Objective: To investigate the impact of preschool children s aquatic motor skill (AMS) acquisition on their fundamental motor skill (FMS) development and the correlation between AMS and FMS development, so ao to provide a scientific basis for early childhood education and physical education teaching. Methods: From April to June 2024, 60 children, recruited by random sampling from a kindergarten in Taiyuan, were stratified randomly divided into an experimental group ( n =30) and a control group ( n =30). The experimental group were further divided into five classes of six each. They received AMS practice interventions twice weekly, 40 minutes per session, over eight weeks (16 sessions total) at a designated swimming center. The control group maintained their usual routine. Children s FMS and AMS were assessed pre and post intervention using the Test of Gross Motor Development-3rd (TGMD3) and Actual Aquatic Skills Test (AAST), respectively. Before and after test comparisons within and between groups employed t-tests, Wilcoxon signedrank tests, ANCOVA (including ranktransformed ANCOVA), and Cohen s d effect sizes were calculated for standardized mean differences. Spearman rank correlation was used to analyze relationships between FMS and AMS. Results: After the aquatic learning, the experimental group scored significantly higher than the control group on locomotor skills ( F=20.47, P <0.01, η 2=0.26), FMS ( F=4.59, P =0.04, η 2=0.08), and AMS ( F=109.71, P<0.01, η 2=0.79). The experimental groups improvement in locomotor skills 5.0(3.8, 7.3) versus the control group (2.8±2.5) yielded a medium effect size (Cohen s d =0.71); AMS gains in the experimental group [26.0(20.8, 28.0)] versus controls [1.0(0, 2.3)] showed a very large effect size (Cohen s d =4.73) (both P <0.01). Among preschool children, AMS acquisition was positively correlated with locomotor skills ( r =0.39) and overall FMS ( r =0.43)(both P <0.05). Skill specific assessments revealed lower proficiency in headfirst entry (immersion), treading water, and sagittalplane rotation. Conclusion Preschool children s acquisition of AMS has a positive effect on their FMS, with mutual facilitation between the two, especially in locomotor abilities.

Objective: To investigation and analyze the causes and characteristics of a food poisoning incident caused by Clostridium perfringens in schools, so as to provide a reference for prevention and control of food poisoning incidents. Methods: From March 11 to 12,2024,on site epidemiological and hygienic investigations were conducted by using food poisoning case questionnaires and on site hygienic investigation forms in Shenzhen. Information related to the poisoning incident was collected through field investigations and telephone interviews. A case control study was used to analyze the suspected food responsible for the incident. Risk analysis in χ 2 analysis was used to obtain OR values. Results: The Clostridium perfringens food poisoning incident involved two schools, with a cumulative total of 52 cases. School A had an attack rate of 2.21%(45/2 040), school B had an attack rate of 1.29% (7/544). The main clinical symptoms were diarrhea (100.00%) and abdominal pain (84.62%), with a minority experiencing fever ( 3.85 %). Analysis via the case control study indicated that consuming mushroom and meat sauce during lunch on March 11, 2024, was a risk factor for the poisoning incident ( OR =124.50, 95% CI =14.53-937.51, P <0.05). On site investigation revealed that the mushroom and meat sauce provided by the schools on March 11 was prepared by the catering company the previous day, stored without refrigeration, and not reheated before serving the next day. A total of 31 patient anal swabs, 16 food samples, and 14 kitchen staff anal swabs were sent for laboratory testing. Clostridium perfringens was isolated from 22 case samples. Among these, type A Clostridium perfringens (alpha toxin) was detected in 8 case samples, 4 kitchen staff anal swabs, and 2 retained samples of the mushroom and meat sauce. Conclusions The incident is a food poisoning outbreak caused by Clostridium perfringens contamination in schools. Avoiding cross contamination and ensuring proper storage are key to preventing Clostridium perfringens food poisoning.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a promising class of targeted cancer therapeutics that combine the specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the potency of cytotoxic payloads. Despite their therapeutic potential, the use of ADCs faces significant challenges, including off/on-target toxicity and resistance development. This review examines the current landscape of ADC development, focusing on the critical aspects of target selection and antibody engineering. We discuss strategies to increase ADC efficacy and safety, including multitarget approaches, pH-dependent antibodies, and masked peptide technologies. The importance of comprehensive antigen expression profiling in both tumor and normal tissues is emphasized, highlighting the role of advanced technologies, such as single-cell sequencing and artificial intelligence, in optimizing target selection. Furthermore, we explore combination therapies and innovations in linker‒payload chemistry, which may provide approaches for expanding the therapeutic window of ADCs. These advances pave the way for the development of more precise and effective cancer treatments, potentially extending ADC applications beyond oncology.
