Objective:To summarize the characteristics of autosomal recessive axonal neuropathy with neuromyotonia (ARAN-NM) caused by HINT1 gene mutation. Methods:Retrospective case summary.Clinical data of 2 Tibetan siblings diagnosed with ARAN-NM in the Department of Pediatrics of Peking University First Hospital in August 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.A review of literature reporting relevant Chinese patients was conducted.Results:The proband and her elder brother were aged 13 and 19, respectively.Both developed abnormal gait at the age of 11, followed by varus, claudication, and weak thumb strength.The proband also had neuromyotonia.Physical examinations showed that the proband and her elder brother had decreased muscle strength of the extremities, mainly in the thumbs and distal ends of lower limbs.The distal muscles of the proband′s lower extremities and the muscles of both hands of the proband′s elder brother were atrophied.Both feet showed talipes equinovarus in the proband and her elder brother.The proband′s electromyography (EMG) showed peripheral nerve injuries (motor and sensory axonal involvement, especially in distal ends) and myotonic potentials.The trio-whole exon sequencing detected homozygous pathogenic variation in HINT1 gene in both the proband and her elder brother, who were diagnosed as ARAN-NM based on c. 169A>G (p.K57E). After the Carbamazepine treatment, the proband′s neuromyotonia, numbness and weakness were relieved.Both the proband and her elder brother underwent orthopaedic surgery and rehabilitation.Their foot deformities and gait were significantly improved.Two Chinese literatures (2 patients) and four English literatures (8 patients) were retrieved.Including the proband and her elder brother in this study, there were 12 ARAN-NM patients, 10 of whom had clinical data.The ages of onset and diagnosis were 2-16 (1 case unknown) and 13-33 years old, respectively.Myasthenia was present in 9 patients, especially in distal ends.Eight patients were complicated with neuromyotonia, nine patients with muscle atrophy, seven patients with foot deformity, and two patients with sensory disturbance.Creatine kinase(CK) was elevated in all 9 patients tested or CK.EMG showed neurogenic injuries in all patients and neuromyotonia discharge in six patients.Three patients were treated with Carbamazepine, and some symptoms were relieved.Missense/nonsense mutations were found in the 12 patients, and the high-frequency variation was c. 112T>C (p.C38R). Conclusions:ARAN-NM is a rare autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease caused by HINT1 gene mutation.There is no ethnic difference in clinical manifestations, mainly distal limb weakness with neuromyotonia.Carbamazepine can alleviate some symptoms, and orthopaedic surgery can improve foot deformity and gait.

Objective:To study the clinical application and complications of umbilical arterial catheterization (UAC) in premature infants.Methods:From January 2021 to December 2022, premature infants with UAC successfully inserted in NICU of our hospital were enrolled. According to birth weight (BW), the infants were assigned into three groups: <1 000 g, 1 000~1 499 g and ≥1 500 g. The perinatal data, UAC usage, UAC-related complications and risk factors of UAC-related complications were retrospectively analyzed.Results:A total of 39 premature infants received UAC, with gestational age 29.3(27.3, 30.4) weeks and BW 1 100 (900, 1 310) g. The insertion length (IL) of UAC was calculated using the average value of two formulas: a, IL (cm) =4×BW (kg) +7; and b, IL(cm) =3×BW (kg)+9. The accuracy of tube end position was determined using chest/abdomen radiography. 30(76.9%) cases had accurate position, 6(15.4%) had higher position and 3(7.7%) had lower position. The proportion of appropriately positioned tube end in <1 000 g, 1 000~1 499 g and ≥1 500 g groups were 80.0%, 76.5% and 71.4%, respectively, without statistically significant differences ( P>0.05) .No significant differences existed among the three groups in UAC duration and UAC routinely removal rate ( P>0.05). 9 cases (23.1%) of UAC were removed for specific reasons, including 4 cases of arterial spasm, 2 cases of withdrawal of treatment, 1 case of tube end displacement, 1 case of abdominal distension and 1 case of death. 21 cases received 1 U/ml heparin (0.9%NaCl solution) 0.5~1 ml/h arterial infusion. 23.8% (5/21) had hypernatremia and the level of sodium became normal after reducing the concentration of NaCl solution. Arterial vasospasm occurred in 4 patients with skin color changes of one side of the lower extremities. After UAC removal, the skin color returned to normal. Conclusions:UAC is helpful and safe for preterm infants, however, its complications should be alerted to.