The Mofeng Ointment Formulation （MOF， 摩风膏方） is recorded in the Dunhuang manuscript Unnamed Treatise on the Pulse （《亡名氏脉经》） and stands as a representative ancient external therapeutic formula in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. Known for dispelling wind， activating blood circulation， warming the meridians， and relieving pain， it is particularly effective in treating rheumatic arthralgia. Through literature research， this paper systematically reviews the composition， preparation techniques， and clinical application characteristics of MOF. In recent years， advancements in modern pharmaceutical technology have led to the development of various innovative ointment-based formulations derived from the traditional recipe， such as Dunhuang Xiaoding Ointment （敦煌消定膏）， Dunhuang Xiaozhong and Zhentong Ointment （Patch） （敦煌消肿镇痛膏/贴）， Xiaoding Ointment （消定膏） gel patch， and Xiaoding Ointment （消定膏） cataplasm. These innovations explore pathways for transforming classical prescriptions into modern applications， providing a theoretical basis for the external TCM treatment of pain-related and orthopedic conditions.

In recent years， the research data on the combination model of insomnia of liver depression and qi stagnation syndrome in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） were sorted out and summarized in terms of the selection of experimental animals， modelling methods， and model evaluation， with a view to providing references for the standardized preparation of the experimental model of insomnia of liver depression and qi stagnation syndrome and the study of the intervention mechanism. As for the selection of experimental animals， rats and mice are commonly used for the study of sleep patterns in the insomnia model of liver depression and qi stagnation syndrome because their sleep patterns are similar to those of human beings； zebrafish is suitable for the study of sleep patterns in early development because of its high genetic homology； and rhesus macaques， common marmosets， and crab-eating monkeys are used for the study of highly complex sleep disorders because their physiological and behavioural characteristics are closer to those of human beings. In terms of modelling methods， electrical stimulation， chronic restraint， chronic emotional stress and impact psychological stress each have their own characteristics and application scenarios， while chronic tail-clamping stimulation combined with intraperitoneal injection of p-chlorophenylalanine （PCPA） combines physical and chemical stimuli， in order to simulate the complex mechanism of insomnia in human beings， and to more comprehensively simulate the pathology of insomnia with liver depression and qi stagnation syndrome. In terms of evaluation indexes， electroencephalography （EEG） and electromyography （EMG） monitoring and barbiturate synergistic sleep test are the most commonly used and scientific methods for evaluating insomnia animal models with liver depression and qi stagnation syndrome， which can provide intuitive and continuous sleep state monitoring； barbiturate synergistic sleep test can reflect the sensitivity and responsiveness of the model animals to the sleep-regulating medications； and the introduction of the method of using formulas to measure syndromes for the evaluating the model can combine the treatment and diagnostic principles of TCM with modern scientific research.

Objective To observe the effects of line-needling method combined with distal acupoint selection on the temperature of waist and lower limb circulation in patients with Taiyang meridian type lumbar disc herniation(LDH)using infrared thermal imaging.Methods A total of 54 subjects were included,including 34 patients with Taiyang meridian type LDH and 20 healthy subjects.The patients were treated with lumbar line-needling method and distal acupuncture,leaving the needle for 30 min,once every other day,3 times a week for 4 weeks.Healthy subjects were not treated.The infrared thermal imaging of the waist and lower limbs of healthy subjects and patients before and after treatment was collected,and 4 areas(affected lumbar muscle area,thigh posterior side,popliteal cavity and calf posterior side)through which the meridians ran were selected to measure and record the body surface temperature.The difference of circulating temperature between healthy subjects and patients before and after treatment was compared and analyzed.The simplified McGill Pain Scale(SF-MPQ)score and Oswestry Disability Index(ODI)score were compared before and after treatment,and the clinical efficacy was evaluated.Results LDH patients with Taiyang meridian type had abnormal temperature along the meridian in the waist and lower limbs.Compared with healthy subjects,abnormal low-temperature areas could be seen in the meridian areas of the waist and lower limbs(P<0.05).After treatment,the temperature in the meridian area increased,and the SF-MPQ score and ODI score significantly decreased(P<0.05),with a total effective rate of 97.06%(33/34).Conclusion The combination of line-needling method and distal acupoint selection can significantly improve the clinical symptoms of LDH patients with Taiyang meridian type,and has a significant adjustment effect on the changes of lumbar and lower limb meridian temperature.