Humans ; Immunoconjugates/adverse effects* ; Neoplasms/immunology* ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use* ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use*

【Objective】 To investigate the association between genetic variations in the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) gene and BP responses to sodium and potassium intake. 【Methods】 A total of 514 subjects from 124 families were recruited in Meixian County, Shaanxi Province, in 2004, resulting in the establishment of a "salt-sensitive hypertension study cohort" . The subjects followed a dietary regimen which involved a normal diet for 3 days, a low-salt diet for 7 days, a high-salt diet for 7 days, and a high-salt potassium-supplemented diet for 7 days. BP measurement was conducted at different intervention periods, and peripheral blood samples were collected. Additionally, eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the GLP-1R gene were genotyped using the MassARRAY detection platform. 【Results】 The GLP-1R gene SNP rs9462472 exhibited a significant association with systolic BP, diastolic BP, and mean arterial pressure response to high-salt intervention. Similarly, SNP rs2268637 showed a significant association with systolic BP response to high-salt intervention. Furthermore, SNP rs2268637 was significantly associated with systolic BP and mean arterial pressure responses to high-salt plus potassium supplementation intervention. 【Conclusion】 Our findings indicate a significant association of genetic variations in the GLP-1R gene with BP responses to sodium and potassium intake. This suggests that the GLP-1R gene plays a role in the regulation of BP salt sensitivity and potassium sensitivity.

Objective:To evaluate the relationship between lung injury induced by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and acetyltransferase p300 (p300) in rats.Methods:Eighteen SPF healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 12-16 weeks, weighing 350-450 g, were divided into 3 groups ( n=6 each) using a random number table method: sham operation group (S group), CPB group, and CPB+ left lung ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) group (CPB+ IR group). CPB group was connected to CPB pipeline for cardiopulmonary bypass. The lung I/R injury model was prepared by clamping the left lung hilum for 45 min followed by opening during CPB, 30 min later CPB was terminated, and mechanical ventilation was continuously performed for 1.5 h before ending the experiment in CPB+ IR group. Arterial blood gas analysis was performed and oxygenation index (OI) and respiratory index (RI) were calculated before CPB, at 10 min after opening the lung hilum, and immediately after the end of experiment. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and left lung tissues were collected immediately after the end of experiment for determination of the concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in BALF and total protein in BALF and concentrations of IL-17 in lung tissues (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), expression of p300, phosphorylated p300 (p-p300), and acetylated histone H3 (AC-H3) in lung tissues (by Western blot) and expression of p-p300 (using immunohistochemical staining) and for microscopic examination of the pathological changes of lung tissues (under the light microscope) which were scored. Results:Compared with S group, OI was significantly decreased and RI was increased at 10 min after opening the lung hilum and immediately after the end of experiment, the lung injury score and levels of IL-6, TNF-α and total protein in BALF and IL-17 in lung tissues were increased, and the expression of p300, p-p300 and AC-H3 was up-regulated in CPB and CPB+ IR groups ( P<0.05). Compared with CPB group, OI was significantly decreased and RI was increased at 10 min after opening the lung hilum and immediately after the end of experiment, the lung injury score and levels of IL-6, TNF-α and total protein in BALF and IL-17 in lung tissues were increased, and the expression of p300, p-p300 and AC-H3 was up-regulated in CPB+ IR group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The mechanism by which CPB induces lung injury may be related to up-regulation of the expression of p300 and enhancement of activity of p300 in lung tissues and increased release of inflammatory factors in rats.