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in patients with wake-up ischemic stroke (WUIS) of anterior circulation non-major arteries.Methods:Sixty-seven patients with WUIS of anterior circulation non-major arteries (time from falling asleep/last use of bathroom at night to intravenous thrombolysis≤9 h and >4.5 h) admitted to Department of Neurology, Beijing Shijingshan Hospital and Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Muyangliu Hospital from January 1 st, 2017 to December 31 st, 2021 were chosen; these 35 patients accepted routine antiplatelet therapy after intravenous thrombolytic therapy were chosen as control group, and the other 32 patients accepted rt-PA arterial thrombolysis after intravenous thrombolytic therapy were chosen as study group. Vascular recanalization after arterial thrombolysis was observed in study group (cerebral infarction thrombolysis grading 2 and 3: good vascular recanalization). Neurological deficit improvement during treatment, clinical prognoses (modified Rankin scale scores of 0-2: good prognosis) and hemorrhagic transformation incidence 3 months after treatment were compared between the 2 groups. Results:The vascular thrombolytic recanalization rate of study group was 81.25% (26/32). Patients in study group had significantly decreased National Institute of Health stroke scale scores compared with those in control group 1, 7, and 14 d after thrombolytic therapy ( P<0.05). The good prognosis rate of study group (62.50%, 20/32) was significantly higher than that in control group (37.14%, 13/35, P<0.05). No significant difference in hemorrhagic transformation rate was noted between the 2 groups (15.6% [5/32] vs. 5.71% [2/35], P>0.05). Conclusion:Patients with WUIS of anterior circulation non-major arteries (time from falling asleep/last use of bathroom at night to intravenous thrombolysis≤9 h and >4.5 h) benefit from arterial thrombolysis with rt-PA, and risk of secondary intracerebral hemorrhage is not obviously increased.

Objective:To investigate the incidence of hypothyroxinemia in very low birth weight infant (VLBWI) and its effect on early postnatal feeding and weight gain.Methods:This retrospective study analyzed 164 cases of VLBWIs admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Peking University First Hospital from January 2017 to December 2018. According to the gestational age, these VLBWIs were divided into <30 weeks group ( n=85) or ≥30 weeks group ( n=79), and the basic data and thyroid function were compared. According to the levels of serum tetraiodothyronine and free tetraiodothyronine at the first thyroid function test, the subjects were further assigned into normal thyroxine group and hypothyroxinemia group. The risk factors of hypothyroxinemia identified at the first detection were analyzed by single and multiple-facter analysis. The results of the second detection of thyroxine were also analyzed. On the basis of the first detection and receiving treatment or not, the <30 weeks and ≥30 weeks groups were divided into normal thyroxine, hypothyroxinemia treated and hypothyroxinemia untreated subgroups, and differences in the tolerance of early feeding and weight gain were compared between different groups. Two independent samples/paired t-test, rank sum test, Chi-square test and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Results:Out of the 164 VLBWIs with the gestational age of (29.7±2.0) weeks and birth weight of (1 210±210) g, 27 cases (16.5%) were extremely low birth weight infants. The age at their first detection was (10.7±3.1) d and the incidence of hypothyroxinemia was 45.1% (74/164), including 71 mild and three severe cases, with a higher incidence in the ≥30 weeks group comparing to the <30 weeks group [55.7%(44/79) vs 35.5%(30/85), χ 2= 6.883, P=0.009]. All the three severe cases were in the ≥30 weeks group. The gestational age ( OR=1.413, 95% CI:1.044-1.912, P=0.025) and male infant ( OR=2.082, 95% CI: 1.047-4.143, P=0.037) were the risk factors of hypothyroxinemia. At the second detection, the incidence of hypothyroxinemia in VLBWIs with normal thyroid function at their first test was 47.6% (39/82), which is higher in the ≥30 weeks group than in the <30 weeks group [64.5%(20/31) vs 37.3%(19/51), χ 2= 5.745, P=0.017]. Among the infants with hypothyroxinemia at the first detection, those untreated had a significantly higher incidence of hypothyroxinemia at the second detection than those treated [81.3%(26/32) vs 38.7%(12/31), χ 2= 11.905, P=0.001]. The incidence of abdominal distension within 21 days, feeding volume on day 7, 14, and 21, and neonatal weight gain within 7, 14, and 21 days were similar between normal thyroxine, hypothyroxinemia treated and hypothyroxinemia untreated subgroups within the ≥30 weeks or the <30 weeks groups (all P>0.05). Conclusions:VLBWI is at high risk of hypothyroxinemia. Two times of postnatal thyroid function tests can help to detect the delayed hypothyroxinemia. Thyroxine level and receiving treatment or not may have no significant effect on the early postnatal feeding and weight gain.

