Objective: 18F-N-(2-(Diethylamino)ethyl)-5-(2-(2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy) picolinamide ( 18F-PFPN) is a novel positron emission tomography (PET) probe designed to specifically targets melanin. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic feasibility of 18F-PFPN in patients with ocular or orbital melanoma. Materials and Methods: Three patients with pathologically confirmed ocular or orbital melanoma (one male, two females; age 41–59 years) were retrospectively reviewed. Each patient underwent comprehensive 18F-PFPN and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ( 18F-FDG) PET scans. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUV max) of the lesion and the interference caused by background tissue were compared between 18F-PFPN and 18F-FDG PET imaging. In addition, the effect of intrinsic pigments in the uvea and retina on the interpretation of the results was examined. The contralateral non-tumorous eye of each patient served as a control. Results: All primary tumors (3/3) were detected using 18F-PFPN PET, while only two primary tumors were detected using 18F-FDG PET. Within each lesion, the SUV max of 18F-PFPN was 2.6 to 8.3 times higher than that of 18F-FDG. Regarding the quality of PET imaging, the physiological uptake of 18F-FDG PET in the brain and periocular tissues limited the imaging of tumors. However, 18F-PFPN PET minimized this interference. Notably, intrinsic pigments in the uvea and retina did not cause abnormal concentrations of 18F-PFPN, as no anomalous uptake of 18F-PFPN was detected in the healthy contralateral eyes. Conclusion Compared to 18F-FDG, 18F-PFPN demonstrated higher detection rates for ocular and orbital melanomas with minimal interference from surrounding tissues. This suggests that 18F-PFPN could be a promising clinical diagnostic tool for distinguishing malignant melanoma from benign pigmentation in ocular and orbital melanomas.

A 3-year-old male patient was diagnosed with neurofibromatosis type 1(NF1) for two years. The patient has multiple neurofibromas in retroperitoneum, lumbococcygeal paravertebral, lumbosacral spinal canal, and foramina. Due to retroperitoneal mass compression, the child suffered from urological complications such as hydronephrosis, ureterdilation, neurogenic bladder, etc., which seriously affected the urination function and resulted in multiple surgical treatments. Currently, the patient has been treated with mitogen activates extracelluar signal-regulated kinases(MEK) inhibitor selumetinib targeted therapy, and has voluntarily urinated, and his general state is better than before medication. The diagnosis and treatment of this case reflects the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration in the diagnosis and treatment of rare diseases.

Objective:To investigate the effect of different spray-coagulation time of argon plasma coagulation (APC) injury on the Glisson system primary branche(G1) in the hepatic portal of pigs.Methods:Fifty clean healthy domestic pigs (27 females and 23 males, aged 7 to 14 months) were selected, with the body weighted (100.0±9.5) kg. They were randomly divided into five groups (A, B, C, D, and E), with 10 pigs in each group. G1 models were made and sprayed by APC for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 seconds. The damage, maximum damage area, maximum damage depth, and damage of the three branches of the Glisson system (the first branches of the portal vein, intrahepatic bile duct, and hepatic artery) were compared among the groups. The pigs were divided into two groups based on whether the three branches were damaged or not: the three-branch damage group ( n=23) and the control group ( n=27). The maximum damage area and maximum damage depth were compared between the two groups. Results:After the APC spraying, circular or elliptical damage appeared on the surface of the G1, with changes such as yellow-brown color, brown color, charred appearance, and defects. Under the microscope, G1 capsule was found to be deficient, the fibrous tissue beneath the capsule was ruptured, and the structures of small blood vessels and small bile ducts were incomplete. " Burn marks" and damage to the three branches of the Glisson system in G1 were also observed, and the damage was more severe at the center of the spray-coagulation. As the spray-coagulation time increased, the maximum damage area of the G1 model also increased, and the two were positively correlated ( r=0.90, P<0.001). The maximum damage depth was also positively correlated with spray-coagulation time ( r=0.97, P<0.001). The numbers of pigs with damage to the three branches of the Glisson system in Groups A-E were 0, 2, 5, 6, and 10, respectively, and the number of pigs with damage increased with the spray-coagulation time. In the three-branch damage group, the spray-coagulation time, maximum damage area, and maximum damage depth were all higher than those in the control group (without three-branch damage), and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Conclusion:The degree of damage to G1 caused by APC is positively correlated with the spray-coagulation time, and damage to the three branches of the Glisson system in G1 is related to the maximum damage area, maximum damage depth, and APC spray-coagulation time.

