Objective:To analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in children in Jiangsu Province from 2014 to 2023.Methods:The acute respiratory infection cases in children aged 0-14 years were selected from outpatient/emergency or inpatient departments in 2 surveillance sentinel hospitals, respectively, in Nanjing, Suzhou and Taizhou of Jiangsu from 1 July 2014 to 31 December 2023, and RSV nucleic acid test was conducted and the intensity of the RSV infection was accessed by WHO influenza epidemiological threshold method, and case information and clinical data were collected. χ2 test was used to compare the differences between groups, and the Bonferroni method was used for pairwise comparisons between groups. Results:In 4 946 cases of acute respiratory infections, the RSV positive rate was 8.21% (406/4 946), and the age M( Q1, Q3) of the cases was 1 (0, 3) years. The RSV positive rate was 10.92% (258/2 362) during 2014-2019 and 6.06% (118/1 948) during 2019-2023, the difference was significant ( χ2=31.74, P<0.001). RSV infection mainly occurred from October to March during 2014-2019, with the incidence peak in December and moderate or higher intensity. The seasonality of RSV infection was not obvious during 2019-2023, with low intensity. The RSV positive rate was highest in children in age group 0- years (17.85%, 151/846), and the positive rate declined gradually with age ( χ2=184.51, P<0.001). The RSV positive rate was higher in inpatient cases (9.84%, 244/2 480) than in outpatient/emergency cases (6.57%, 162/2 466) ( χ2=17.54, P<0.001). In the 155 RSV infection cases with complete clinical data, the clinical symptoms mainly included cough (99.35%, 154/155), fever (55.48%, 86/155), and shortness of breath (45.16%, 70/155). In the cases aged <6 months, the proportion of those with fever was low, but the proportion of those with shortness of breath, transferred to intensive care units, and receiving oxygen therapy were higher (all P<0.05). Children aged <6 months and those with underlying diseases were more likely to have severe RSV infection (all P<0.05). Conclusions:RSV infection in children in Jiangsu Province showed seasonal prevalence in winter from 2014 to 2019. Since 2020, the seasonal characteristics of the epidemic have changed, the epidemic period has been dispersed and the epidemic intensity has decreased. Infants <1 year old were at high risk for RSV infection, and those <6 months old and with underlying diseases might have severe infection.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the transcriptomal charactersistics of the striatum in the chronic social defeat stress(CSDS)model mice by using spatial transcriptome analysis and to address the underlying mechanism of the striatum in regulating depressive states.METHODS The CSDS para-digm was employed to establish a depression-like mouse model.The depressive indicators of behavioral despair,anhedonia,and social disorders were assessed through a battery of tests,including the tail suspension test,forced swim test,sucrose preference test,and social interaction experiments.The control mice and the mice exhibiting CSDS-sensitive depression-like behaviors were selected for spatial tran-scriptome sequencing of the striatal region.This sequencing aimed to identify highly expressed genes,followed by KEGG and GO enrichment analyses using the DAVID database.RESULTS The CSDS mouse model effectively induced behavioral despair,anhedonia and social avoidance(P<0.05,P<0.01).Spatial transcriptome analysis revealed 193 differentially expressed genes in the striatum of normal mice.KEGG and GO analyses indicated that these genes were primarily associated with striatal devel-opment,locomotor behaviors,and drug addiction.They were strongly implicated in signaling pathways such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cyclic guanosine monophosphate-protein kinase G,calcium signaling,Ras-related protein 1,and mitogen-activated protein kinase,and synaptic linked to GABAergic and dopaminergic neurons.In contrast,CSDS modeling mice led to the identification of 298 differentially expressed genes in the striatum compared with the normal control mice.These genes were significantly enriched in pathways related to neurodegenerative diseases,including Huntington disease,Alzheimer disease,and Parkinson disease.CONCLUSION Depressive states induced by CSDS are associated with the pathological processes underlying neurodegenerative diseases in the striatum.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of ultrasound and acoustic and laser cleaning of curved root canals. METHODS: A total of 92 molars with independent root canals with a curvature of 20°-40° were prepared and standardized at 04 25# and stained with gentian violet solution for 72 h. Among them, 52 were randomly divi-ded into four groups for final rinsing (n=13): NI group, PUI group, EDDY group, and PIPS group. Ten samples in each group were cut horizontally along the long axis perpendicular to the root and divided into curved upper, curved, and apical segments. Images were taken with a stereomicroscope and Image J measurements were taken to calculate the depth of rinse penetration. The remaining three samples from each group were split along the long axis of the dentin, photographed by scanning electron microscope to record the dentin tubule exposure and staining layer, and scored for staining layer by double-blind method. SPSS 26.0 software was used to perform statistical analysis and select the best flushing method. An extra 40 samples were randomly divided into four groups for detection of flushing fluid penetration depth (n=10): 10, 20, 30, and 40 s. RESULTS: In the upper part, the mean depth of infiltration was not significantly different between the experimental and control groups (P>0.05). The PIPS group had a significantly lower smear layer score than the control group and the EDDY group (P<0.01). In the curved segment, the mean depth of infiltration was significantly greater in the PUI group than in the control group (P<0.05); the tarnish layer score was lower in each experimental group than in the control group. At the top, the mean depth of infiltration was greater in the PUI and PIPS groups than in the control group (P<0.05), and the smear layer score was lower in the PIPS group than in the other groups (P<0.05). After the time was changed, the depth of infiltration of PUI increased only in the apical segment as the flushing time increased. CONCLUSIONS The PUI and PIPS methods facilitate the penetration of irrigation solution into the dentin canal in curved root canals, especially in the apical segment. The PIPS technique is effective in removing the smear layer in curved root canals.
Humans ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Root Canal Irrigants ; Root Canal Preparation/methods* ; Smear Layer ; Sodium Hypochlorite ; Therapeutic Irrigation/methods* ; Double-Blind Method