Objective:To investigate the effects of an immersive virtual reality system for nasal anatomy in improving the learning interest and theoretical level of eight-year program medical students for nasal anatomy in otolaryngology.Methods:A total of 57 medical students of the 2019 eight-year program in Peking University Health Science Center were divided into three groups naturally, with 19 students in each group. Two of the groups (38 students) were randomly selected as experimental group to receive traditional teaching in combination with the immersive virtual reality system for nasal anatomy, while the remaining group (19 students) served as control group to receive traditional teaching. The teaching effectiveness of the two groups was evaluated through questionnaire surveys and theoretical assessment scores in otolaryngology and nasal anatomy. SPSS 27.0 was used to perform statistical analysis. The two groups were compared using the independent samples t-test and the chi-squared test. Results:According to the survey results, both groups considered rhinology theory and anatomy learning as a challenge during rhinology internship. A significantly higher proportion of students in the experimental group believed that they gained the greatest achievement in rhinology theory and anatomy learning during internship, as compared with the control group (33/38 vs. 12/19, P=0.039). The theoretical score for nasal anatomy-related assessment was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group [(19.0±1.3) vs. (18.1±1.3), P=0.024]. Conclusions:The use of the immersive virtual reality system for nasal anatomy in otolaryngology teaching can promote eight-year program medical students' interest in learning and improve teaching effectiveness.

Objective:To learn about the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of human brucellosis in Shaanxi Province, and to provide reference for brucellosis prevention and control.Methods:Through the China Disease Control and Prevention Information System and the Shaanxi Provincial Brucellosis Prevention and Control Work System, report data and case investigation data on human brucellosis cases in Shaanxi Province from 2020 to 2022 were collected, respectively, and the epidemiological characteristics, exposure history and clinical manifestations of the cases were analyzed descriptively.Results:A total of 4 240 human cases of brucellosis were reported in Shaanxi Province from 2020 to 2022, with no death. The average annual incidence was 3.60/100 000, with an average growth rate of 22.33%. Cases of brucellosis were reported from January to December throughout the year, mainly from April to August, accounting for 63.40% (2 688/4 240). Cases of brucellosis were reported in 12 prefectures (including Yangling District and prefecture-level administrative divisions directly administered by the province) and 90 counties (districts and cities), accounting for 79.65% (90/113) of the total number of counties (districts and cities). The male to female ratio of the cases was 2.92 ∶ 1.00 (3 159 ∶ 1 081). The onset age was mainly from 30 to 74 years old, accounting for 89.81% (3 808/4 240). Farmer was the main occupation, accounting for 87.12% (3 694/4 240). A total of 4 223 cases were investigated in Shaanxi Province from 2020 to 2022, with the acute phase being the main stage of disease progression, accounting for 94.67% (3 998/4 223); hospitalized cases accounted for 59.79% (2 525/4 223); the main risk occupations of brucellosis were rearing and grazing, accounting for 78.43% (3 312/4 223). The main exposure routes were direct contact through skin and mucous membranes and respiratory infection, accounting for 95.07% (4 015/4 223). There were 4 015 cases with a history of contact with livestock and their products, with sheep being the main type of contact (accounting for 96.91%, 3 891/4 015), and the possible infection sites were mainly at home (58.53%, 2 350/4 015). The main clinical symptoms were fever, muscle and joint pain, fatigue and excessive sweating, accounting for 75.49% (3 188/4 223), 58.23% (2 463/4 223), 68.17% (2 879/4 223) and 63.65% (2 688/4 223), respectively. A total of 139 Brucella strains were isolated and cultured, with sheep type 3 being the main bacterial type, accounting for 75.54% (105/139). Conclusions:The epidemic of brucellosis in Shaanxi Province is showing a clear upward trend, and the scope of the epidemic is becoming wider and wider. The incidence of brucellosis is mainly in free-range households, and the course of the disease is mostly in the acute phase. Brucellosis is mainly caused through direct contact with the skin and mucous membranes and respiratory infections. The clinical manifestations are diverse but non-specific. It is necessary to effectively improve the personal protection awareness and level of high-risk groups to reduce the occurrence of brucellosis.