Objective:To explore the independent influencing factors of Gleason group upgrading (GGU)after radical prostatectomy (RP) of localized prostate cancer based on 2014 International Society of Urologic Pathology (ISUP)grouping system, then establish an effective prediction model.Methods:The study included 48567 patients with localized prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy from the surveillance, epidemiology and end results (SEER) database. The age was (61.1±7.0) years, including 39 014 cases (80.3%), 7 063 cases (14.5%), 2 331 cases (4.8%), and 159 cases (0.3%) of White, Black, Asian or Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native. PSA<4 ng/ml, 4-10 ng/ml, 11-19 ng/ml, ≥20 ng/ml were 6 545 cases (13.5%), 35 007 cases (72.1%), 5 578 cases (11.5%), 1 437 cases (3.0%) respectively. Percent positive cores (PPC)≥33% were 24 743 cases (50.9%). Gleason group of biopsy specimen: G1 18 971cases (39.1%), G2 18 446 cases (38.0%), G3 7 093 cases (14.6%), G4 4 057 cases (8.4%). Simple random sampling was assigned to the cases, divided them into training cohort and internal validation cohort according to the ratio of 7∶3. 67 patients with localized prostate cancer who treated in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University during January 2017 to December 2021 were set as external validation cohort. All these cases were Asian with Chinese nationality, age(66.4±10.3) years. PSA<4 ng/ml, 4-10 ng/ml, 11-19 ng/ml, ≥20 ng/ml were 13 cases (19.4%), 32 cases (47.8%)16 cases (23.9%), 6 cases (9.0%) respectively. PPC≥33% were 38 cases (56.7%). Gleason group of biopsy specimen: G1 18 cases (26.9%), G2 23cases (34.3%), G3 12 cases (17.9%), G4 14 cases (20.9%). The independent predictors of GGU were analyzed by logistic regression analysis, and the nomogram for predicting GGU were established. Then, the performance of nomograms was internally and externally validated via area under curve (AUC) and the calibration curve.Results:There were 8 716 cases (25.6%), 3 677 cases (25.2%) and 24 cases (35.8%) with GGU in the training group, internal validation group and external validation group, respectively. Logistic regression showed Gleason group of biopsy specimen (G2: OR=0.164, P<0.01; G3: OR=0.073, P<0.01; G4: OR=0.087, P<0.01), PSA (4-10 ng/ml: OR=1.550, P<0.01; 11-19 ng/ml: OR=2.084, P<0.01; ≥20 ng/ml: OR=2.664, P<0.01), age (60-69 years: OR=1.292, P<0.01; ≥70 years: OR=1.550, P<0.01), PPC (≥33%: OR=1.334, P<0.01) and race (Asian or Pacific Islander: OR=1.266, P<0.01) were independent influencing factors for GGU. The predicting model, was established according to Gleason group of biopsy specimen, PSA, age and PPC. The AUC of the model in the training cohort, the internal validation cohort and the external validation cohort were 0.759, 0.757 and 0.747 respectively. The calibration curves of the three cohorts were close to the ideal line and showed good consistency. Conclusions:Gleason group of biopsy specimen, PSA, age, PPC and race are independent influencing factors for GGU after RP of localized prostate cancer. G. P.A.P. model can effectively predict the risk of GGU after RP of localized prostate cancer.