Objective     To systematically evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) guided by echocardiography alone versus fluoroscopy. Methods     The databases of PubMed, The Cochrane Library, EMbase, VIP, Wanfang Data and CNKI from January 2000 to October 2021 were searched by computer for relevant research literature. Two reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted the data and evaluated the quality according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 software. Results     A total of 19 cohort studies and 1 randomized controlled study were collected, including 2 825 patients. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale score for cohort studies was≥7 points. Meta-analysis showed that there was no statistical difference in the operative success rate (RR=1.01, 95%CI 1.00 to 1.02, P=0.17), incidence of occluder displacement/shedding (RR=0.77, 95%CI 0.26 to 2.27, P=0.63), incidence of arrhythmia (RR=0.50, 95%CI 0.21 to 1.14, P=0.10), incidence of pericardial effusion (RR=0.98, 95%CI 0.32 to 2.98, P=0.97), operative time (MD=–0.23, 95%CI –7.56 to 7.10, P=0.95) or cost (SMD=–0.39, 95%CI –1.09 to 0.30, P=0.27) between the two groups. The echocardiography group reduced the incidence of total postoperative complications (RR=0.42, 95%CI 0.30 to 0.60, P<0.001) and residual shunt (RR=0.70, 95%CI 0.50 to 0.98, P=0.04), and shortened length of hospital stay (MD=–0.43, 95%CI –0.77 to 0.09, P=0.01). Conclusion     Compared with traditional fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous closure of ASD, echocardiography guidance alone is equivalent in terms of operative success rate, major postoperative complications, operative time and total cost, but it reduces the incidence of total postoperative complications and residual shunt, and has a shorter length of hospital stay.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.04.002.].

Objective:To explore the risk factors of perioperative outcomes of lung transplantation and establish a predictive model for delayed extubation after lung transplantation.Methods:From January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022, 104 lung transplantation recipients were retrospectively collected to identify the risk factors of early post-operative outcome.According to the timing of extubation post-lung transplantation, they were assigned into two groups of normal(77 cases)and delayed(27 cases). Baseline profiles, type of primary diagnosis, cold ischemic duration and lung transplantation approach were compared between two groups.The factors with significant difference were examined by univariate and multivariate Logistic regression.Furthermore, multivariate logistic model was visualized by a nomogram.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve and decision curve analysis(DCA) were performed for evaluating the model's predictive performance and its value for clinical utilization.Results:The postoperative mortality rate was 9.6%.Delayed extubation was a strong predictor for postoperative mortality.Cold ischemic time outperformed others variates in terms of delayed extubation prediction.AUC of cold ischemic time and multivariate logistic model was 0.75(95% CI: 0.69-0.81)and 0.87(95% CI: 0.82-0.91). Conclusions:Delayed postoperative extubation is a key predictor of early post-lung transplantation mortality.The established predictive model may effectively identify high-risk patients for preventive intervention and survival improvement post-lung transplantation.

Lipids have been found to modulate tumor biology, including proliferation, survival, and metastasis. With the new understanding of tumor immune escape that has developed in recent years, the influence of lipids on the cancer-immunity cycle has also been gradually discovered. First, regarding antigen presentation, cholesterol prevents tumor antigens from being identified by antigen presenting cells. Fatty acids reduce the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I and costimulatory factors in dendritic cells, impairing antigen presentation to T cells. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) reduce the accumulation of tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells. Regarding T-cell priming and activation, cholesterol destroys the structure of the T-cell receptor and reduces immunodetection. In contrast, cholesterol also promotes T-cell receptor clustering and relative signal transduction. PGE2 represses T-cell proliferation. Finally, regarding T-cell killing of cancer cells, PGE2 and cholesterol weaken granule-dependent cytotoxicity. Moreover, fatty acids, cholesterol, and PGE2 can improve the activity of immunosuppressive cells, increase the expression of immune checkpoints and promote the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines. Given the regulatory role of lipids in the cancer-immunity cycle, drugs that modulate fatty acids, cholesterol and PGE2 have been envisioned as effective way in restoring antitumor immunity and synergizing with immunotherapy. These strategies have been studied in both preclinical and clinical studies.

