Virus-like particles(VLPs)are nanoparticles that are self-assembled from one or more structural proteins,which can be arranged in several layers or contain a lipid outer membrane.Due to the lack of genetic material,VLPs cannot infect host cells,but are highly immunogenic and can induce immune responses different from conventional inactivated vaccines.VLPs can be produced using a variety of systems including bacterial,yeast,plant,insect and mammalian cells.Compared with traditional vaccines,VLPs have incomparable advantages,so they are becoming more and more popular in the biomedical field.To date,a series of vaccine candi-dates based on VLPs have been developed for immunization and prevention of various infectious diseases.At the same time,the recent successful application of VLPs in targeted drug delivery and gene therapy has attracted attention.This paper mainly reviews the com-monly used expression systems of VLPs and the research progress of their applications.

Active immunotherapy for cancer aims to treat disease by inducing effective cellular immunity and humoral immunity.Research on virus-like particles(VLPs)vaccines has made tremendous progress in recent years,dramatically reducing morbidity and mortality from some infectious diseases.VLPs are nanoparticles self-assembled from one or more structural proteins,with highly ordered repeat sequences and good immunogenicity,which can induce strong cellular immune and humoral immune responses.VLPs can overcome immunosuppressive state of tumor microenvironment,break self-tolerance,and trigger strong cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity,which is critical for both viral clearance and destruction of cancer cells.This article mainly reviews current research progress of VLPs-based cancer vaccines and potential defects of VLPs as vaccine carriers in development of cancer vaccines.

Objective To analyze the status of occupational hazards in key positions of the small and micro book and newspaper printing enterprises in Beijing City. Methods A total of 16 small and micro printing enterprises in Beijing City were selected as the research subjects using the judgment sampling method. The status of occupational hazard was assessed using on-site occupational health investigations. The volatile chemical components in organic solvents such as inks and cleaning agents used in the workplace, the level of chemical hazardous agents in the air, and noise intensity were detected and analyzed. Results A total of 1 105 workers from 16 small and micro printing enterprises were included. The occupational hazard exposure rate was 22.2% (245/1 105), with chemical hazardous agents and noise exposure rates of 13.5% and 22.2%, respectively. The rate of compliance with occupational health training among the head of the enterprise and the occupational health management personnel, the regular detection rate of occupational hazards in last year, and the rate for the occupational health examination in last year were both 100.0%. The rate for annual update of occupational hazard project reporting was 93.8% (15/16). The usage rates of gas mask and noise-proof earplug were 68.8% (11/16) and 50.0% (8/16), respectively. The effectiveness rates of anti-toxic and noise-reduction facilities were 87.5% (14/16) and 62.5% (10/16). The sign setting rates of chemical hazardous agents and noise warning were 93.8% (15/16). Acetone and isopropanol were found in ink and cleaning agents in 15 printing enterprises, while toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene were found in three, two, and one enterprise, respectively. Benzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, n-hexane, and trichloroethylene were not found in all 16 enterprises. Both the exposure concentration of short term and exposure concentration of time weighted average of the above chemical hazards were lower than the lower limit of quantitation of the detection method in the workplace and work site air among the 16 printing enterprises, and none of concentration was exceeded the national standard. A total of 240 noise work sites were detected, and the national noise-exceeding rate was 11.2%(27/240). Conclusion Noise hazards are prominent in the small and micro printing enterprises in Beijing City, and attention should be paid to the prevention and protection of noise-exposure. The usage rate of personal protective equipment is not high, and the training and on-site supervision management of protective equipment wearing in workers should be strengthened.