Objective:To explore the expression features of cytochrome C oxidase subunit Ⅰ (MT-CO1), BCL2 interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) and interleukin (IL)-1β in the liver of MRL/lpr lupus mice.Methods:The mRNA and protein levels of MT-CO1, BNIP3, IL-1β, p16 and p21 in lupus mice and control mice were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot, the IL-1β expression site were detected by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical method, and themalondialdehyde (MDA) was detected by colorimetry. Hepatocytes and macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while hepatocytes were also cultured with supernatants obtained after macrophages stimulated with LPS, and the mRNA and protein levels of MT-CO1, BNIP3 and LC3B, as well as p16 and p21 expression, were determined by qPCR and Western blot. The expression of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) was detected by immunofluorescence. One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the mean of each group, and LSD method was used to compare the means of multiple samples, and Tamhane's T2 method was used to compare the means of multiple samples when the variance was uniform. Results:The results of PCR showed that the mRNA levels of MT-CO1 and BNIP3 in the liver tissue of the lupus group (0.14±0.04; 0.16±0.05) were significantly lower than those of the control group (0.11±0.04; 0.16±0.06), and the differences were statistically significant ( t=7.16, P<0.001; t=4.54, P<0.001). The expression levels of IL-1β, p16 and p21 in the lupus group (2.06±0.69; 0.37±0.14; 0.16±0.06) were significantly higher than those of the control group (0.23±0.06; 0.25±0.08; 0.11±0.04) ( t=9.58, P<0.001; t=24.35, P<0.001; t=22.36, P<0.001). The results of Western blot were consistent with those of PCR. HE staining showed lymphocyte infiltration in the liver tissue of lupus mice, and immunohistochemistry showed IL-1β in the liver tissue of lupus mice. The positive cells were mainly concentrated in the sinusoids, and the expression of hepatic parenchymal cells was not rearkable. The content of MDA in liver tissue of the lupus group (0.19±0.10) was higher than that of the control group (0.17±0.09), and the difference was statistically significant ( t=4.33, P=0.005). LPS directly stimulated AML12 hepatocytes (0.069±0.028; 0.17±0.07). The PCR results showed that compared with the control group (0.176±0.072; 0.08±0.03), the expression of MT-CO1, and BNIP3 were not significantly different ( t=1.01, P=0.337; t=0.88, P=0.399). The expression of IL-1β was significantly higher when incubated with the supernatants of LPS stimulated macrophages (0.28±0.09) compared than that of the control group (0.15±0.05) ( t=28.26, P<0.001). The results of PCR showed that the mRNA levels of MT-CO1 and BNIP3 in the LPS stimulated group (0.046±0.026; 0.17±0.05) were significantly lower than those in the control group (0.143±0.083; 0.18±0.06), and the differences were statistically significant ( t=7.52, P<0.001; t=4.24, P<0.001), The expression of p16 and p21 in LPS stimulated group (0.29±0.09; 0.27±0.09) were significantly higher than those in the control group (0.18±0.06; 0.22±0.07) ( t=13.54, P<0.001; t=8.69, P<0.001). The results of Western blot were consistent with those of PCR. Immunofluorescence showed that the fluorescence intensity of mtROS in LPS stimulated group (0.25±0.10) was higher than that in the control group (0.08±0.03), and the difference was statistically significant ( t= 4.86, P<0.001). Conclusion:Immune-mediated inflammation in the liver tissue of lupus mice can stimulate liver parenchymal cells to cause intracellular mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the mechanism of liver organ damage in lupus mice is not limited to the immune-mediated inflammation of immune active cells, but also include parenchymal cell mitochondrial dysfunction.

Objective: To investigate the morbidity and treatment of early postoperative complications after laparoscopic D2 radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer, and to explore the risk factors. Methods: A case-control study was performed to retrospectively collect clinicopathological data of 764 patients undergoing laparoscopic D2 radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer at our department between January 2015 and December 2017. Patient inclusion criteria: (1) gastric cancer diagnosed by preoperative electronic gastroscopy and biopsy, and confirmed by postoperative pathology; (2) without invasion into adjacent organs by preoperative evaluation of tumors; (3) tumors without definite liver and distant metastasis; (4) R0 resection