Objective To analyze the changes of liver and kidney function, blood glucose and lipid metabolism at different follow-up time points of different treatment regimens, and to provide reference for clinical optimization and adjustment of medication in HIV/AIDS patients. Methods The changes of liver and kidney function, blood glucose and lipid metabolism at seven follow-up time points were analyzed retrospectively. The baseline blood collection time of HIV /AIDS patients was set as the starting point, and the final follow-up time was set as the end point. The seven follow-up points were 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months respectively. Results There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of sex, age, education, marital status, WHO staging, infection route, and baseline CD4+T lymphocyte count among 605 enrolled patients based on different treatment regimens. Liver function: The level of T-Bil in group E was higher than that of baseline at 9M, 12M, 18M and 24M after treatment (P<0.01); In group F, the level of T-Bil was higher than that of baseline at 9M after treatment (P=0.001); The levels of ALT in group C at the six follow-up points after treatment were higher than the baseline (P<0.001); The level of AST in group C was higher than that of baseline after 3M and 6M treatment (P<0.05). Renal function: The level of UREA in group C was higher than that in baseline after 6M treatment (P=0.007); The level of UREA in group F was higher than that in the baseline after 12M treatment (P<0.001); The level of UA in group F was higher than that of baseline after 3M, 6M and 12M treatment (P<0.05). Blood lipid and blood glucose: The levels of Glu at some follow-up points after ART treatment in group A and group C were higher than that at baseline (P<0.05); The levels of TG at some follow-up points in group A, group E and group F after ART treatment were higher than those at baseline (P<0.05); The levels of TC at some follow-up points in group A, group B, group C, group E and group F after ART treatment were all higher than the baseline (P<0.05). Conclusion Regular monitoring of changes in laboratory indicators of different treatment regimens during ART is of great importance to the prognosis of patients. Different laboratory indicators should be monitored according to different treatment regimens to effectively prevent adverse reactions caused by different treatment regimens.

Alzheimer′s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease, is characterized by dysfunction in execution and cognition, for which there are few efficient early interventions. Synaptic plasticity is regarded as a critical mechanism for learning and memory. Therefore, improving synaptic plasticity is correlated with promoting recovery after cognitive and motor impairment in patients with AD. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been extensively utilized in AD rehabilitation for its potential to yield significant and enduring benefits in neural excitability and plasticity. This review overviews synaptic dysfunction in AD and primarily discusses the role of rTMS in alleviating clinical symptoms by influencing structural and functional plasticity of synapses, to explore its mechanisms for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, and at the same time, provide clues and directions for further clinical translations.

Objective:To understand the contents of edible salt iodine and urinary iodine of children and pregnant women in Yunnan Province, and to evaluate the iodine nutrition status, so as to provide a basis for scientific prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD).Methods:From November to December 2020, one county (city) was selected from each prefecture (city), two townships (towns and streets) were selected from each county (city) and two villages (neighborhood committees) were selected from each township (town and street) from each of the 16 prefectures (cities) in Yunnan Province as the investigation sites. A total of 20 non-boarding children (male and female balanced) aged 8 - 10 years old were selected from each primary school in each village (neighborhood committee) to collect salt and urine samples. A total of 80 children were investigated in each county (city). A total of 20 pregnant women were selected from each township (town and street) to collect salt and urine samples. A total of 40 pregnant women were investigated in each county (city). All salt samples and urine samples were tested for iodine contents.Results:A total of 2 009 salt samples and 2 041 urine samples (1 375 for children, 666 for pregnant women) were collected from children aged 8 - 10 years old and pregnant women in 16 counties (cities) of Yunnan Province. Among them, the median salt iodine was 26.0 mg/kg, the coverage rate of iodized salt was 100.0% (2 009/2 009), the qualified rate of iodized salt was 98.7% (1 982/2 009), and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 98.7% (1 982/2 009). The difference of salt iodine content in key populations in different counties (cities) was statistically significant ( H = 258.98, P < 0.01). The median urinary iodine of children aged 8 - 10 years old was 188.5 μg/L. There was statistically significant difference in urinary iodine content among children of different ages ( H = 29.45, P < 0.01), but there was no statistically significant difference in urinary iodine content among children of different genders ( H = 1.43, P > 0.05). In addition, the median urinary iodine of pregnant women was 141.9 μg/L, 52.1% (347/666) was < 150 μg/L. There was statistically significant difference in urinary iodine content of pregnant women in different counties (cities, H = 88.32, P < 0.01). Conclusions:The qualified rate of iodized salt, the coverage rate of iodized salt and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt in key populations of Yunnan Province are more than 90%, and the iodized salt supply is good. Iodine nutrition of children aged 8 - 10 years old is at an appropriate level (100 - 199 μg/L); iodine nutrition of pregnant women is in an state of iodine deficiency ( < 150 μg/L). It is suggested to strengthen IDD monitoring and health education among key populations, improve residents' awareness of disease prevention, and make scientific iodine supplementation.