Objective To study the role of sequential cranial ultrasound (cUS) in the early prognosis of neurodevelopmental outcome in the very low birth weight and extremely low birth weight preterm infants.Method Clinical and examination data of premature infants with birth weight less than 1 500 g,who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of our hospital within 24 hours after birth from January 2012 to December 2016 were analyzed retrospectively.Early cranial ultrasound refers to the cUS scans during the period of 0 to 14 days after birth.Classification was applied to the whole set of early cUS scans based on the most severe lesion observed.Index 1 was periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PVH-IVH),which was divided into none and grade 1 to 4 according to the severity.Index 2 was paraventricular white matter echo,which was divided into normal,slightly enhanced and significantly enhanced.The cUS scan repeated at term-equivalent age (corrected gestational age 37 ～ 44 weeks) was referred to as term cUS.Term cUS was evaluated according to paraventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and enlargement of ventricle.Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 16.0.Result A total of 200 premature infants were collected.The gestational age was (30.1 ± 1.9) weeks,and the birth weight was (1 203 ± 186) g.The median time of cUS scans during hospitalization was 3 times.The age at which the Gesell Development Diagnosis Scale was completed was (11.8 ±4.0) months,the corrected age was (9.7 ±4.0) months.The development quotient (DQ) of gross motor was lower than that of the other four items,and the difference was statistically signi icant.Analysis of data suggested that PVH-IVH grade 3 or grade 4,significantly enhanced paraventricular white matter echo found in early cUS,and PVL or enlargement of ventricle found in term cUS were all associated to lower gross motor DQ (P ＜ 0.05).PVL was also significantly correlated with lower DQ of adaptability,fine motor,language and personal-social (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Compared to adaptability,fine motor,language and personal-social,gross motor has the lowest DQ among very low or extremely low birth weight infants.PVH-IVH grade 3 or worse,significantly enhanced paraventricular white matter echo found in early cUS,and PVL or enlargement of ventricle found in term cUS are high risk factors for adverse outcome of gross motor.Among them,PVL found in term cUS suggests poor neurodevelopmental outcome.

Objective To compare the short-term outcomes of less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) with traditional intubate-surfactant-extubate (INSURE) method for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants.Method From January 2017 to December 2018,premature infants (gestational age ≤32 weeks) diagnosed with RDS who needed pulmonary surfactant (PS) administration were prospectively enrolled and randomly assigned into LISA group and INSURE group.The duration of oxygen supply,side effects during PS administration,the outcome and severe adverse events,bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD),necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC),3 ～ 4° periventricular intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH),periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and death were compared.Result A total of 67 cases were enrolled including 34 in LISA group and 33 in INSURE group.No significant differences existed between the two group on mechanical ventilation rates,oxygen therapy duration and the incidences of severe adverse events.However,the duration of noninvasive ventilation in LISA group was significantly longer than INSURE group [(10.5 ± 8.7) d vs.(7.1 ± 2.6) d,P ＜ 0.05].The LISA group had significantly higher PS reflux rate than INSURE group [41.2％ (14/34)vs.18.2％ (6/33),P ＜0.05].Conclusion LISA has similar clinical effects and severe adverse events as INSURE,but with higher rates of PS reflux and longer duration of noninvasive ventilation.