Synapse is the key part of information transmission between neurons,which has certain plasticity.Glutamate receptor plays an important role in the synaptic plasticity of the central nervous system,and acupuncture can regulate the glutamate receptor to normal under pathological conditions,and its research is also deepening.This paper summarizes the recent research literature on the effects of two types of glutamate receptors,ionic glutamate receptor and metabotropic glutamate receptor,on synaptic plasticity,as well as acupuncture regulating the expression of ionic glutamate receptor and metabotropic glutamate receptor,in order to provide a theoretical basis for acupuncture regulating synaptic plasticity based on glutamate receptor expression,and provide reference for subsequent research.

Objective:To observe the effect of pecking moxibustion on the pattern characteristics of redness,swelling,heat,and pain in the affected joints,also the synovial cell ultrastructure in rats with rheumatoid arthritis(RA)due to damp heat affecting bones/joints,and to explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of pecking moxibustion in treating the early stage of RA. Methods:Eighteen rats were randomly selected from 78 female ones as the blank group,and all the other rats were subjected to preparing the"differentiation of disease and pattern"RA model due to damp heat affecting bones/joints by using the method of"collagen-induced arthritis plus windy,damp,and hot environment stimulation".Fifty-four rats with successful modeling were randomly divided into a model group,a drug group,and a pecking moxibustion group,with 18 rats in each group.Rats in the drug group were given methotrexate at a dose of 1 mg/(kg·bw)on the 1st,8th,and 15th days.Rats in the pecking moxibustion group were treated with pecking moxibustion at Quchi(LI11),Dazhui(GV14),and Ashi points,and each point was treated with moxibustion for 15 min every day and a total of 3 courses of treatment,with 6 d as a course of treatment.After treatment,the capillary permeability,joint swelling,joint surface temperature,and plantar thermal pain threshold of the diseased joints in rats were observed,and the ultrastructural changes of synovial cells were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Results:The local swelling,surface temperature,and Evans blue(EB)leakage volume were significantly higher(P<0.05),the thermal pain threshold was significantly lower(P<0.05),and the synovial cell ultrastructure was obviously damaged in the affected joints in the model group compared with the blank group.The swelling degree,surface temperature,and EB leakage volume were significantly reduced(P<0.05),the thermal pain threshold was significantly increased(P<0.05),and the ultrastructural abnormalities of synovial cells were significantly improved in the diseased joints in the drug group and the pecking moxibustion group compared with the model group.The thermal pain threshold of rats in the pecking moxibustion group was significantly improved compared with the drug group(P<0.05). Conclusion:Pecking moxibustion obviously improves the pattern characteristics of local redness,swelling,heat,and pain in the diseased joints of rats with RA due to damp heat affecting bones/joints and effectively repairs the ultrastructure of the damaged synovium.It suggests that the pecking moxibustion intervention has a significant anti-inflammatory effect on early RA.

Alzheimer' disease(AD)is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory impairment and multiple cognitive deterioration.Acupuncture intervention in AD has potential efficacy,but the mechanism of onset is not clear.Blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging(BOLD-fMRI)has the unique advantages of accurately locating abnormal AD brain areas and monitoring and analyzing functional activities,providing technical support for the study of AD brain effects.It have found that abnormal changes in functional activity in response to brain regions and brain networks are closely related to the development of AD.Previous studies have shown that acupuncture can exert therapeutic effects by improving the functional impairment of multiple cognitive-related brain regions and brain networks in AD,which may be the mechanism of brain function in AD.Based on BOLD-fMRI technology,this paper elaborates on three aspects:commonly used data analysis methods of AD,the brain function mechanism of AD pathogenesis,and the brain effect study of acupuncture intervention in AD.In order to provide a reference for further exploring the brain effect of acupuncture intervention in AD.

