM nursing diagnosis was discussed,and the achievements and problems waiting for settlement were also narrated.Resuts It has the foundation of constructing the system of TCM nursing diagnosis,but some problems still need to be solved.Conclusions It is feasible for building TCM nursing diagnosis system,and the TCM nursing diagnosis system does not conflict with NANDA-I.

Objective To determine Neisseria gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) sequence types in different geographical areas of China,including Changzhou and Yangzhou cities of Jiangsu province,Wuzhou and Hezhou cities in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region,Sanya and Qionghai cities of Hainan province,Jiangmen and Maoming cities of Guangdong province.Methods DNA was extracted using Qiagen DX extraction kits from 88 urine samples which were collected from male patients attending sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics and positive for nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) for N.gonorrhoeae.Two rounds of PCR were carried out to amplify the porB and tbpB genes of N.gonorrhoeae followed by gene sequencing.Sequence alignment was performed on the NG-MAST website (http://www.ng-mast.net) to determine the genotype of N.gonorrhoeae.Results The first-round PCR yielded positive results for porB and tbpB in 13.6％ (12/88) and 14.8％ (13/88),respectively,of these urine specimens,and 12 samples were successfully genotyped with the efficiency of genotyping being 13.6％.The amplification efficiency of second-round PCR was enhanced to 71.6％ and 72.7％ for porB and tbpB,respectively,and the efficiency of genotyping increased to 70.5％ (62/88).Compared with the first-round PCR,the second-round PCR showed an increase in amplification efficiency for porB and tbpB by 58.0％ and 57.9％ respectively,as well as in genotyping efficiency by 56.9％.Forty-five genotypes were identified in the 62 samples,including 40 known genotypes and 5 novel genotypes.Of these genotypes,ST1866 was the most abundant (6/62),followed by ST1972 (4/62) and ST3356 (4/62),all of which were from Jiangsu province.The ST532 genotype was identified in 3 samples from Guangdong province,ST2221 genotype in 2 samples from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region.Each of the remaining genotypes was identified in only 1 sample and scattered in all of these cities.The 5 novel MAST-genotypes were as follows:porB-892 and tbpB-46 (98％ similarity),porB-130 and tbpB-504 (96％ similarity),porB-2790 and tbpB-32 (99％ similarity),porB-1053 and tbpB-856 (99％ similarity).Conclusions Urine samples can be used for NG-MAST analysis,and two rounds of PCR can enhance the efficiency of genotyping.NG-MAST genotypes appear to be diverse in different geographical areas of China.

Objective To make a nationwide external quality assessment of tests for isolation and identification of N.gonorrhoeae in medical and healthcare facilities at different levels,and to analyze current problems.Methods Lyophilized quality control samples were uniformly delivered to 252 medical and healthcare facilities providing sexually transmitted disease (STD) services at different levels.Test results were analyzed by the National Center for STD Control,China Center for Disease Control and Prevention,and evaluation results were fed back to participating laboratories.Results Finally,test results were received from 203 (80.56％) facilities.The comprehensive score averaged at 87.14,and facilities achieving a comprehensive score of 80 or greater amounted to 80.30％ (163/203).The coincidence rate was 53.69％ (109/203) for all of the 5 quality control samples,82.76％ (168/203) and 87.68％ (178/203) respectively for two quality control samples containing only N.gonorrhoeae,86.21％ (175/203) and 96.06％ (195/203) respectively for a sample containing Neisseria sicca and a sample containing Enterococcus faecalis,69.46％ (141/203)for a sample containing different species of Neisseria.Conclusion The external quality assessment reveals a disparity in the capability to isolate and identify Neisseria among medical and healthcare facilities providing STD services at different levels.

Objective To study the current status of antimicrobial resistance of clinical Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in China by analyzing the surveillance results in 2008.Methods N. gonorrhoeae strains were collected from 951 eligible patients at national monitoring sites for resistance of N. gonorrheae,including 156 patients from Jiangsu province,71 from Zhejiang province,102 from Fujian province,207 from Guangdong province,77 from Guangxi province,43 from Hainan province,80 from Sichuan province,44 from Chongqing,45 from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,72 from Shaanxi province,and 54 from Tianjin.The production of β-lactamase was detected by paper acidometric testing,and minimum inhibitory concentrations(MICs)were determined by agar dilution method for spectinomycin,ciprofloxacin,cefiriaxone,tetracycline,respectively.Results Among the 951 N. gonorrhoeae isolates,2(0.21%)were resistant to spectinomycin,451(47.42%)showed reduced sensitivity to ceflriaxone,928(97.58%)were resistant to ciprofloxacin.Penicillinase-producing N.gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and plasmid mediated tetracycline-resistant N. gonorrhoeae (TRNG) accounted for 34.91%(332/951)and 51.21%(487/951) of these isolates respectively.Kendall rank correlation analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between the positivity rate of TRNG and PPNG(r=0.20,P<0.01),but a negative correlation between the susceptibility to cefiriaxone in N.gonorrhoeae and positivity rate of PPNG(r=-0.09,P<0.01).No correlation was observed between the susceptibility to cefiriaxone and susceptibility to ciprofloxacin or the positivity rate of TRNG,or between the susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and positivity rate of PPNG or TRNG.Chi-square analysis showed a marked increase in the percentage of N.gonorrhoeae isolates with reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone in Guangxi province,Hainan province,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Shaanxi province,the percentage of N.gonorrhoeae isolates with resisitance to spectinomycin in Shaanxi province,prevelance of TRNG in Guangdong province,and prevelance of PPNG in Sichuan and Zhejiang provinces compared with the average level (all P<0.05).Conclusions Thero is a significant diffefence in antimicrobial susceptibility of N.gonorrhoeae from difierent areas of China.A significant elevation is observed in the percentage of N.gonorrhoeae with reduced susceptibihty to cefifiaxone and resistance to spectinomycin in Shaanxi province.to which close attention should be paid.

