Objective This essay excavates the contents of urinary diagnosis in the Four Tantras and visualize the invisible experience knowledge of urinary diagnosis of Jenesake disease(type II diabetes)based on clinical medical records.It also explores the digitization and visualization of original thinking of Tibetan medicine,clinical diagnosis and treatment and modern science and technology,and clinical invisible experience and knowledge.Methods The contents of urinary diagnosis in the Four Tantras were deeply explored by literature method.And 355 cases of Jenesake disease c were analyzed by Gephi,Spsspro,traditional Chinese medicine inheritance computing platform and other software.Results Urology in Tibetan medicine has a long history,with a development period of one thousand years and has a systematic and complete theoretical system.The three-times and nine-diagnosis method of urinary in Tibetan medicine recorded in the Four Tantras is unique and plays an important role in the diagnosis of clinical diseases.According to the analysis of 355 clinical cases of Jenesake disease,urine diagnosis was slightly different according to different syndrome types,the overall color was light yellow,cyan,yellow,relatively bright,close to normal urine color.Steam and smell are big;The foam is bluish and large or dissipates quickly;Few or hairy suspensions;The float is thin;Change time for the hot gas is not finished began to change;The pattern of change from the thin middle to the edge;Cyclotron condition from thin to thick and other characteristics.The frequency analysis of urinary diagnosis syndromes showed that 139 cases of Chiba type,91 cases of lung type,88 cases of bacon type and 34 cases of Pechi type.Conclusion Urology in Tibetan medicine has a complete theoretical system and rich experience in clinical practice.Through the method of combining literature mining and clinical medical cases,this paper expands the contents of the three-time and nine-time urine diagnosis of Jenesake disease in Tibetan medicine and combines the original thinking of Tibetan medicine with modern information technology to realize the visualization of the invisible experience knowledge of Jenesake disease urine diagnosis in Tibetan medicine.

To investigate the feasibility and safety of endoscopic trans-gastric cholecystolithotomy(ETGC) combined with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis. Data of patients with cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis who underwent ETGC after ERCP in Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University from November 2018 to April 2019 were analyzed. Six patients with cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis, 4 males and 2 females, were included in this study.The interval between ERCP and ETGC ranged from 1 to 77 days (median 5 days). All the 6 patients successfully completed ETGC after ERCP, with a surgical success rate of 100%. All the patients had multiple cholecystolithiasis and one patient was complicated with gallbladder polyps.The ETGC operation time was 22-100 min (median 65 min), and the length of hospital stay was 3-9 d (median 6.5 d). Two patients had dull pain in the upper abdomen and increased body temperature after surgery. Abdominal ultrasound in one patient suggested local effusion in the right upper abdomen.Both patients improved after conservative treatment.None of the patients had cholecystitis and cholangitis related symptoms such as right upper abdominal pain or fever during postoperative follow-up, and the follow-up rate was 100%with median follow-up time of 18 month.All the 6 patients underwent abdominal ultrasound examination after surgery. No recurrence occurred in 5 patients. One of the patients showed cholesterol crystals in the gallbladder wall and bile mud deposition.ETGC combined with ERCP is safe and feasible for cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic trans-gastric gallbladder-preserving polypectomy in treatment of gallbladder polyps.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on data of 25 patients with gallbladder polyps who underwent endoscopic trans-gastric gallbladder-preserving polypectomy in the endoscopy center of Zhongshan Hospital from September 2017 to August 2019. Completion of operation, operation time, postoperative hospital stay, complications and follow-up results of patients were obtained and analyzed.Results:There were 13 cases of single polyp and 12 cases of multiple polyps, 13 cases of simple gallbladder polyps, and 12 cases of polyps and gallstones. The maximum diameter of polyps was 0.2-1.5 cm. The procedure failed in 1 patient (4%) because of the severe adhesion of abdominal cavity and disappearance of gallbladder when passing through the gastric wall. Twenty-four patients (96%) were successfully treated with endoscopic trans-gastric gallbladder-preserving polypectomy. The operation time was 67.1±26.8 min (35-140 min). The median hospital stay was 4 d (2-5 d). No severe adverse events including delayed bleeding, delayed perforation, diffuse peritonitis or abdominal abscess occurred. During the median follow-up time of 8 months (0-23 months), no patient was lost, no recurrence of polyps and no severe adverse events related to metal clips occurred.Conclusion:Endoscopic trans-gastric gallbladder-preserving polypectomy shows good short-term efficacy and is technically feasible, however, long-term outcome still requires further research.