Objective To study the video-electroencephalography (vEEG) background activities of very premature infants within the first 7 days after birth.Method The inclusion criteria were gestational age (GA) within 31 weeks and bedside vEEG monitoring within first 7 days of birth.Those with severe cranial ultrasound (CUS) findings,refused treatment,dead and with seizures on vEEG were excluded.The clinical information of included cases were reviewed and the continuity and sleep-wake cycle (SWC) on their EEG background activities were analysed.Result From June 2017 to April 2018,a total of 56 cases were included.Their GA were (29.4 ± 1.6) weeks,and birth weight were (1 306 ± 316) g.A total of 31 cases were diagnosed with asphyxia(1 min Apgar score less than 8),and no one with 5 min Apgar score below 5.Their umbilical artery blood pHs were 7.29 ± 0.07.Their first CUS and the CUS at corrected gestational age (cGA) full term were all within the normal range.The Gesell neurological assessment at cGA 6 months were all within the normal range.As the cGA increased,the continuity of EEG background activities became more continuous as the normal continuous/discontinuous pattern.The 95％ confidence interval of max interburst interval was 95 s.The SWC first occurred at GA 26 w,but was immature,then became mature as the cGA increased.Conclusion The EEG background activity analysis of relatively normal very premature infants within first week shows that interburst interval can be longer than the previous report,and the SWC first appear at GA 26 w.

Objective To study the efficacy of the preterm oral feeding assessment scale (POFAS) in evaluating oral feeding capacity in preterm infants of different gestational age.Method Revised POFAS including the preterm oral feeding readiness assessment scale and sucking ability scale was used to dynamically evaluate the oral feeding capacity of the stable preterm infants with corrected gestational age (CGA) ≥32+4 weeks.The ratio of actual oral intake volume to planned feeding volume (A/P) was measured,and the correlation of the POFAS score and A/P ratio was studied using Pearson correlation analysis.The risk factors of the A/P ratio was studied using Logistic regression analysis.The receiveroperating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to explore the predictive value of POFAS score for A/P ratio reaching 50％.Result A total of 44 infants (59.1％ male) with 158 times of evaluation were enrolled in the study.The gestational age was (30.9±2.1) weeks,and the birth weight was (1 543±478)g.The enteral feeding was started at (31.1 ± 2.0)weeks of CGA,the oral feeding at (33.7 ± 1.4) weeks,and complete oral feeding at (34.9± 1.3) weeks.When reaching the same CGA,infants born at earlier gestational age had a smaller A/P ratio.Pearson correlation analysis showed that with CGA＞33 weeks,all the indicators can predict the feeding conditions of the infants,the POFAS score was positively correlated with the A/P ratio (P＜0.05).The ROC for the POFAS score to predict a 50％ A/P ratio was 0.951 (P＜0.05),and the cut-off value was 6.5 (sensitivity 93.8％,specificity 83.3％).The POFAS score and sucking ability score were the risk factors of a 50％ A/P ratio in preterm infants with 34 weeks CGA.Conclusion Revised POFAS can be effectively used to assess preterm infants' oral feeding ability,promote oral feeding and early discharge from the hospital.

Objective To study the early physical growth pattern,catch-up growth situation,and the influencing factors of early growth in small for gestational age (SGA) preterm infants.Method Our study was a single center,retrospective study.Criteria for infant inclusion were prematurity,SGA (birth weight less than the 10th percentile of related gender and gestational week,according to Fenton curve 2013),born between January 2012 to October 2015,admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) within 24 h after birth,hospitalization more than 7 days,and discharged with complete oral feeding.Corrected age (CA) was used to evaluate growth.According to our follow up plan,anthropometric data (weight,length,head circumference) were collected at corrected full term (40 ± 4 weeks),CA (3 ± 1.5) months and CA (6 ± 1.5) months.Catch-up growth was defined as ΔZ greater than 0.67 compared with that at birth,successful catch-up was defined as anthropometric data higher than 10th percentile in target population.The characteristics and influencing factors were compared between infants with and without catch-up growth.Result Eighty-one SGA preterm infants were involved,45 boys and 36 girls.The average gestational age was (34.6 ± 1.7) weeks,birthweightwas(1617 ± 348) g,birthlengthwas(41.0 ±3.2)cm and head circumference was (29.7 ± 2.0) cm.At corrected gestational age (40 ± 4) weeks,CA (3 ± 1.5) months and CA (6 ± 1.5) months,follow-up rate was 