Acupuncture is effective in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD),and can effectively improve patients'anxiety and fear.The mechanism of acupuncture intervention in PTSD has been widely concerned and made some progress.This paper combs and analyzes the relevant data on the neurobiological mechanism of acupuncture intervention on fear memory in PTSD in recent years,and finds that the mechanism of acupuncture intervention in PTSD is closely related to repairing structural damage in key brain regions of fear memory,regulating abnormal brain network connections,inhibiting stress-induced neuroinflammatory response,and regulating the expression of neuronal plasticity molecules and neural signal transduction molecules.This provides a data basis for further research and application of the biological mechanism of acupuncture intervention on PTSD.

ObjectiveTo explore the efficacy of acupuncture intervention for children with monocular refractive-parallax amblyopia and the possible mechanisms of brain function based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance （rs-fMRI）. MethodsSeventy-six children with anisometropic amblyopia were randomly divided into routine treatment group （38 cases） and acupuncture treatment group （38 cases）. In the conventional group， the children were given three regular treatments of red flash， grating and visual stimulation for 5 mins each time； in the acupuncture group， on the basis of the conventional treatment， the children were given acupuncture for 20 mins each time on bilateral Jingming （BL 1）， Cuanzhu （BL 2）， Guangming （GB 37） and Fengchi （GB 20）； the children in both groups were treated once every other day and three times a week for 4 weeks. The corrected visual acuity was compared between groups before and after treatment. Fifteen children with left-sided refractive amblyopia were randomly selected from each of the above two groups and underwent brain rs-fMRI scans before and after treatment， and 10 healthy children with normal visual acuity of the matched gender and age were included in the normal group and underwent brain rs-fMRI scans. Based on the activation likelihood estimation （ALE） method， we constructed the what visual pathway network， and compared and analyzed the spherical regions of interest （ROIs） of the children with normal children， and both groups of children with differences in functional connectivity （FC values） within the what pathway in the brain before and after treatment. ResultsTwo cases dropout in the acupuncture group， and finally 36 cases in the acupuncture group and 38 cases in the conventional group were included in the analysis. Compared with before treatment， the best corrected visual acuity of amblyopia in both groups was significantly improved after treatment （P＜0.05）， and the improvement of vision in the acupuncture group was significantly better than that in the conventional group （P＜0.05）. The results of rs-fMRI showed that the FC values of the primary optic cortex and the right fusiform gyrus， the left lingual gyrus and the right fusiform gyrus， and the right infraoccipital gyrus and the right middle temporal gyrus were significantly elevated in the brain of the refractive amblyopia children with the whitepathic amblyopia， compared with that of the normal children （P＜0.05）. The FC values of the left lingual gyrus， the right suboccipital gyrus with the right fusiform gyrus， the left lingual gyrus with the right middle temporal gyrus， the right and left lateral middle occipital gyrus， and the right and left lateral middle occipital gyrus with the right suboccipital gyrus were significantly （P＜0.05） lower in the conventional group compared with those in the conventional group before treatment. Compared with that before acupuncture treatment， the FC values of the right lingual gyrus and the right fusiform gyrus， the primary visual cortex and the right middle temporal gyrus increased significantly after acupuncture treatment （P＜0.05）， and the FC values of the left inferior occipital gyrus and the right middle temporal gyrus， the FC values of the left lingual gyrus and the right middle occipital gyrus decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. Compared between groups after treatment， the FC between the left suboccipital gyrus and the right fusiform gyrus in the acupuncture group was significantly higher than that in the conventional group （P＜0.05）， and the FC between the left middle occipital gyrus and the right and left suboccipital gyrus was significantly lower than that in the conventional group （P＜0.05）. ConclusionAcupuncture can significantly improve the corrected vision of anisometropic amblyopic children， and its effect mechanism may focus on regulating the occipito-temporal interlobular functional connectivity within the what pathway， thus improving the children's visual function of shape and color vision and visual learning and memory ability.

