Chemotherapy based on cisplatin or its combination therapy is a common cancer treatment method. However， the non-specific side effects of cisplatin， poor pharmacokinetic properties of small molecule drugs， and susceptibility to drug resistance greatly limit the clinical application of cisplatin as first-line anti-tumor drug. With the development of nanocarrier technology， liposomes have become an ideal carrier for delivering cisplatin drugs due to their excellent properties of targeting， reducing toxicity， and enhancing efficacy. This paper reviews the status of cisplatin liposome both domestically and internationally which have entered clinical trials， including L-NDDP，SPI-077®， Lipoplatin®，LiPlaCis，SLIT and ILC， etc. Currently， only Lipoplatin® and ILC are showing good potential in cancer therapy. Although cisplatin liposome has made some progress in reducing systemic toxicity and improving treatment efficiency in clinical research， there is still potential for further improvement in tumor targeting and reducing side effects. In the future， more low-toxicity and efficient cisplatin liposomes can be developed through formulation technologies such as co-delivery liposome， stimuli-responsive liposome and targeting liposome.

ObjectiveTo investigate the intervention effect of heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) on learning and memory impairment induced by combined exposure to lead and hypertension in mice, and the relative mechanism of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2). Methods Specific pathogen-free C57BL/6J male mice were randomly divided into control group, hypertension group, lead-exposed group and lead-exposed + hypertension group, or into control group, heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) control group, lead-exposed + hypertension group and HSP60 intervention group, with 10 mice in each group. Mice of hypertension group and lead-exposed + hypertension group were intraperitoneally injected with angiotensin Ⅱ at a dose of 0.5 mg/(kg·d) for seven consecutive days to induce hypertension model. Mice of the lead-exposed group, lead-exposed + hypertension group, and HSP60 intervention group were given lead acetate drinking water with a mass concentration of 250.0 mg/L, while mice in the control group, hypertension group, and HSP60 control group were given purified water for 12 weeks. Mice of the HSP60 control group and HSP60 intervention group were intraperitoneally injected with a solution of HSP60 at a dose of 4 mg/kg body weight, every other day for a total of three times at the 12th week. The learning and memory ability of mice was detected using the Morris water maze test. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the hippocampal tissues of the mice. The relative expression of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 (IBA1) and TREM2 protein in the hippocampus of mice was detected using Western blot. Results i) The number of platform crossings of the mice in the hypertension group and the lead-exposed group was lower than that in the control group (both P<0.05). The escape latency of the mice on the third day was longer and the number of platform crossings was lower in the lead-exposed + hypertension group compared with the control group, hypertension group and lead-exposed group (all P<0.05). The levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the hippocampus of the other three groups increased compared with the control group (all P<0.05). The relative expression of IBA1 protein in the hippocampus of lead-exposed group and lead-exposed + hypertension group increased (all P<0.05), while the relative protein expression of TREM2 decreased compared with the control group (all P<0.05). The levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and the relative protein expression of IBA1 protein in the hippocampus of the lead-exposed+hypertension group were higher (all P<0.05), and relative expression of TREM2 protein was lower (P<0.05) than those in the hypertension group. The level of TNF-α and the relative expression of IBA1 protein in the hippocampus of lead-exposed+hypertension group were higher than those in lead-exposed group (all P<0.05). ii) The escape latency of mice in the lead-exposed + hypertension group was longer than that in the control group (P<0.05), and the number of platform crossings was fewer than that in the control group (P<0.05). The escape latency of mice in the HSP60 intervention group was shortened (P<0.05), the number of platform crossings increased (P<0.05), and the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and relative expression of IBA1 protein decreased in the hippocampus (all P<0.05), while the relative expression of TREM2 protein increased (P<0.05) compared with the lead-exposed+hypertension group. Conclusion Combined exposure of lead and hypertension has a synergistic effect on learning and memory impairment in mice. The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of TREM2 expression by lead in the hippocampus of hypertensive mice and aggravating the neuroinflammatory response. Intervention with TREM2 receptor agonist HSP60 can alleviate learning and memory impairment in mice exposed to lead and hypertension by up-regulating TREM2 expression in the hippocampus.