86.4％,66.7％ and 58.0％;catch-up growth in weight was 32.9％,55.6％ and 66.0％;successful catch-up growth in weight was 52.9％,64.8％ and 66.0％.At CA (40 ±4) weeks,there were more boys,sooner recover birth weight,and less patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in catch-up infants (P ＜ 0.05).At CA (3 ± 1.5) months,catch-up infants had large gestational age,and they were longer at discharge,shorter hospital stay,less PDA,and greater body weight at CA 40 weeks,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).At CA (6 ± 1.5) months,there were difference in hospitalization days,percentile of body weight at CA 40 weeks and percentile of all three anthropometrics at CA (3 ± 1.5) months between catch-up and no catch-up growth infants (P ＜ 0.05).Multiple factor analysis showed that percentile of weight at CA 3 months was the independent risk factor of catch-up growth in weight at CA 6 months (P =0.002,OR =1.221,95％ CI 1.076 ～ 1.385).For every 5 percentile increase in body weight percentile at CA (3 ± 1.5) months of age,the likelihood of complete body weight catch-up growth at CA (6 ± 1.5) months increased 2.965 times (95％ CI 1.480 ～ 5.942).Conclusion Both weight and length of SGA preterm infants showed a trend of rapid gain between corrected gestational age (40 ± 4) weeks to CA (3 ± 1.5) months.The factors that influencing the completion of catch-up growth are different at different age.The weight,length,and head circumference percentile at CA about 3 months are good predictors of growth pattern and situation at CA 6 months for the SGA preterm infants.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of maternal prenatal education on promoting breastfeeding rate for preterm infants in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).Methods Gravidas who were admitted to Peking University First Hospital for any risk of preterm delivery from November 2013 to December 2014 and preterm infants admitted to the NICU (length of stay ≥ 5 d) of the same hospital during the same period were involved.All the gravidas received prenatal education and completed questionnaires.Two hundred and ninety-five preterm infants who met the inclusion criteria were divided into two groups including education group (n=125) and non-education group (n=170) according to whether their mothers received prenatal education or not.Conditions of the preterm infants during hospitalization and after discharge and breastfeeding rates were comparatively analyzed between the two groups.T test,Chi-test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used for statistical analysis.Results (1) There were 380 gravidas received questionnaires.Among them,346 (91.1％)completed the questionnaires and were recruited in this study.Only 31.8％ (110/346) of these gravidas were active in learning more about breastfeeding and 46.2％ (160/346) of them lacked confidence in breastfeeding after the appearance of preterm delivery signs.There were significant improvements in their attitudes towards considering breastfeeding seriously and discussing with their family,confidence in breastfeeding,the importance of colostrum and how to breastfeed a preterm infant in hospital after maternal prenatal education (all P＜0.001).Prenatal education was thought to be helpful in 77.5％ (268/346) of the gravidas.(2) The two groups of preterm infants showed good homogeneities in gestational age,gender,birth weight and other basal conditions as well as in incidences of in-hospital complications and conditions after discharge (all P＞0.05).Proportions of breast milk intake (breast milk intake over total dairy intake) in preterm infants were higher in education group than those in non-education group within 5 d after birth [0.0 (0.0-16.5)％ vs 0.0 (0.0-2.5)％,Z=-3.422],＞5-≤ 7 d [33.7 (0.0-82.8)％ vs 0.0 (0.0-50.3)％,Z=-3.070],＞7-≤ 14 d [75.2(23.5-96.4)％ vs 47.6(0.0-92.2)％,Z=-2.345] and during hospitalization [58.4 (21.0-78.8)％ vs 31.9 (0.0-71.7)％,Z=-3.902] (all P＜0.05).Breastfeeding rates were higher in education group than those in non-education group at the age of 5 d [47.2％(59/125) vs 27.1％ (46/170),x2=12.747],7 d [70.4％ (88/125) vs 51.2％ (87/170),x2=11.031],three months [83.3％(65/78) vs 56.1％ (60/107),x2=15.297] and six months [64.5％ (49/76) vs 49.1％ (53/108),x2=4.282] (all P＜0.05).Exclusive breastfeeding rates in the first,third and sixth months after birth were higher in education group [45.7％(53/116),42.3％ (33/78) and 36.9％ (28/76)] than those in non-education group [21.3％ (32/150),28.0％ (30/107)and 22.2％ (24/108)] (22=17.847,4.091 and 4.703,all P＜0.05),respectively.Conclusions Most gravidas with risk factors of preterm delivery have no confidence on breastfeeding.Prenatal maternal education is an effective and feasible intervention to improve breastfeeding rate for preterm infants in NICU from early hospitalization till six months after birth.