OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of Setaria italica extract on improving insomnia model mice and to explore its potential mechanisms. METHODS The mice were randomly assigned into blank group， model group， positive control group （diazepam， 2.6 mg/kg）， and S. italica extract low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups （1.2， 2.4， 4.8 g/kg）， with 10 mice in each group. Except for the blank group， all other groups received intraperitoneal injection of para-chlorophenylalanine （PCPA） to establish the insomnia model. After modeling， the blank group and model group were given a constant volume of normal saline intragastrically， and administration groups were given relevant medicine intragastrically， with a volume of 0.01 mL/g， once a day， for 7 consecutive days. After the administration， the open-field test was conducted to observe the praxiological changes of mice， and to determine the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT） and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid （5-HTAA） in the hippocampal tissue， as well as the contents of 5-HT， brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF）， interleukin-2 （IL-2）， IL-6， B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl- 2）， and Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax） in the serum. The expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/nuclear factor- κB （PI3K/Akt/NF-κB） signaling pathway related protein was determined in the hippocampus of mice. RESULTS Compared with the model group， the total exercise time of mice in S. italica extract high-dose group was significantly prolonged， but the total rest time was significantly shortened （P＜0.01）； the number of standing times and modification times were significantly reduced （P＜ 0.01）. The contents of 5-HT， BDNF， and Bcl-2 in serum， and Bcl-2/Bax were significantly increased， while the contents of IL-2， IL-6， and Bax were significantly reduced （P＜0.05 or P＜ 0.01）. The content of 5-HTAA in the hippocampal tissue and 202104010910029）；the phosphorylation levels of PI3K and Akt proteins were increased significantly， while the phosphorylation level of NF-κB p65 protein was decreased significantly （P＜0.05）.CONCLUSIONS High-dose of S. italica extract demonstrates significant therapeutic effects on insomnia in mice， and the mechanism of which may be associated with the regulation of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway.

In the field of dental aesthetics,digital aesthetic design plays a crucial role in helping dentists to predict treatment outcomes vis-ually,as well as in enhancing the consistency of knowledge and understanding of aesthetic goals between dentists and patients.It serves as the foundation for achieving ideal aesthetic effects.However,there is no clear standard for this digital process currently in China and abroad.Many dentists lack of systematic understanding of how to carry out digital aesthetic design for treatment.To establish standardized processes for dental aesthetic design and to improve the homogeneity of treatment outcomes,Chinese Society of Digital Dental Industry(CSD-DI)convened domestic experts in related field to compile this consensus.This article elaborates on the key aspects of digital aesthetic data collection,integration steps,and the digital aesthetic design process.It also formulates a decision tree for dental aesthetics at macro level and outlines corresponding workflows for various clinical scenarios,serving as a reference for clinicians.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular inflammatory disease caused by abnormal lipid metabolism.The formation of lipid-rich foam cells acts as the initial trigger for development of atherosclerotic lesions.Recent studies have shown that lipophagy,a form of selective autophagy,can selectively degrade lipid droplets stored intracellularly and promote cholesterol efflux through the autophagic lysosomal pathway.As a result,intracellular lipid accumulation is re-duced and foaming is inhibited,making lipophagy a potential new target for current anti-atherosclerosis therapy.This arti-cle reviews the crucial role and molecular mechanism of lipophagy in the link between lipid metabolism and atherosclero-sis.Its objective is to outline the regulatory mechanism of lipophagy and present fresh insights for the treatment of athero-sclerotic diseases.

Fibroblast activation protein(FAP),a kind of transmembrane glycoprotein in the serine protease family,has an activity similar to dipeptidase and gelatinase.It is expressed in the stroma of a variety of human tumors and is involved in different signaling pathways.It promotes the proliferation,migration,and invasion of tumor cells through a variety of mechanisms.Therefore,it is closely related to the poor prognosis of many tumors.However,current studies have not systematically elucidated the expression of FAP in gastrointestinal malignancies,and research on its specific mechanism of action and role as a tumor biomarker and therapeutic target are still in the initial stage.In this article,the role and mechanism of FAP in the occurrence and progression of gastrointestinal malignancies are reviewed,in order to provide ideas for predicting the prognosis of gastrointestinal malignancies and selecting new therapeutic targets.

External apical root resorption is among the most common risks of orthodontic treatment, and it cannot be completely avoided and predicted. Risk factors causing orthodontic root resorption can generally be divided into patient- and treatment-related factors. Root resorption that occurs during orthodontic treatment is usually detected by radiographical examination. Mild or moderate root absorption usually does no obvious harm, but close attention is required. When severe root resorption occurs, it is generally recommended to suspend the treatment for 3 months for the cementum to be restored. To unify the risk factors of orthodontic root resorption and its clinical suggestions, we summarized the theoretical knowledge and clinical experience of more than 20 authoritative experts in orthodontics and related fields in China. After discussion and summarization, this consensus was made to provide reference for orthodontic clinical practice.
Humans ; Tooth Movement Techniques/adverse effects* ; Root Resorption/etiology* ; Consensus ; Dental Cementum ; Risk Factors