Objective:To explore the effect of visual processing patterns on emotional face processing in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).Methods:From June 2020 to August 2021, twenty-two AD patients (AD group) who met the conditions of this study were selected from the memory impairment clinic of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and demographically matched twenty-one elderly healthy people (control group) were selected from the patients' family members and community residents. The two groups of subjects performed emotional face visual scanning and facial recognition experiments after completing the evaluation of the cognitive scale and eye movement data were recorded in the emotional face visual scanning task. Statistical analysis of the obtained results was performed using SPSS 23.0 Windows version software. The data that conformed to the normal distribution were tested by independent samples t-test and variance analysis, and the data that did not conform to the normal distribution were tested by nonparametric test. Results:(1)In the emotional face recognition task, the total accuracy of facial emotion recognition of AD patients(0.52(0.42, 0.59)) was lower than that of the normal control group(0.67(0.64, 0.69)), and the difference was statistically significant( Z=-4.023, P<0.01), which was mainly manifested in recognizing complex facial emotion. (2) In the emotional face visual processing task, the saccade count ((1.96±0.97), (2.50±0.44)), fixation count ((3.93±2.58), (6.37±2.08))and fixation time ((1 205.89±727.32)s, (1 761.38±525.54)s)of AD patients were lower than those of the control group( t=-2.314, -3.402, -2.880, all P<0.05), and the surrounding facial fixation time (384.95 (276.51, 587.78)s, 276.06 (190.03, 384.55)s) was higher than that of the control group( Z=-2.478, P=0.013). Patients with AD had a lower fixation count than that in the control group on the eye area of surprise ((3.76±2.90), (6.25±2.19)), anger ((4.48±2.72), (7.06±2.55)) and disgust ((4.10±2.45), (6.67±2.45)), and the differences were statistically significant ( t=-3.164, -3.207, -3.436, all P<0.05). Patients with AD had a lower fixation time than those of the control group on the eye area of surprise ((1 150.26±753.22)s, (1 779.91±551.66)s), angry ((1 430.85±869.52)s, (1 944.51±612.63)s) and disgust ((1 266.14±765.67)s, (1 898.33±676.02)s), and the differences were statistically significant ( t=-3.115, -2.247, -2.865, all P<0.05). (3) Spearman correlation analysis showed that the accuracy of overall emotional face recognition was positively correlated with the fixation time in the eye area in AD patients ( r=0.429, P<0.05). Conclusion:The impaired visual processing of AD patients causes emotional face recognition disorders. Therefore, AD patients have different visual processing patterns in emotional face processing than age-matched normal controls, mainly manifested as the decreased fixation on the eye area.

Objective:To explore whether sleep quality suffers in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease(AD)and mild cognitive impairment(MCI), and to further investigate the correlation between sleep disorders and cognitive function in these patients.Methods:In this study, 30 mild AD patients, 39 MCI patients and 43 demographically matched healthy controls were enrolled.Sleep quality was assessed by the Pittsburgh sleep quality index(PSQI), and cognitive function was assessed by the mini-mental state examination(MMSE), the Montreal cognitive assessment(MoCA)and a set of neuropsychological scales.The correlation of sleep quality with cognitive function was analyzed for the three groups.Results:Differences were significant in sleep time score[0.0(1.0), 1.0(2.0) vs.1.0(1.0), F=8.18, P=0.02]and daytime function score[1.0(1.0), 1.0(1.0) vs.0.0(1.0), F=8.73, P=0.01]between mild AD, MCI and health control groups.Spearman correlation analysis suggested that scores of sleep disorders were negatively correlated with DSB( r=-0.43, P=0.02)and scores of daytime function were positively correlated with ADL( r=0.39, P=0.03)in patients with mild AD.In addition, scores of sleep quality were negatively correlated with the DSB score( r=-0.40, P=0.01), scores of sleep disorders were positively correlated with ADL( r=0.45, P<0.01), scores of daytime function were negatively correlated with DSF( r=-0.42, P=0.01), DSB( r=-0.62, P<0.01)and VFT-S( r=-0.33, P=0.04), and the total PSQI score was negatively correlated with DSF( r=-0.45, P=0.01)and DSB( r=-0.44, P=0.01)in the MCI group. Conclusions:Patients with mild AD and MCI have longer sleep time and impaired daytime function than healthy people, and sleep quality is correlated with memory, attention and daily living ability in patients with mild AD and MCI.