This study used the Appraisal of Guidelines Research & Evaluation-Health Systems （AGREE-HS） to demonstratively compare 34 global coronavirus disease-2019 （COVID-19） health systems guidance documents （HSGs） and 6 World Health Organization （WHO） standard HSGs. The comparison involved topic， participants， methods， recommendations， and implementability， with the aim of exploring the characteristics of emergency HSGs. The results showed that the emergency HSGs had an overall average score of 49%， with topic having the highest score， recommendations having the second highest score， and participants having the lowest score. The standard HSGs had an overall average score of 79%， with high scores in all items. The emergency HSGs had lower scores in participants， methods， recommendations， and implementability than the standard HSGs （P<0.001）， while the COVID-19 emergency HSGs developed by the WHO had higher score in topic than the standard HSGs （P<0.05）. Compared with those released by countries， the COVID-19 emergency HSG developed by the WHO showed superiority in all items and overall scores （P=0.000 2）. This indicates that emergency HSGs， represented by the COVID-19 emergency HSG， place equal emphasis on topic and recommendations as standard HSGs but have low requirements in terms of expert participation， evidence support， and comprehensive consideration in the time- and resource-limited context. They have the characteristics of prominent topics， clear purposes， orientation to demand， keeping up with the latest evidence， flexible adjustment， and timeliness， emphasizing immediate implementation effects， weakening long-term effects， and focusing on comprehensive benefits. Additionally， developers， types， and report completeness are important influencing factors.

The scientific rigor and efficacy of methodologies employed in drafting emergency health systems guidance documents （HSGs） are paramount in guaranteeing the quality， reliability， and applicability of HSGs. According to the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation- Health Systems （AGREE-HS）， we demonstratively assessed both global coronavirus disease-2019 （COVID-19） emergency HSGs and World Health Organization （WHO） standard HSGs to uncover the core attributes of methods employed in the development of emergency HSGs. Our evaluation findings revealed that across the five assessment items of AGREE-HS， methods in the 34 emergency HSGs evaluated ranked third， trailing behind topic and recommendations. Notably， criterion 2 （the best available and most contextually relevant evidence is considered） received the highest score， whereas criterion 5 （evidence of cost and cost-effectiveness of the potential options is described） scored the lowest. Compared with the WHO standard HSGs， the COVID-19 emergency HSGs exhibited low scores in methods （P<0.05）， which was reflected in nine criteria （P<0.05）， especially in criteria 1 （systematic and transparent methods are used to identify and review the evidence） and 9 （systematic and transparent methods are used to agree upon the final recommendations）. Among the COVID-19 emergency HSGs， that developed by the WHO achieved higher scores in eight out of all nine criteria， excluding criterion 8 （P<0.05）. The clinically relevant emergency HSGs had higher scores in the criteria 3 （the evidence base is current） and 8 （the rationale behind the recommendations is clear） than other types of emergency HSGs. Collectively， the methodology for developing emergency HSGs， represented by the COVID-19 emergency HSG， underscores evidence orientation and integrates expert consensus. It is characterized by adaptable evidence synthesis strategies， streamlined evidence review protocols， and contextual relevance， all of which are influenced by external， internal， and implementation-specific factors.

The formulation method of emergency health systems guidance （HSG） is crucial， directly impacting the efficiency and effectiveness of responses in emergencies. A scientifically sound， systematic， and easily executable guidance document can assist health institutions at all levels in quickly coordinating resources， standardizing emergency response processes， and safeguarding public health. This study employed the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation for Health Systems （AGREE-HS） to analyze the characteristics of participants in developing emergency HSGs represented by the COVID-19 emergency HSG. The results showed that in the 34 HSGs included in this study， the item participants received the lowest score. Within this item， criterion 1 （diversity of development group） scored the highest （3.13±1.55）， while criterion 5 （prevention of funding agency influence） scored the lowest （1.21±0.47）. There were differences （P<0.05） in measures taken to mitigate funding agency influence between the six standard HSGs developed by the World Health Organization （WHO） and the four emergency HSGs. Additionally， differences （P<0.05） existed in the development group members， background， conflicts of interest， and preventive measures between the six WHO standard HSGs and the 34 emergency HSGs， as well as between the HSGs developed by the WHO and those developed by countries. The participants in developing emergency HSGs were influenced by various factors， including limited time for guideline development， modes of participation， scarce evidence， and uncertainties in expected outcomes. There is a need to downplay extensive requirements concerning the composition of group members， institutional diversity， and conflicts of interest， emphasizing the roles of key participants like government officials and professionals who can provide rapid， practical guidance in emergency situations.

Guidance implementation acts as a bridge between theory and practice，enabling the rapid expansion of their impact and application. This study demonstratively evaluated emergency health systems guidance documents （HSG），represented by the COVID-19 emergency HSG，based on the item implementability of the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation-Health Systems （AGREE-HS），aiming to explore the characteristics of implementability in emergency HSG. The evaluation results indicated that the COVID-19 emergency HSG had a low mean score in implementability，which ranked just above the item participants. Criterion 2 （costs and resource considerations for implementing the recommendations） received the highest mean score of 4.29，while criterion 9 （systematic evaluation of implementation） received the lowest mean score of 1.34. The emergency HSG formulated by the World Health Organization（WHO） and those formulated by various countries showed no difference （P=0.114） in criterion 1 （barriers and facilitators to implementation） but had differences （P<0.05） regarding the average item scores and the scores of the remaining criteria. The WHO standard HSG had high overall scores and had differences （P<0.05） in both the mean item scores and the scores of the nine criteria when compared with the emergency HSG. The global/national HSG showed differences in scores of criterion 1 （barriers and facilitators to implementation） compared with the both clinically relevant HSG and material support HSG （P<0.05）. Emergency HSG prioritized considerations of implementation costs，resources，and flexibility in terms of implementability，while de-emphasizing aspects such as stakeholder opinions，dissemination strategies，and evaluation of HSG. This may be attributed to the context in which emergency HSG are formulated，given the inherent flexibility and variability of emergency health events. The developers should comprehensively consider the needs and characteristics related to the implementability of emergency HSG during the formulation process.