Via an insufficient coat protein complex I (COPI) retrieval signal, the majority of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) is resident in host early secretory organelles and a tiny amount is leaked out in cell surface. Only surface-exposed S can be recognized by B cell receptor (BCR) or anti-S therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that is the trigger step for B cell activation after S mRNA vaccination or infected cell clearance by S mAbs. Now, a drug strategy to promote S host surface exposure is absent. Here, we first combined structural and biochemical analysis to characterize S COPI sorting signals. A potent S COPI sorting inhibitor was then invented, evidently capable of promoting S surface exposure and facilitating infected cell clearance by S antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Importantly, with the inhibitor as a probe, we revealed Omicron BA.1 S is less cell surface exposed than prototypes because of a constellation of S folding mutations, possibly corresponding to its ER chaperone association. Our findings not only suggest COPI is a druggable target against COVID-19, but also highlight SARS-CoV-2 evolution mechanism driven by S folding and trafficking mutations.

Mevalonate metabolism plays an important role in regulating tumor growth and progression; however, its role in immune evasion and immune checkpoint modulation remains unclear. Here, we found that non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with higher plasma mevalonate response better to anti-PD-(L)1 therapy, as indicated by prolonged progression-free survival and overall survival. Plasma mevalonate levels were positively correlated with programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression in tumor tissues. In NSCLC cell lines and patient-derived cells, supplementation of mevalonate significantly up-regulated the expression of PD-L1, whereas deprivation of mevalonate reduced PD-L1 expression. Mevalonate increased CD274 mRNA level but did not affect CD274 transcription. Further, we confirmed that mevalonate improved CD274 mRNA stability. Mevalonate promoted the affinity of the AU-rich element-binding protein HuR to the 3'-UTR regions of CD274 mRNA and thereby stabilized CD274 mRNA. By in vivo study, we further confirmed that mevalonate addition enhanced the anti-tumor effect of anti-PD-L1, increased the infiltration of CD8⁺ T cells, and improved cytotoxic function of T cells. Collectively, our findings discovered plasma mevalonate levels positively correlated with the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-(L)1 antibody, and provided the evidence that mevalonate supplementation could be an immunosensitizer in NSCLC.

ObjectiveTo monitor the microbes in urban drinking water in Jiangxi from 2016 to 2020， to analyze the change in microbial qualification rate， and to provide a scientific basis for government decision-making. MethodsAccording to the Standard Examination Method for Drinking Water （GB/T 5750‒2006） and the Standards for Drinking Water Quality （GB 5749‒2006）， the water samples were collected， tested and evaluated for hygienic safety. The chi-square test was used to compare the qualification rates among different water periods， water source types， water supply modes， water samples， treatment processes， and disinfection methods. ResultsA total of 10 584 water samples were collected and examined from 2016 to 2020，with a qualification rate of 97.72%. The qualified rate of the microbiological index increased gradually over the years. There was no statistically significant difference in the microbiological qualification rate of water samples monitored in different water periods （χ²=0.718，P=0.398）， and the qualification rates were 97.85% and 97.60% in dry and abundant water periods respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the qualification rates of water samples monitored in different water source types （χ²=79.560，P=0.398）， with groundwater having a higher qualification rate of 98.83% than surface water （97.70%）. The microbiological pass rate of water samples differed among different water supply methods （χ²=201.836，P<0.001）. The microbiological pass rates of municipal centralized water supply， self-built centralized water supply and secondary water supply were 97.51%， 88.94% and 96.56% respectively. The microbiological pass rates of water samples differed among different treatment processes. There were differences in the qualification rates of the water samples between different treatment processes（χ²=855.034，P<0.001）， with 98.22%， 67.19%， 95.60% and 53.13% of the conventionally treated， precipitated filtered， disinfected only and untreated water samples， respectively. The differences in the microbiological qualification rates of the monitored water samples between different disinfection methods were statistically significant （χ²=904.993，P<0.001）. Chlorination disinfection， chlorine dioxide disinfection， other disinfection methods and non-disinfected water samples had the pass rates of 98.35%， 98.19%， 84.38% and 60.16%， respectively. ConclusionThe qualified rate of the microbiological index of drinking water in Jiangxi increases year by year， but there are still some drinking water without appropriate disinfectants and water quality treatment processes. There is still a need to strengthen the purification， disinfection and monitoring of drinking water.