ObjectiveTo observe the clinical efficacy of Qianghuo Shengshitang combined with ozone injection and radiofrequency thermocoagulation target puncture in the treatment of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy （wind-cold blockage type）. MethodSixty-eight patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy who were treated in Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from August 2020 to May 2021 were included and grouped into a control group and a research group by random number table， with 34 patients in each group. The control group was administrated with placebo granules of Qianghuo Shengshitang， and treated with ozone injection and radiofrequency thermocoagulation target puncture at the same time. The research group was given modified Qianghuo Shengshitang combined with ozone injection and radiofrequency thermocoagulation target puncture. Before and after treatment， patients in two groups were tested for the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， procalcitonin （PCT）， interleukin-2 （IL-2）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， 6-ketoprostaglandin E1α （6-keto-PGE1α）， plasma substance P （SP）， β-endorphin （β-EP）， lipid peroxide （LPO）， malondialdehyde （MDA）， and superoxide dismutase （SOD）. The pain visual scale （VAS）， cervical dysfunction index （NDI）， and clinical evaluation scale for cervical spondylosis （CASCS） were given to patients to evaluate the clinical efficacy. ResultCompared with those before treatment， the levels of IL-1β， PCT， and TNF-α in two groups were decreased， and the level of IL-2 was increased （P<0.05）. The improvement of IL-1β， PCT， TNF-α， and IL-2 was more obvious in the research group as compared with the control group （P<0.05）. After treatment， the levels of SOD in two groups were increased， while the levels of LPO and MDA were decreased （P<0.05）. After treatment， the improvement of SOD， LPO， and MDA was more obvious in the research group as compared with the control group （P<0.05）. Compared with those before treatment， the levels of SP and 6-keto-PGE1α in two groups were decreased after treatment， and the level of β-EP was increased （P<0.05）. The improvement of -keto-PGE1α and β-EP was more obvious in the research group as compared with the control group after treatment （P<0.05）. Compared with those before treatment， the VAS and NDI scores of the research group were decreased， and the CASCS scores were increased （P<0.05）. After treatment， the improvement of VAS， NDI， and CASCS of the research group was more obvious as compared with the control group （P<0.05）. After treatment， the total effective rate of patients in the research group was higher than that in the control group （Z=2.018， P<0.05）. ConclusionModified Qianghuo Shengshitang combined with ozone injection and radiofrequency thermocoagulation target puncture in the treatment of patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy （wind-cold blockage type） can inhibit inflammation， remove oxygen free radicals， improve the level of pain mediators， relieve pain， and improve cervical spine function and clinical efficacy.

Single chain antibody fragment (scFv) is a small molecule composed of a variable region of heavy chain (VH) and a variable region of light chain (VL) of an antibody, and these two chains are connected by a flexible short peptide. scFv is the smallest functional fragment with complete antigen-binding activity, which contains both the antibody-recognizing site and the antigen-binding site. Compared with other antibodies, scFv has the advantages of small molecular weight, strong penetration, low immunogenicity, and easy expression. Currently, the most commonly used display systems for scFv mainly include the phage display system, ribosome display system, mRNA display system, yeast cell surface display system and mammalian cell display system. In recent years, with the development of scFv in the field of medicine, biology, and food safety, they have also attracted much attention in the sectors of biosynthesis and applied research. This review summarizes the advances of scFv display systems in recent years in order to facilitate scFv screening and application.
Animals ; Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics* ; Immunoglobulin Fragments/metabolism* ; Single-Chain Antibodies/metabolism* ; Peptide Library ; Mammals/genetics*

Objective:To investigate the clinicopathological features of central nervous system (CNS) mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (MCS).Methods:Nine cases of CNS MCS were collected at the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University from September 2010 to September 2020. The clinical,imaging,histopathological and immunohistochemical features were reviewed. NCOA2 gene rearrangement was evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).Results:There were three male and six female patients, with age range of 1 to 59 years (median 31 years). Six cases were intracranial and three cases were intraspinal, and the tumors showed dural attachment. They were often diagnosed as meningioma basing on preoperative imaging. Microscopically, the tumors showed a characteristic biphasic histologic pattern composed of undifferentiated mesenchymal small cells and well-differentiated hyaline cartilage islands. The small cells area were positive for SOX9 (9/9), CD99 (8/9), and without BRG1 and INI1 deletion. The cartilaginous component expressed SOX9 (9/9) and S-100 protein (8/9). NCOA2 gene break apart signal was identified in five cases (5/5). Eight patients were followed up for 4-124 months. Three patients (3/8) had recurrences within one year and two patients died of the tumor.Conclusions:CNS MCS is an extremely rare malignant neoplasm with a propensity to dural involvement. Preoperative imaging has low diagnostic accuracy. CNS MCS should be differentiated from other CNS small round cell tumors and chondrosarcoma. FISH detection of NCOA2 gene rearrangement will assist the diagnosis of MCS.