Objective To explore whether the ability of intertemporal choice is impaired in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Methods Twenty-seven patients with mild cognitive impairment and thirty-five healthy controls were recruited in this study. All subjects completed the " delay-discounting" task and the delayed discount rate (K value) was used to evaluate the patients' decision-making ability. Results (1) The delay discount rate(median=0. 0256,P25=0. 016,P75=0. 100) in mild cognitive impairment patients was higher than that of healthy cotrols(median =0. 006,P25=0. 0025,P75=0. 016). There was significant difference in K-value between the two groups ( Z=-2. 988,P<0. 01). ( 2) Spearman correlation analysis showed that the significant negatively correlation between K-value and digital span forward test (r=-0. 389, P=0. 045) in mild cognitive impairment group. Conclusion The ability of intertemporal choices is impaired in patients with mild cognitive impairment and negatively correlated with attention function.

Objective To investigate the role of three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction based parameters of hematoma cavity and encephalocoele in predicting hematoma expansion and hospitalized poor outcome in patients with primary brainstem hemorrhage (PBH). Methods Thirty-two PBH patients met research criterion were enrolled from intensive care unit (ICU) between June 2015 and December 2017. Baseline clinical characteristics, CT images on admission and within 48 h of admission were collected. The 3D reconstruction of hematoma cavity and encephalocoele based on CT images was performed by Mimics10.0, and quantity of triangles per square milimet surface (TQOT/mm2), and hematoma volume (HV) and encephalocoele volume (EV) were obtained. All patients were divided into hematoma expansion group and non-hematoma expansion group according to whether hematoma expansion appeared (hematoma expanded>33％ within 48 h of admission as compared with that on admission), and hospitalized poor outcome group and hospitalized non-poor outcome group according to whether hospitalized poor outcome appeared (modified Rankin scale scores>4 at discharge or hospitalized deaths), respectively. The risk factors of hematoma expansion were investigated by multivariable Logistic regression analysis. Multivariable Cox hazard regression was used to analyze the risk factors of poor outcome; Kaplain-Meier survival curve analysis and Log-rank test were used to compare the differences in survival curves between independent risk factors screened by Cox regression analysis. Results There were 11 patients (34.4％) with hematoma expansion and 14 (43.8％) with ventriculomegaly in 32 patients; in these 11 patients with hematoma expansion, 8 had ventriculomegaly, and the two had positive correlation (rp=0.423, P=0.016). Fifteen patients (46.9％) had poor outcome, in which 11 (34.4％) died in hospital; 5 had hematoma expansion and 8 had ventriculomegaly. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that baseline lactate >2.0 mmol/L (OR=11.986, 95％CI: 1.084-132.552, P=0.043) and TQOT/mm2>2 (OR=10.223, 95％CI: 1.424-73.396, P=0.021) were independent risk factors of hematoma expansion. Baseline HV (HR=1.102, 95％ CI: 1.020-1.143, P=0.002) and EV (HR=3.485, 95％ CI:1.071-11.463, P=0.040) were risk factors of hospitalized poor outcome identified by multivariable Cox analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the hospitalization days of hospitalized poor outcome were (74.0±10.6) d and (25.5±7.0) d between patients have hematoma expansion Cut-off value of 7 mL, with significant difference (Log-rank: χ2=11.832, P=0.001), and the hospitalization days of hospitalized poor outcome in patients with and without ventriculomegaly were (68.1±9.0) d and (29.9± 8.8) d, respectively, with significant difference (Log-rank: χ2=7.483, P=0.006). Conclusions There is correlation between hematoma expansion and ventriculomegaly; patients with TQOT/mm2>2 might have high risk of hematoma expansion; patients with baseline HV>7 mL and ventriculomegaly would sooner have hospitalized poor outcome.