Objective: To promote best discharge practice in sedated patients′ following endoscopic procedures in an endoscopy center in Shanghai, China. Methods: A clinical audit was undertaken using the Joanna Briggs Institute Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System tool. Eight audit criteria that were representative of best practice recommendations for discharge following endoscopic sedation procedures were used. A baseline audit was conducted followed by the implementation of multiple strategies, determined by the key stakeholders. The project was finalized with a follow-up audit to determine change in practice. Results: Improvements in practice were observed for all eight criteria. The most significant improvements were in the following: completion of an organizational policy, the minimum discharge criteria, patient has met minimum discharge criteria before being discharged (all from 0% to 100% compliance), and giving verbal and written instructions (from 12% to 100% compliance). Criteria 4 (the authority to discharge), 6 (staff training and education) and 7 (being accompanied by family) achieved the least improvement in compliance rates, as baseline measures already showed a high degree of compliance. The compliance rate for criterion 8 (medical file) attained 88%. Conclusion This protocol utilized a clinical audit process leading to improvements in practice behavior related to patient discharge following endoscopic sedation procedures. A continuous cycle of audit and re-audit will be required in the future to maintain high quality standards.

Objective: To investigate the feasibility and safety of endoscopic trans-gastric gallbladder-preserving cholecystolithotomy (ETGC) for gallstones. Methods: The clinical data of 84 cholecystolithiasis patients, who received ETGC at Endoscopic Center of Zhongshan Hospital from March 2017 to May 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. The operation completion rate, operation time, complications and recurrence of calculus were summarized. Results: In the 84 cases of cholecystolithiasis, there were 19 cases (22.6%) of single stone, 53 cases (63.1%) of multiple stones, and 12 cases (14.3%) of gallstones with gallbladder polyps. A total of 82 patients (97.6%) successfully completed ETGC with median operation time of 88 min. Ten patients (12.2%) suffered from abdominal pain after operation, of which 6 patients relieved after conservative treatments. The other 4 cases, including 2 cases of hemoperitoneum, 1 case of biliary fistula, and 1 case of choledocholithiasis with obstructive jaundice, were recovered after corresponding interventions. As of June 14, 2019, 5 cases were lost to follow-up (follow-up rate was 93.9%, 77/82). Residual stones were found in 2 cases (2.6%, 2/77). Stone recurrence was discovered in 4 cases (5.2%, 4/7), and 2 cases (2.6%, 2/77) had cholesterol crystallization in gallbladder. Conclusion ETGC is minimally invasive, feasible and safe in treatment of cholecystolithiasis, and can retain the function of gallbladder. However, how to completely remove the stones and avoid residue by ETGC still needs further exploration, and its long-term efficacy still needs further observation.

Objective: To study the role of virtual gastroscopy simulator in the examination of clinical practice skills of gastrointestinal specialists. Methods: A multi-center empirical study was carried out. In June 2018, ninety participants from three tertiary care teaching hospitals in China, including Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Tongji Hospital and Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, took part in the examination. Participants were selected as follows: 30 specialists without any experience of gastroscopy exams, 30 with basic knowledge (gastroscopy exams <500 cases) and 30 with good skill (gastroscopy exams ≥500 cases). These 90 students participated in this empirical study after theoretical study and simulator training. Among them, 50 (55.6%) were undergraduates, 25 (27.8%) masters, and 15 (16.7%) doctors; 42 (46.7%) were residents, 39 (43.3%) attending physicians, and 9 (10.0%) deputy chief physicians. The assessment was divided into two parts. The first part was to use the simulator (GI mentor II) for ballooning within 10 minutes, with a total score of 40 points. The second part was a complete gastroscopy exam on the simulator, including preparation before gastroscopy exam, gastroscopy exam, post - exam management and related knowledge quiz. The difficulty and discrimination of the assessment plan were evaluated by the extreme grouping method parameters (difficulty P definition: <0.3 was difficult, 0.3 to 0.7 was medium, ≥0.7 was easy; discrimination degree D definition: <0 was poor, 0 to 0.2 was medium, ≥0.2 was good), and by comparing the virtual gastroscopy assessment scores of different experience, academic, and professional title groups. The score analysis of the student group was expressed using the mastering rate (the average score divided by the total score). The data of the normal distribution was represented by (mean±SD) (range), and the data of the nonnormal distribution was represented by M (P25, P75). Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test was used for comparison between groups. Results: The total score of 90 students was (82.9±10.9) (55.8 to 99.0), and the mastering rate was 82.9%. The overall difficulty of the first and the second parts were 0.78 and 0.76, respectively, and the difficulty level was easy. The overall discrimination of the first and the second parts were 0.70 and 0.67, respectively, and the discrimination was good. The stratified analysis was performed according to the professional title. The median score was 83.2 (75.5, 89.0) in the residents, 82.5 (71.7, 93.6) in the attending physicians, and 93.5 (88.5, 99.0) in the deputy chief physicians, and the difference was statistically significant (H=6.213, P=0.045). According to the stratification analysis of academic qualifications, the median score was 81.7 (73.0, 87.5) in participants with undergraduate degree, 91.0 (79.0, 95.0) in those with master degree and 88.0 (81.7, 93.5) in those with doctor degree, whose difference was statistically significant (H=9.233, P=0.010). The stratified analysis of the second part showed that the median scores of the "operational process" part of the low, medium and high basis group were 33.0 (30.5, 36.5), 34.0 (32.0, 36.0) and 37.0 (35.0, 37.5), respectively, whose difference was statistically significant (H=7.603, P=0.022). The median scores of the "operational process" section of the resident, attending physician, and deputy chief physician were 33.0 (30.5, 35.0) points, 36.0 (34.0, 37.5) points and 37.0 (37.0, 37.5) points, respectively, whose difference was statistically significant (H=18.563, P=0.001). Conclusions The virtual gastroscopy simulator can reflect the true level of gastroscopy exam skills of the students. The examination questions are moderately difficult, and there is a good discrimination of the exam.