Objective To make a nationwide external quality assessment for drug sensitivity testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, analyze the problems in and factors associated with the drug sensitivity testing, and to enhance the quality of drug sensitivity testing of N. gonorrhoeae at different monitoring sites. Methods Samples were uniformly delivered to monitoring sites by express mail service. Test results were analyzed in the National Center for STD Control, and the evaluation results were fed back to these monitoring sites. Results A total of 105 quality control samples were delivered from 2007 to 2009, with a response rate of 88.57% (93/105). Thirteen monitoring sites were enrolled in the external quality assessment, including 9 laboratories in 2007, 9 in 2008 and 13 in 2009. The total percentage amounted to 77.42% (24/31) for qualified laboratories during the 3 years, including 6 laboratories in 2007, 7 in 2008 and 11 in 2009. The coincidence rate increased for the detection of penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG), N. gonorrhoeae with chromosome-mediated ciprofloxacin resistance, and N. gonorrhoeae with chromosome-mediated spectinomycin resistance, and declined for the detection of N. gonorrhoeae with plasmid-mediated high level tetracycline-resistance (TRNG) and N. gonorrhoeae with chromosome-mediated ceftriaxone resistance. Conclusions The 3-year external quality assessment reveals an improvement in the overall quality of drug sensitivity testing of N. gonorrhoeae at national monitoring sites; the accuracy is improved markedly for the detection of PPNG, N. gonorrhoeae with resistance to spectinomycin and ciprofloxacin, but is needed to increase for the detection of ceftriaxone-resis- tant N. gonorrhoeae and TRNG.

Objective To survey the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)in urban areas of Hunan province and relevant risk factors and provide a basis of the prevention and treatment for COPD. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among 4248 residents, aged over 15, by a simple cluster random sampling method in Changsha, Hunan, Wulipai street North Station community. All the respondents filled out an unified epidemiological survey questionnaire. All of the respondents received examination for lung function. Those respondents showed FEV1/FVC ＜70% were further examined by ECG,X ray inspection for differential diagnosis. The data of epidemiological survey was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression method. Results The response rate was 92%. The total prevalence of COPD was 4. 81%.The prevalence of COPD in the males was 6. 6%, and 3. 0% in the females. The prevalence of COPD in the males was significantly higher than that in the females (x2 = 29. 915, P ＜ 0. 01). The prevalence increased with age increasing (P ＜0. 01). The more the education was, the lower the prevalence of COPD was. Risk factors analyzed with non-conditional logistic were as follow. The odd ratio (OR) for COPD in the age was 1.92(P ＜0. 01) and the odd ratio (OR) for COPD in the sex was 1.81 (P ＜0. 01). The weak lighting in house increased the risk with the OR of 4. 25(P ＜0. 01) and pet feeding further increased the risk with the OR of 12.08(P ＜0. 01). The odd ratio (OR) for COPD in the smokers was 1.74(P ＜0. 01) and the prevalence of COPD was related with smoking intensity (branch years of cigarette). Smoking intensity above 500 increased the risk of COPD. The passive smoking increased the risk with the OR of 16. 39(P ＜0. 01). The odd ratio (OR) for COPD in the paternal family history with chronic pulmonary disease was 2. 13(P ＜0. 01) and 2. 11 (P ＜ 0. 01) in the maternal family history. The odd ratio (OR)for COPD in the education degree was 0. 52(P ＜ 0. 01). Conclusions The prevalence of COPD was high in Changsha city, which might be attributed to the risk factors such as house lighting, pet feeding, cooking,aged, male, smoking, passive smoking, and family history. The education degree was the protective factor of COPD. We should intervene the relevant risk factors of COPD so that the prevalence of COPD might be cut down.