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex condition resulting from environmental, microbial, immunologic, and genetic factors. With the advancement of Mendelian randomization research in IBD, we have gained new insights into the relationship between these factors and IBD. Many animal models of IBD have been developed using different methods, but few studies have attempted to model IBD by combining environmental factors and microbial factors. In this review, we examine how environmental factors and microbial factors affect the development and progression of IBD, and how they interact with each other and with the intestinal microbiota. We also summarize the current methods for creating animal models of IBD and compare their advantages and disadvantages. Based on the latest findings from Mendelian randomization studies on the role of environmental factors in IBD, we discuss which environmental and microbial factors could be used to construct a more realistic and reliable IBD experimental model. We propose that animal models of IBD should consider both environmental and microbial factors to better mimic human IBD pathogenesis and to reveal the underlying mechanisms of IBD at the immune and genetic levels.We highlight the importance of environmental and microbial factors in IBD pathogenesis and offer new perspectives and suggestions for improving experimental animal modeling. Our goal is to create a model that closely resembles the clinical picture of IBD.

Objective:To investigate the effect and mechanism of the gastric cancer cells-derived exosome miR-382-5p in-duced by Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)on the autophagy and polarization of macrophages,providing new clues for further elucidating the carcinogenic mechanism of H.pylori.Methods:Ultracentrifugation and exosome extraction kit were used to extract the exosomes re-leased by the H.pylori stimulated group and the blank control group AGS cells cells,then transmission electron microscopy(TEM),nanoparticle tracking analysis(NTA)and Western blot were employed to identify exosomes.qRT-PCR was used to detect the expres-sion of miR-382-5p in H.pylori induced AGS-derived exosomes.miR-382-5p mimic was transfected into THP-1 macrophages,then the expressions of autophagy markers(LC3Ⅱ,p62,and Beclin-1)were evaluated by Western blot,the number of autophagosomes was detected by immunofluorescence.The expression levels of PTEN protein,downstream proteins PI3K,AKT,mTOR and its phosphory-lated proteins p-PI3K,p-AKT,p-mTOR were detected by Western blot.Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression levels of macrophage phenotypic molecules CD206 and HLA-DR.ELISA was used to detect the secretion of cytokines TNF-α,IL-6,IL-10 and Arginase1 in macrophage supernatants.Results:The extracted exosomes were consistent with exosome morphology and highly ex-pressed the surface marker proteins CD9,CD63 and TSG101.Compared with the blank control group,the expression level of exosom-al miR-382-5p in H.pylori-infected group was significantly increased.miR-382-5p mimic transfection resulted in decreased expression of LC3 Ⅱ and Beclin-1 in macrophages,increased expression of P62 and decreased number of autophagosomes.Moreover,the protein expression level of PTEN was significantly decreased in the miR-382-5p mimic transfection group,while the expression levels of p-PI3K,p-AKT and p-mTOR were significantly increased.miR-382-5p mimic transfection also resulted in increased expression of mac-rophage M2 type marker protein CD206 and decreased expression of M1 type marker protein HLA-DR,as well as increased expres-sions of IL-10 and Arginine1,whereas decreased expression of IL-6 and TNF-α.Pretreatment with the pathway inhibitor BEZ235 par-tially reverses the effects of miR-382-5p on macrophage autophagy and polarization.Conclusion:H.pylori-induced gastric cancer cells-derived exosomal miR-382-5p suppresses macrophage autophagy and induces M2 polarization through down-regulation of PTEN ex-pression and activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.