Objective To investigate feasibility of bowel preparation for colonoscopy in endoscopic ambulatory surgery ward. Methods A total of 352 patients at endoscopic ambulatory surgery ward receiving colonoscopy at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University from May 25, 2018 to July 13, 2018 were surveyed by questionnaires. Data of 344 patients, including patient demographics, bowel preparation information and Boston bowel preparation scores and subjective perception of patients were analyzed. Data of 8 others were excluded because they did not complete colonoscopy for the first time due to failure of bowel preparation. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were conducted to analyze the quality of bowel preparation and its influencing factors. Results A total of 18. 0％( 62/344) of bowel preparations were inadequate. Morning colonoscopy ( P = 0. 005, OR = 2. 505, 95％CI:1. 312-4. 781 ) and yellow residual last stool before colonoscopy (P=0. 045,OR=0. 475,95％CI:0. 230-0. 982) were independent risk factors for inadequate bowel preparation. Patients' tolerance was 88. 1％(303/344), satisfaction was 77. 9％(268/344), and 54. 9％(189/344) were willing to be hospitalized in ambulatory surgery ward again if necessary. Conclusion Bowel preparation before colonoscopy in endoscopic ambulatory surgery ward is feasible but not optimal.

Objective To study the role of virtual gastroscopy simulator in the examination of clinical practice skills of gastrointestinal specialists. Methods A multi?center empirical study was carried out. In June 2018, ninety participants from three tertiary care teaching hospitals in China, including Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Tongji Hospital and Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, took part in the examination. Participants were selected as follows: 30 specialists without any experience of gastroscopy exams, 30 with basic knowledge (gastroscopy exams <500 cases) and 30 with good skill (gastroscopy exams ≥500 cases). These 90 students participated in this empirical study after theoretical study and simulator training. Among them, 50 (55.6%) were undergraduates, 25 (27.8%) masters , and 15 (16.7%) doctors; 42 (46.7%) were residents, 39 (43.3%) attending physicians, and 9 (10.0%) deputy chief physicians. The assessment was divided into two parts. The first part was to use the simulator (GI mentor II) for ballooning within 10 minutes, with a total score of 40 points. The second part was a complete gastroscopy exam on the simulator, including preparation before gastroscopy exam, gastroscopy exam, post ? exam management and related knowledge quiz. The difficulty and discrimination of the assessment plan were evaluated by the extreme grouping method parameters (difficulty P definition: <0.3 was difficult, 0.3 to 0.7 was medium,≥0.7 was easy; discrimination degree D definition: <0 was poor, 0 to 0.2 was medium, ≥0.2 was good), and by comparing the virtual gastroscopy assessment scores of different experience, academic, and professional title groups. The score analysis of the student group was expressed using the mastering rate (the average score divided by the total score). The data of the normal distribution was represented by (mean ± SD) (range), and the data of the nonnormal distribution was represented by M (P25, P75). Kruskal?Wallis non?parametric test was used for comparison between groups. Results The total score of 90 students was (82.9±10.9) (55.8 to 99.0), and the mastering rate was 82.9%. The overall difficulty of the first and the second parts were 0.78 and 0.76, respectively, and the difficulty level was easy. The overall discrimination of the first and the second parts were 0.70 and 0.67, respectively, and the discrimination was good. The stratified analysis was performed according to the professional title. The median score was 83.2 (75.5, 89.0) in the residents, 82.5 (71.7, 93.6) in the attending physicians, and 93.5 (88.5, 99.0) in the deputy chief physicians, and the difference was statistically significant (H=6.213, P=0.045). According to the stratification analysis of academic qualifications, the median score was 81.7 (73.0, 87.5) in participants with undergraduate degree, 91.0 (79.0, 95.0) in those with master degree and 88.0 (81.7, 93.5) in those with doctor degree, whose difference was statistically significant (H=9.233, P=0.010). The stratified analysis of the second part showed that the median scores of the "operational process" part of the low, medium and high basis group were 33.0 (30.5, 36.5), 34.0 (32.0, 36.0) and 37.0 (35.0, 37.5), respectively, whose difference was statistically significant (H=7.603, P=0.022). The median scores of the "operational process" section of the resident, attending physician, and deputy chief physician were 33.0 (30.5, 35.0) points, 36.0 (34.0, 37.5) points and 37.0 (37.0, 37.5) points, respectively, whose difference was statistically significant (H=18.563, P=0.001). Conclusions The virtual gastroscopy simulator can reflect the true level of gastroscopy exam skills of the students. The examination questions are moderately difficult, and there is a good discrimination of the exam.

