Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective To establish methods for detection of water in rubber closures as one of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia series of standards for pharmaceutical packaging material.Methods The formulation process of determination of water in rubber closures was explained,the key contents of the standard were analyzed,and the determination results of water content by oven-drying method and Karl Fischer drying furnace-coulometric titration method were compared.Results The determination results of water content in multiple batches of rubber stopper samples by over-drying method were generally higher than that by Karl Fischer drying oven-Coulometric titration method.The latter method is highly specific and accurate,and can better reflect the true water content of rubber closures.Conclusion Two methods for determining water content in rubber closures have been developed.Enterprises can choose the appropriate method based on the intended use of their products and daily testing needs.

Objective:To explore the status of social alienation among survivors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and analyze its influencing factors.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional study. From October 2021 to January 2022, 200 survivors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma reviewed in the radiotherapy department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University were investigated by General Data Questionnaire, General Alienation Scale (GAS), Cancer Fatigue Scale (CFS) and Self-Perceived Burden Scale (SPBS).Results:The total score of GAS in survivors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma was (37.47 ± 2.88) points. The total scores of GAS were positively correlated with the total score and each dimension score of CFS and SPBS ( r values were 0.312-0.524, all P<0.01). Multivariable linear regression showed that the duration of diagnosis, whether or not having hearing loss, the number of symptoms, cancer fatigue and self-perceived burden were the main influencing factors of social alienation in survivors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma( t values were -3.99-4.86, all P<0.05), which could explain 49% of the total variation. Conclusions:Clinical medical staff should attach importance to social alienation of surviors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. More attention should be paid to patients with less than one year of diagnosis, a large number of symptoms and hearing loss, and targeted intervention should be conducted to reduce the degree of social alienation of patients and promote their integration into society.