of gastric cancer and standard D2 lymph node dissection; (5) patients with informed consent. Exclusion criteria: (1) unperformed laparoscopic D2 radical resection; (2) other types of gastric tumor confirmed by pathology; (3) cases with incomplete clinical data. Complication occurring within two weeks after laparoscopic D2 gastrectomy was defined as early postoperative complication. Patients were divided into two groups: non-complication group (693 cases) and complication group (71 cases) according to the occurrence of complications after operation. The clinicopathological data of two groups were analyzed and compared with t test and χ² test, and the factors of P < 0.2 were included in the multivariate logistic regression model to analyze the risk factors of postoperative complications. Results: Of 764 patients, 71 (9.3%) developed early postoperative complications, with median onset time of 3 (1 to 11) days. Surgical complications accounted for 7.9% (60/764), including 13 cases (1.7%) of abdominal hemorrhage, 12 cases (1.6%) of anastomotic leakage, 10 cases (1.3%) of incision infection, 8 cases (1.0%) of anastomotic bleeding, 7 cases (0.9%) of gastric stump weakness, 4 cases (0.5%) of abdominal infection, 4 cases (0.5%) of duodenal stump leakage and 2 cases (0.3%) of small intestinal obstruction. Non-surgical complications accounted for 1.4% (11/764), including 6 cases (0.8%) of pulmonary infection and 5 cases (0.7%) of cardiovascular disease. Two cases (0.3%) died of sepsis caused by severe abdominal infection; 9 cases (1.2%) recovered after receiving the second operation, among whom 5 cases were abdominal hemorrhage, 2 cases were anastomotic leakage and 2 cases were duodenal stump leakage; the remaining patients were healed with conservative treatment. Compared with patients without complications, patients with complications had higher proportions of BMI ≥24 kg/m² [42.3% (30/71) vs. 24.2%(168/693), χ²=10.881, P=0.001], comorbity [64.8% (46/71) vs. 33.5% (232/693), χ²=27.277, P<0.001], combined organ resection [70.4% (50/71) vs. 20.5% (142/693), χ²=85.338, P<0.001], and pTNM stage of III [70.4% (50/71) vs. 40.1% (278/693), χ²=24.196, P<0.001], meanwhile had longer time to postoperative flatus [(4.2±2.1) days vs. (2.9±1.2) days, t=4.621, P=0.023], longer hospital stay [(34.6±12.6) days vs. (14.2±6.2) days, t=9.862, P<0.001] and higher hospitalization cost [(126.8±64.5) thousand yuan vs. (85.2±35.8) thousand yuan, t=11.235, P<0.001]. Multivariate analysis showed that BMI ≥24 kg/m² (OR=3.762, 95% CI: 1.960-8.783, P=0.035), accompanying disease (OR=8.620, 95% CI: 1.862-29.752, P<0.001), combined organ resection (OR=6.210, 95% CI: 1.357-21.568, P=0.026), and pTNM stage (OR=4.752, 95% CI: 1.214-12.658, P<0.001) were the independent risk factors of postoperative complications. Conclusions Laparoscopic D2 radical gastrectomy is a safe and effective approach for gastric cancer. Most early postoperative complications can obtain satisfactory efficacy after conservative treatment. Perioperative management should be strengthened for those patients with high BMI, accompanying diseases, combined organ resection, and advanced pTNM stage.

Objective To investigate the morbidity and treatment of early postoperative complications after laparoscopic D2 radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer, and to explore the risk factors. Methods A case?control study was performed to retrospectively collect clinicopathological data of 764 patients undergoing laparoscopic D2 radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer at our department between January 2015 and December 2017. Patient inclusion criteria: (1) gastric cancer diagnosed by preoperative electronic gastroscopy and biopsy, and confirmed by postoperative pathology; (2) without invasion into adjacent organs by preoperative evaluation of tumors; (3) tumors without definite liver and distant metastasis; (4) R0 resection of gastric cancer and standard D2 lymph node dissection; (5) patients with informed consent. Exclusion criteria: (1) unperformed laparoscopic D2 radical resection; (2) other types of gastric tumor confirmed by pathology; (3) cases with incomplete clinical data. Complication occurring within two weeks after laparoscopic D2 gastrectomy was defined as early postoperative complication. Patients were divided into two groups: non?complication group (693 cases) and complication group (71 cases) according to the occurrence of complications after operation. The clinicopathological data of two groups were analyzed and compared with t test and χ2 test, and the factors of P < 0.2 were included in the multivariate logistic regression