Objective To evaluate the surgical treatments of refractory sclerosing peritonitis related peritoneal dialysis.Methods Clinical data of 15 patients with refractory sclerosing peritonitis related to peritoneal dialysis treated in the General Surgery Department of the 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the People's Liberation Army from June 30,2014 to May 30,2018.Among them,5 cases underwent"open abdomen peritoneal catheter removal+intestinal adhesiolysis+abdominal infection flushing and drainage with catheter",4 cases underwent"laparoscopic peritoneal catheter removal+intestinal adhesiolysis+abdominal infection flushing and drainage with catheter",3 cases underwent"laparoscopic peritoneal dialysis catheter removal+abdominal infection flushing and drainage with catheter",2 cases underwent"open abdomen peritoneal dialysis catheter removal+abdominal infection flushing and drainage with catheter",and 1 case underwent"laparoscopic examination combined with laparotomy exploration and removal of lower abdominal catheter+intestinal adhesiolysis+abdominal infection flushing and drainage with catheter".Age,gender,clinical symptoms,abdominal CT examination,peripheral blood routine,blood biochemistry,blood C-reactive protein(CRP),white blood cells,biochemistry,and aetiology of peritoneal dialysis fluid were collected and followed up,and the therapeutic effect was evaluated.Results 15 patients were transferred to the Department of Surgery after ineffective treatment in the Department of Internal Medicine.Preoperatively(after 5 days of antibiotic treatment)compared to before antibiotic treatment,there were no significant changes in blood WBC,blood NEUT％,CRP,and peritoneal fluid WBC(P＞0.05).Laparoscopic exploration or laparotomy exploration was performed,during which the peritoneal dialysis catheter was removed and the abdominal infection focus was cleared.A pelvic cavity washout drainage tube was left in place postoperatively.Fourteen patients had a good recovery after surgery,with effective control of peritonitis symptoms and no complications such as intestinal obstruction or enterocutaneous fistula.After the removal of the peritoneal dialysis catheter,all patients switched to hemodialysis.A comparison of inflammatory markers before and after surgery showed a significant decrease after surgery.Three days postoperatively compared to before surgery(after 5 days of antibiotic treatment),there were no significant changes in blood WBC,blood NEUT％,CRP,and peritoneal fluid WBC(P＞0.05).Seven days postoperatively compared to before surgery(after 5 days of antibiotic treatment),there was a significant decrease in blood WBC[(7.43±2.65)× 109/L VS(10.17±5.24)× 109/L],blood NEUT％[(88.23±9.02)％VS(85.07±11.57)％],and CRP[(152.88±113.01)mg/L VS(114.49±92.97)mg/L](P＜0.05);the peritoneal fluid WBC at 7 days postoperatively showed no significant change compared to before surgery(after 5 days of antibiotic treatment)(P＞0.05).The cases were followed up for at least 22 months,and 13 patients did not experience peritonitis or intestinal obstruction again.One patient died 39 days after surgery due to multiple organ failure,and one patient died from other causes after a 2-year follow-up.Conclusion For refractory sclerosing peritonitis related peritoneal dialysis that is ineffective in medical conservative treatment,On the basis of reasonable and effective antibiotics to control infection,surgical intervention should be actively carried out and surgical methods such as surgery should be used to control the progress of peritonitis,reduce mortality and improve the cure rate.