Objective:To investigate the clinicopathological features, immunophenotype, molecular characteristics and differential diagnosis of primary skull base chondrosarcoma.Methods:Nine cases of primary skull base chondrosarcoma were collected at the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, from January 2006 to June 2019, reviewed for the clinical and radiologic data and morphologic features, immunophenotype and molecular characteristics.Results:Among all the 9 cases, six were male, three were frmale, with average age 47 years, and median age 47 years; five cases were WHO gradeⅠ, and four were WHO grade Ⅱ. Microscopically, the tumor showed lobulated growth pattern with low-medium cellularity within a chondroid or mucoid background. The tumor cells showed mild-moderate atypia, with binucleated forms, and mitosis was rare or occasional. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed tumor cells were positive for S-100 protein, vimentin, SOX-9 and D2-40, and negative for Brachyury, CK, EMA and CK8/18; the Ki-67 index was low (1% to 5%). Molecular analysis showed IDH1 R132C mutation in four cases.Conclusions:Skull base chondrosarcoma is a rare cartilaginous malignant tumor with a good prognosis. Its characteristic morphologies, combined with IHC and molecular detection are helpful for the differential diagnosis.

Objective:To analyze the expression of SMARCE1 in clear cell meningioma (CCM), and evaluate the role of SMARCE1 in the differential diagnosis in morphologically similar diseases.Methods:Thirteen samples/11 cases of CCMs were collected from the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University and Thaihe Hospital of Hubei Province from January 2000 to December 2018, as well as 17 cases of meningiomas with clear-cell-like morphology, 782 cases of other types of meningiomas and other intracranial tumors with clear-like morphology. A tissue microarray was made using these cases, on which immunohistochemical/histochemical staining of SMARCE1, SSTR2, EMA, Ki-67, p53, PAS and D-PAS were performed.Result:The tumor cells of CCM had sheet-like architecture, without typical whorl formation.The CCM had round to polygonal cells, with clear, glycogen-rich cytoplasm and prominent blocky perivascular and interstitial collagen. The immunohistochemistry staining showed that none of the CCMs expressed SMARCE1(0/13).However, all of the other types of lesions, including meningioma(782/782), meningiomas with clear-like morphology(17/17), intracranial metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma(10/10), haemangioblastoma(10/10), central neurocytoma(10/10), oligodendroglioma(10/10), ependymoma(13/13), lioblastoma(42/42), and solitary fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma(35/35) showed positive nuclear staining of SMARCE1. Ki-67 index were 1%-5%, and p53 positive-rate were 0-40% in CCMs. PAS stain showed cytoplasmic granular positive and D-PAS were negative in all CCMs and meningiomas with clear-like morphology.Conclusion:SMARCE1 is a useful marker for the diagnosis of CCM and its mimickers.

PURPOSE: The significance of neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) in gastric carcinoma (GC) is controversial, leading to ambiguous concepts in traditional classifications. This study aimed to determine the prognostic threshold of meaningful NED in GC and clarify its unclear features in existing classifications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining for synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and neural cell adhesion molecule was performed for 945 GC specimens. Survival analysis was performed using the log-rank test and univariate/multivariate models with percentages of NED (PNED) and demographic and clinicopathological parameters. RESULTS: In total, 275 (29.1%) cases were immunoreactive to at least 1 neuroendocrine (NE) marker. GC-NED was more common in the upper third of the stomach. PNED, and Borrmann's classification and tumor, lymph node, metastasis stages were independent prognostic factors. The cutoff PNED was 10%, beyond which patients had significantly worse outcomes, although the risk did not increase with higher PNED. Tumors with ≥10% NED tended to manifest as Borrmann type III lesion with mixed/diffuse morphology and poorer histological differentiation; the NE components in this population mainly grew in insulae/nests, which differed from the predominant growth pattern (glandular/acinar) in GC with <10% NED. CONCLUSIONS: GC with ≥10% NED should be classified as a distinct subtype because of its worse prognosis, and more attention should be paid to the necessity of additional therapeutics for NE components.
Adenocarcinoma ; Chromogranin A ; Classification ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules ; Prognosis ; Stomach ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Synaptophysin

Objective: To development of ethylene glycol samples in silicone tubes, and the samples were applied to inter-laboratory comparison, through it to evaluate the detection capacity of occupational health testing laboratories. Methods: Three content levels of ethylene glycol samples in silicone tubes were prepared, and the homogeneity and stability of samples were investigated, the results were statistically analyzed. A robust statistical four-point distance method was used to calculate the results submitted by each participant laboratory and the test capability of the laboratory was assessed by the z-score method. Results: The statistic of the homogeneity of ethylene glycol samples in silicone tubes were less than the critical value (P>0.05) , and the samples were stable at room temperature for one month. The satisfactory rate of comparison between 204 laboratories was 88.24%. Conclusion The homogeneity and stability of the ethylene glycol samples in the silicone tubes can meet the requirements of proficiency testing and can be used for laboratory comparison. Most of the laboratories that participated in the comparison had the ability to detect ethylene glycol.