model to analyze the risk factors of postoperative complications. Results Of 764 patients, 71 (9.3%) developed early postoperative complications, with median onset time of 3 (1 to 11) days. Surgical complications accounted for 7.9% (60/764), including 13 cases (1.7%) of abdominal hemorrhage, 12 cases (1.6%) of anastomotic leakage, 10 cases (1.3%) of incision infection, 8 cases (1.0%) of anastomotic bleeding, 7 cases (0.9%) of gastric stump weakness, 4 cases (0.5%) of abdominal infection, 4 cases (0.5%) of duodenal stump leakage and 2 cases (0.3%) of small intestinal obstruction. Non?surgical complications accounted for 1.4% (11/764), including 6 cases (0.8%) of pulmonary infection and 5 cases (0.7%) of cardiovascular disease. Two cases (0.3%) died of sepsis caused by severe abdominal infection; 9 cases (1.2%) recovered after receiving the second operation, among whom 5 cases were abdominal hemorrhage, 2 cases were anastomotic leakage and 2 cases were duodenal stump leakage; the remaining patients were healed with conservative treatment. Compared with patients without complications, patients with complications had higher proportions of BMI ≥24 kg/m2 [42.3% (30/71) vs. 24.2%(168/693), χ2=10.881, P=0.001], comorbity [64.8% (46/71) vs. 33.5% (232/693), χ2=27.277, P<0.001], combined organ resection [70.4% (50/71) vs. 20.5% (142/693), χ2=85.338, P<0.001], and pTNM stage of III [70.4% (50/71) vs. 40.1% (278/693), χ2=24.196, P<0.001], meanwhile had longer time to postoperative flatus [(4.2±2.1) days vs. (2.9±1.2) days, t=4.621, P=0.023], longer hospital stay [(34.6 ± 12.6) days vs. (14.2 ± 6.2) days, t=9.862, P<0.001] and higher hospitalization cost [(126.8±64.5) thousand yuan vs. (85.2±35.8) thousand yuan, t=11.235, P<0.001]. Multivariate analysis showed that BMI ≥24 kg/m2 (OR=3.762, 95% CI: 1.960?8.783, P=0.035), accompanying disease (OR=8.620, 95% CI: 1.862?29.752, P<0.001), combined organ resection (OR=6.210, 95% CI: 1.357?21.568, P=0.026), and pTNM stage (OR=4.752, 95% CI: 1.214?12.658, P<0.001) were the independent risk factors of postoperative complications. Conclusions Laparoscopic D2 radical gastrectomy is a safe and effective approach for gastric cancer. Most early postoperative complications can obtain satisfactory efficacy after conservative treatment. Perioperative management should be strengthened for those patients with high BMI, accompanying diseases, combined organ resection, and advanced pTNM stage.

Objective To investigate the morbidity and treatment of early postoperative complications after laparoscopic D2 radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer, and to explore the risk factors. Methods A case?control study was performed to retrospectively collect clinicopathological data of 764 patients undergoing laparoscopic D2 radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer at our department between January 2015 and December 2017. Patient inclusion criteria: (1) gastric cancer diagnosed by preoperative electronic gastroscopy and biopsy, and confirmed by postoperative pathology; (2) without invasion into adjacent organs by preoperative evaluation of tumors; (3) tumors without definite liver and distant metastasis; (4) R0 resection of gastric cancer and standard D2 lymph node dissection; (5) patients with informed consent. Exclusion criteria: (1) unperformed laparoscopic D2 radical resection; (2) other types of gastric tumor confirmed by pathology; (3) cases with incomplete clinical data. Complication occurring within two weeks after laparoscopic D2 gastrectomy was defined as early postoperative complication. Patients were divided into two groups: non?complication group (693 cases) and complication group (71 cases) according to the occurrence of complications after operation. The clinicopathological data of two groups were analyzed and compared with t test and χ2 test, and the factors of P < 0.2 were included in the multivariate logistic regression model to analyze the risk factors of postoperative complications. Results Of 764 patients, 71 (9.3%) developed early postoperative complications, with median onset time of 3 (1 to 11) days. Surgical complications accounted for 7.9% (60/764), including 13 cases (1.7%) of abdominal hemorrhage, 12 cases (1.6%) of anastomotic leakage, 10 cases (1.3%) of incision infection, 8 cases (1.0%) of anastomotic bleeding, 7 cases (0.9%) of gastric stump weakness, 4 cases (0.5%) of abdominal infection, 4 cases (0.5%) of duodenal stump leakage and 2 cases (0.3%) of small intestinal obstruction. Non?surgical complications accounted for 1.4% (11/764), including 6 cases (0.8%) of pulmonary infection and 5 cases (0.7%) of cardiovascular