Objective To study the role of virtual gastroscopy simulator in the examination of clinical practice skills of gastrointestinal specialists. Methods A multi?center empirical study was carried out. In June 2018, ninety participants from three tertiary care teaching hospitals in China, including Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Tongji Hospital and Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, took part in the examination. Participants were selected as follows: 30 specialists without any experience of gastroscopy exams, 30 with basic knowledge (gastroscopy exams <500 cases) and 30 with good skill (gastroscopy exams ≥500 cases). These 90 students participated in this empirical study after theoretical study and simulator training. Among them, 50 (55.6%) were undergraduates, 25 (27.8%) masters , and 15 (16.7%) doctors; 42 (46.7%) were residents, 39 (43.3%) attending physicians, and 9 (10.0%) deputy chief physicians. The assessment was divided into two parts. The first part was to use the simulator (GI mentor II) for ballooning within 10 minutes, with a total score of 40 points. The second part was a complete gastroscopy exam on the simulator, including preparation before gastroscopy exam, gastroscopy exam, post ? exam management and related knowledge quiz. The difficulty and discrimination of the assessment plan were evaluated by the extreme grouping method parameters (difficulty P definition: <0.3 was difficult, 0.3 to 0.7 was medium,≥0.7 was easy; discrimination degree D definition: <0 was poor, 0 to 0.2 was medium, ≥0.2 was good), and by comparing the virtual gastroscopy assessment scores of different experience, academic, and professional title groups. The score analysis of the student group was expressed using the mastering rate (the average score divided by the total score). The data of the normal distribution was represented by (mean ± SD) (range), and the data of the nonnormal distribution was represented by M (P25, P75). Kruskal?Wallis non?parametric test was used for comparison between groups. Results The total score of 90 students was (82.9±10.9) (55.8 to 99.0), and the mastering rate was 82.9%. The overall difficulty of the first and the second parts were 0.78 and 0.76, respectively, and the difficulty level was easy. The overall discrimination of the first and the second parts were 0.70 and 0.67, respectively, and the discrimination was good. The stratified analysis was performed according to the professional title. The median score was 83.2 (75.5, 89.0) in the residents, 82.5 (71.7, 93.6) in the attending physicians, and 93.5 (88.5, 99.0) in the deputy chief physicians, and the difference was statistically significant (H=6.213, P=0.045). According to the stratification analysis of academic qualifications, the median score was 81.7 (73.0, 87.5) in participants with undergraduate degree, 91.0 (79.0, 95.0) in those with master degree and 88.0 (81.7, 93.5) in those with doctor degree, whose difference was statistically significant (H=9.233, P=0.010). The stratified analysis of the second part showed that the median scores of the "operational process" part of the low, medium and high basis group were 33.0 (30.5, 36.5), 34.0 (32.0, 36.0) and 37.0 (35.0, 37.5), respectively, whose difference was statistically significant (H=7.603, P=0.022). The median scores of the "operational process" section of the resident, attending physician, and deputy chief physician were 33.0 (30.5, 35.0) points, 36.0 (34.0, 37.5) points and 37.0 (37.0, 37.5) points, respectively, whose difference was statistically significant (H=18.563, P=0.001). Conclusions The virtual gastroscopy simulator can reflect the true level of gastroscopy exam skills of the students. The examination questions are moderately difficult, and there is a good discrimination of the exam.

This article reviewed pharmacological study development of Punica granatum L. both at home and abroad in recent years. P. granatum has a long medical usage history. Different parts of P. granatum have wide applications in both traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and other ethnic medicine. Its main chemical compositions were tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and organic acids. It has obvious pharmacological activities. In recent years, the pharmacological research progress on P. granatum in terms of antibacterial, antiviral, hypoglycemic, antitumor, adjusting blood lipids, antioxidant, and immunoregulation has rapid development. The scientific collection and analysis on effects and new pharmacological research results of P. granatum are hoped to provide references for the study, clinical application, development and utilization of P. granatum and its products.