Objective To investigate the impairment of intertemporal choices in adolescents with positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms.Methods 30 adolescent schizophrenia patients with positive symptoms (positive symptoms group),30 adolescent schizophrenia patients with negative symptoms (negative symptoms group)and 30 healthy controls were selected.All the subjects were investigated with intertemporalchoice Test.Results (1) Under now conditions ((37.22±30.92)％,(19.67±16.35)％,P＜0.05)),notnow conditions ((35.74±31.69)％,(19.33± 18.07)％,P＜0.05)) and overall condition ((36.48±30.44) ％,(19.50± 13.82)％,P＜0.05)),the ratio of later-large (LL) choice in negative symptoms group were significantly higher than those in the healthy controls.Under now conditions ((37.22±30.92) ％,(20.37±22.33) ％,P＜0.05)),not-now conditions ((35.74± 31.69) ％,(22.04±22.05) ％,P＜ 0.05)) and overall condition ((36.48±30.44) ％,(21.20±21.57) ％,P＜0.05)),the ratio of LL choice in negative symptoms group were significantly higher than those in positive symptoms group.There were no differences in the ratio of LL choice between positive symptoms group and healthy controls (P＞ 0.05).(2)Pearson correlation analysis showed that the Vocabulary Fluency Test of negative symptoms group was positively correlated with LL selection ratio under now conditions (r=0.411,P=0.024).Conclusion The ability of intertemporal choices in adolescents schizophrenia patients with negative symptoms is impaired remarkably,while this kind of ability is impaired unremarkable in adolescence with negative symptoms.The ability of intertemporal choices in adolescents schizophrenic patients with negative symptoms is correlated with cognitive executive function.

Objective To explore the decision-making impulsivity in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy.Methods 39 patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy and 40 healthy controls completed delay discounting task.The participants were demanded to make a series of choices between two different rewards after a delayed period (a smaller sooner reward or a larger longer reward).Results The delay discount rate k was transformed to common logarithm lg (k),and lg (k)=-1.75±0.86 in IGE group was more larger than that in HC group lg (k)=-2.21±0.72(t=2.58,P=0.01).IGE group performed worse than HC group in verbal fluency test-semantic (M (P25,P75):16.00 (14.00,19.00) vs 18.00 (16.00,22.75),Z =-2.86,P＜0.01),verbal fluency test-voice (M (P25,P75):4.00 (3.00,6.00) vs 7.00 (6.00,10.00),Z =-4.26,P＜0.01) and digital span backward test (M(P25,P75):5.00(5.00,7.00) vs 6.00 (5.00,8.00),Z=-2.48,P=0.01).In addition,lg (k) had significant correlation with verbal fluency test-semantic (r=0.32,P=0.048).Conclusion IGE group prefer immediate rewards and show more impulsive than HC group in delay discounting task.IGE group has cognitive deficit in frontal lobe language function and attention function.In addition,impulsivity is correlated with frontal lobe function.

Objective To investigate the capability of empathy for pain in migraineurs without aura.Methods Thirty migraineurs without aura and thirty matched healthy controls were recruited.Picturecued Empathy for pain paradigm was used to compare the capability of empathy in the migraine group with that in the control group.Results Compared with the control group,the migraine group had diminished ability to discriminate painful from nonpainful pictures,and the discrimination accuracy was significantly reduced ((2.55±0.61) vs (2.88±0.38);t=-2.505,P=0.01).In the task laterality,there was no difference in discrimination accuracy between two groups(P＞0.05).The rating scores of patients were evidently smaller than those of control group ((3.01±0.52) vs (3.37±0.47);t=-2.827,P=0.006).Pearson correlation analysis showed that the age of migraineurs was negatively correlated with the discrimination accuracy(r=-0.393,P =0.031),and there was no correlation between migraineurs' educational years,disease course,severity,Mini-mental State Examination,Hamilton Anxiety Scale,Hamilton Depression Scale,Verbal Fluency Test,Stroop Test and the idex of empathy for pain (all P＞0.05).Conclusion Migraineurs without aura have deficiency in the capability of empathy for pain.