disease. Two cases (0.3%) died of sepsis caused by severe abdominal infection; 9 cases (1.2%) recovered after receiving the second operation, among whom 5 cases were abdominal hemorrhage, 2 cases were anastomotic leakage and 2 cases were duodenal stump leakage; the remaining patients were healed with conservative treatment. Compared with patients without complications, patients with complications had higher proportions of BMI ≥24 kg/m2 [42.3% (30/71) vs. 24.2%(168/693), χ2=10.881, P=0.001], comorbity [64.8% (46/71) vs. 33.5% (232/693), χ2=27.277, P<0.001], combined organ resection [70.4% (50/71) vs. 20.5% (142/693), χ2=85.338, P<0.001], and pTNM stage of III [70.4% (50/71) vs. 40.1% (278/693), χ2=24.196, P<0.001], meanwhile had longer time to postoperative flatus [(4.2±2.1) days vs. (2.9±1.2) days, t=4.621, P=0.023], longer hospital stay [(34.6 ± 12.6) days vs. (14.2 ± 6.2) days, t=9.862, P<0.001] and higher hospitalization cost [(126.8±64.5) thousand yuan vs. (85.2±35.8) thousand yuan, t=11.235, P<0.001]. Multivariate analysis showed that BMI ≥24 kg/m2 (OR=3.762, 95% CI: 1.960?8.783, P=0.035), accompanying disease (OR=8.620, 95% CI: 1.862?29.752, P<0.001), combined organ resection (OR=6.210, 95% CI: 1.357?21.568, P=0.026), and pTNM stage (OR=4.752, 95% CI: 1.214?12.658, P<0.001) were the independent risk factors of postoperative complications. Conclusions Laparoscopic D2 radical gastrectomy is a safe and effective approach for gastric cancer. Most early postoperative complications can obtain satisfactory efficacy after conservative treatment. Perioperative management should be strengthened for those patients with high BMI, accompanying diseases, combined organ resection, and advanced pTNM stage.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy, safety and risk factors of endoscopic treatment for patients with early gastric cancer. Methods A retrospective study was conducted in a single center and data was collected from 186 early gastric cancers in 168 pathologically confirmed patients who received endoscopic treatment in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2006 to December 2015. The cases were divided into different groups according to indications of endoscopic treatment. The curative resection rate and complication rate were analyzed. Post-resection outcomes were evaluated by long-term surveillance. Results The curative resection rate was 86. 9%( 73/84) in the group with absolute indications, 61. 7%(50/81)in the group with expanded indications, and 33. 3%(7/21) in the group beyond indications (P＜0. 01). Multivariate analysis revealed that the significant independent predictors for curative resection included lower third location of stomach, no ulceration,≤2 cm at diameter, no adhesion, and well-differentiation in histopathology. In the expanded indications group, discordance of differentiation type and deeper invasion mainly resulted in non-curative resection in en bloc lesions. The rate of bleeding and perforation was 4. 8%( 9/186) and 3. 8%( 7/186), respectively. The perforation rate was significantly lower in the lesions located in the lower third of stomach, without adhesion or performed by en bloc resection. During a median follow-up period of 22. 3 months, 154 patients were followed successfully. The incidence of synchronous and metachronous gastric cancers in curative resected lesions was 7. 5%( 8/106) and 0. 9%(1/106), respectively. Conclusion Endoscopic resection is an optimal treatment with high curative resection rate for early gastric cancer patients with absolute indications. Patients with expanded indications should take precise preoperative evaluation to avoid higher risk of non-curative resection endoscopically. Close follow-up is necessary for synchronous and metachronous gastric cancers after endoscopic resection.

As a standard of care, lymph node dissection is an indispensible step in lung cancer surgery. The quality of dissection determines completeness of surgery and the accuracy of N staging. Hereby, we suggest labeling all surgically resected nodes according to the new lymph node map in the 8th TNM classification for lung cancer. As systematic lymph node dissection remains the gold standard of lymphadenectomy, at least three mediastinal stations and ten nodes should be removed in an en-bloc fashion, if possible. For patients with stage Ⅰ lung cancer, lymph node dissection via video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) or open thoracotomy may has similar oncological outcome. Besides, limited lymph node sampling in selected patients with early staged lung cancer to minimize unnecessary surgical damage still need further investigation.