Depressive disorder seriously affects people's physical and mental health.Acupuncture is a safe and effective treatment for depression,yet,its mechanism is unclear.Therefore,acupuncture's action mechanism in intervening depression was summarized from several perspectives,including morphology and ultrastructure of neurons in depression-related brain areas,function and structure of glial cells,brain functional and structural connectivity,and neuroelectrophysiology.It's discovered that acupuncture can repair the morphological and ultrastructural damage of neurons in the hippocampus and prefrontal lobe,mitigate the functional and structural injuries of glial cells in the hippocampus and prefrontal lobe,strengthen functional connectivity and heal structural connection,and promote neuroelectrophysiological activities,which possibly are the principal mechanisms of how acupuncture works in intervening depressive disorder.

Objective:To observe the effects of liver-soothing spirit-regulating acupuncture on the behaviors and expression levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A(5-HT1AR)and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A(5-HT2AR)in the hippocampus of insomnia rats due to liver Qi stagnation. Methods:Ten of the 70 Wistar rats were randomly selected as the blank group,and the remaining rats were subjected to preparing the insomnia model due to liver Qi stagnation by the chronic tail clamping stimulation combined with intraperitoneal injection of para-chlorophenyl alanine.Fifty successful model rats were randomly divided into a model group,a grasp group,a Western medicine group,an acupuncture group,and a sham acupuncture group,with 10 rats in each group.Rats in the grasp group were grabbed in the same way as those in the acupuncture group.Rats in the Western medicine group were given estazolam solution by intragastric administration.Rats in the acupuncture group received liver-soothing spirit-regulating acupuncture at Baihui(GV20),Neiguan(PC6),Shenmen(HT7),and Taichong(LR3);rats in the sham acupuncture group received acupuncture at 4 non-meridian non-point spots.All groups were treated once a day for 7 d.Pentobarbital sleep test was used to evaluate the sleep latency(SL)and sleep time(ST)of rats in each group after 7 d of intervention;the proportion of the number of entry into the open arms(OE％)and the proportion of the residence time in the open arms(OT％)were monitored by elevated plus maze test(EPMT);the open field test(OFT)was used to monitor the numbers of standing upright,horizontal cross-grid,and fecal grains in rats.The expression levels of 5-HT1AR and 5-HT2AR in rat hippocampus were detected by Western blotting. Results:The body mass gain,ST,OE％,OT％,upright standing times,horizontal cross-grid times,and the 5-HT1AR expression level in the hippocampus were significantly decreased(P<0.01),while the SL and 5-HT2AR expression level in the hippocampus were significantly increased(P<0.01)in the model group compared with the blank group.After intervention,the body mass,ST,OT％,OE％,upright standing times,horizontal cross-grid times,and hippocampal 5-HT1AR expression level were significantly increased(P<0.01 or P<0.05),while the SL and hippocampal 5-HT2AR expression level were significantly decreased(P<0.01 or P<0.05)in the acupuncture group and the Western medicine group compared with the grasp group.Compared with the Western medicine group,OT％,SL,and hippocampal 5-HT1AR expression level were significantly increased in the acupuncture group(P<0.05).The body mass,OT％,OE％,ST,upright standing times,horizontal cross-grid times,and the 5-HT1AR expression level in the hippocampus were significantly increased(P<0.01),while the SL and 5-HT2AR expression level in the hippocampus were significantly decreased(P<0.01)in the acupuncture group compared with the sham acupuncture group. Conclusion:Liver-soothing spirit-regulating acupuncture can not only improve sleep but also improve the abnormal behaviors and mood of insomnia rats due to liver Qi stagnation,and the improvement effect on abnormal mood is better than that of Western medicine.The mechanism may be related to the regulation of 5-HT1AR and 5-HT2AR