Zwitterionic sulfobetaine-based monolithic stationary phases have attracted increasing attention for their use in hydrophilic interaction chromatography.In this study,a novel hydrophilic polymeric monolith was fabricated through photo-initiated copolymerization of 3-(3-vinyl-1-imidazolio)-l-propanesulfonate(SBVI)with pentaerythritol triacrylate using methanol and tetrahydrofuran as the porogenic system.Notably,the duration for the preparation of this novel monolith was as little as 5 min,which was significantly shorter than that required for previously reported sulfobetaine-based monoliths prepared via conventional thermally initiated copolymerization.Moreover,these monoliths showed good morphology,permeability,porosity(62.4％),mechanical strength(over 15 MPa),column efficiency(51,230 plates/m),and reproducibility(relative standard deviations for all analytes were lower than 4.6％).Mechanistic studies indicated that strong hydrophilic and negative electrostatic interactions might be responsible for the retention of polar analytes on the zwitterionic SBVI-based monolith.In particular,the resulting monolith exhibited good anti-protein adhesion ability and low nonspecific protein adsorption.These excellent features seem to favor its application in bioanalysis.Therefore,the novel zwitterionic sulfobetaine-based monolith was successfully employed for the highly selective separation of small bioactive compounds and the efficient enrichment of N-glycopeptides from complex samples.In this study,we prepared a novel zwitterionic sulfobetaine-based monolith with good performance and developed a simpler and faster method for preparation of zwitterionic monoliths.

BACKGROUND: Bone is a connective tissue that continuously modeling and remodeling. The dynamic homeostasis of bone is regulated by the process of osteoblasts synthesizing bone matrix and osteoclasts absorbing bone matrix. Osteoclasts have always been attracting numerous researches for its bone absorption. Along with the rapid development of gene knockout, biomolecular and other technologies, we have gone deeper and further lifting the veil of osteoclasts.OBJECTIVE: To overview the research regarding the molecular mechanisms and regulating factors of osteoclast formation, differentiation and function.METHODS: The first author retrieved PubMed database for the articles concerning molecular mechanisms and regulating factors of osteoclast formation, differentiation and function published from 1980 to 2015 using the keywords of osteoclast, molecular regulation, bone resorption, regulation mechanisms. Subsequently, a systamatice management,summary and analysis was performed.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 151 literatures were searched, and 29 eligible articles were ultimately enrolled according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RANK/RANKL/OPG axis plays a significant role in modulating bone formation and resorption. Understanding the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms of osteoclasts is of great significance for exploring osteoarticular diseases, osteogenesis, osteoimmunology, biomaterials and other aspects.

BACKGROUND:The Notch signaling pathway is evolutionarily highly conserved and mediated by cel-cel interactions, which is widely involved in cel differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. This critical transduction system participates in coordinating various functions of vascular endothelial cels, thus playing a vital role in the formation and remodeling of vascular network. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the components of Notch signaling pathway and its impact on angiogenesis. METHODS: A computer-based online search of PubMed and CBM databases was performed. High-quality articles related to mechanism of angiogenesis regulated by Notch signaling were included, and repetitive studies were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Totaly 31 literatures were selectively included in this review. Angiogenesis is a complicated and muti-stage biological event and has been delicately regulated. Notch signaling participates in the regulation of every stage of angiogenesis directly or indirectly via the crosstalk with vascular endothelial growth factor, BMP-SMAD signaling and extracelular matrix molecules. Furthermore, consistent output of Notch signaling is essential for maintaining the stability and integrity of adult vascular system. This review wil thoroughly clarify the latest progress on angiogenesis regulated by Notch signaling and provide theoretical basis and a potential target for designing therapeutic methods against vascular disease.

One of the ultimate goals for orthodontic treatment is to establish an esthetic, healthy, stable and efficient occlusion. Currently, however, most of the criteria are limited to static occlusion, with little attention to dynamic occlusion. During the therapy, the orthodontists may sometimes find the maximum intercuspation (MI) is remarkably inconsistent with the centric relation (CR), or the mandibular positions are different before and after the therapy. These definitely will influence the stability of the treatment, or even the health of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and stomatognathic system. The functional occlusion theory emphasizes that the displacement of TMJ in the glenoid fossa is the reason for the inharmony between MI and CR, and the relapse. What is more, this theory also gives the orthodontists the ways to evaluate the relationships among the MI, CR and TMJ. In this paper, we will introduce the contents and methods of the functional occlusion theory.
Dental Occlusion ; Dental Occlusion, Centric ; Humans ; Mandible ; Temporomandibular Joint

Articulators have been widely used by clinicians of dentistry. But routine articulator mounting is still controversial in orthodontics. Orthodontists oriented by gnathology approve routine articulator mounting while nongnathologic orthodontists disapprove it. This article reviews the thoughts of orthodontist that they agree or disagree with routine articulator mounting based on the considerations of biting, temporomandibular disorder (TMD), periodontitis, and so on.
Dental Articulators ; Humans ; Orthodontics