Objective To explore the relationship between the expression levels of microRNA-155(miR-155)and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1(SOCS1)in the colonic mucosal tissue of patients with ulcerative co-litis(UC)and the severity of the disease.Methods A total of 130 UC patients admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University from September 2021 to June 2023 were selected.According to the modified Mayo score system,the patients were assigned into an active stage group(n=85)and a remission stage group(n=45).According to the modified Truelove and Witts classification criteria,the UC patients at the active stage were as-signed into a mild group(n=35),a moderate group(n=30),and a severe group(n=20).A total of 90 healthy individuals who underwent colonoscopy for physical examination or those who had normal colonoscopy re-sults after single polypectomy and excluded other diseases were selected as the control group.The colonic mucosal tissues of UC patients with obvious lesions and the colonic mucosal tissue 20 cm away from the anus of the control group were collected.The levels of miR-155 and SOCS1 mRNA in tissues were determined by fluorescence quanti-tative PCR,and the expression of SOCS1 protein in tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry.The corre-lations of the levels of miR-155 and SOCS1 mRNA in the colonic mucosal tissue with the modified Mayo score of UC patients were analyzed.The values of the levels of miR-155 and SOCS1 mRNA in predicting the occurrence of severe illness in the UC patients at the active stage were evaluated.Results Compared with the control group and the remission stage group,the active stage group showed up-regulated expression level of miR-155,down-regula-ted level of SOCS1 mRNA,and decreased positive rate of SOCS1 protein in the colonic mucosal tissue(all P＜0.001).The expression level of miR-155 and modified Mayo score in colonic mucosal tissues of UC patients at the active stage increased,while the mRNA level of SOCS1 was down-regulated as the disease evolved from being mild to severe(all P＜0.001).The modified Mayo score was positively correlated with the miR-155 level and neg-ative correlated with the mRNA level of SOCS1 in colonic mucosal tissues of UC patients(all P＜0.001).The high miR-155 level(OR=2.762,95％CI=1.284-5.944,P=0.009),low mRNA level of SOCS1(OR=2.617,95％CI=1.302-5.258,P=0.007),and modified Mayo score≥ 12 points(OR=3.232,95％CI=1.450-7.204,P=0.004)were all risk factors for severe disease in the UC patients at the active stage.The ar-ea under curve of miR-155 combined with SOCS1 mRNA in predicting severe illness in the UC patients at the ac-tive stage was 0.920.Conclusions The expression levels of miR-155 and SOCS1 mRNA were correlated with the disease severity in the UC patients at the active stage.The combination of the two indicators demonstrates good performance in predicting the occurrence of severe illness in UC patients at the active stage.

【Objective】 To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of pertussis in Shaanxi Province from 2012 to 2021. 【Methods】 We collected the information of pertussis cases in Shaanxi Province from 2012 to 2021 by the China Disease Control and Prevention Information System for analyzing the incidence and distribution characteristics. 【Results】 From 2012 to 2021, a total of 8270 cases of pertussis were reported in Shaanxi Province, with the incidence ranging from 0.21 to 6.20 per 100 000 persons, and for an annual average incidence of 2.17 per 100 000 persons. 44.81% (3 706/8 270) occurred from June to September. The annual average incidence in southern Shaanxi, Guanzhong, and northern Shaanxi was 1.78, 2.47, and 1.46 per 100 000 persons (χ²=289.638, P<0.001). The number of patients (proportions) with pertussis aged 0-1, 1-5, 5-10, and ≥10 years was 3 884 (46.96%), 2 869 (34.69%), 1 408 (17.03%), and 109 (1.32%), respectively. The number of patients (proportion) ≤ 2 months old, 3-5 months old, and ≥ 6 months old was 884 (22.76%),1 608 (41.40%), and 1 392 (35.84%) among pertussis patients under 1 year old. 【Conclusion】 The incidence of pertussis in Shaanxi Province basically showed an increasing trend with higher rates between June and September, higher rates in Guanzhong region of the province, and more patients over 5 years old.

Background Lead exposure induces microglial cell death, of which the mechanism is unclear. Ferroptosis is a new death form and its role in microglia death has not been reported. Objective To investigate the role of ferroptosis in microglia following lead exposure in order to provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism of lead neurotoxicity. Methods Microglial cell line BV-2 cells were co-cultured with 0, 10, 20 and 40 μmol·L⁻¹ lead acetate for 24 h. The 40 μmol·L⁻¹ lead acetate group with iron chelator (DFO) was named the 40+DFO group. Changes in BV-2 cell morphology after lead exposure were observed under an inverted microscope; tissue iron kit and glutathione kit were used to detect intracellular iron and glutathione (GSH) respectively; flow cytometry was applied to detect lipid reactive oxygen species (lipid ROS) immunofluorescence intensity. Western blotting and qPCR were adopted to detect the expressions of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), transferrin receptor 1 (TFR-1), divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), ferroportin 1 (FPN1) protein and mRNA. Results Compared with the control group, the number of BV-2 cells decreased with increasing doses of lead and the cells showed a large, round amoeboid shape. The intracellular levels of iron of BV-2 cells were (1.08±0.04), (1.29±0.03), and (1.72±0.10) mg·g⁻¹ (calculated by protein, thereafter) in the 10, 20, and 40 μmol·L⁻¹ lead acetate groups, respectively, significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05), and the intracellular level of iron in the 40+DFO group, (1.34±0.10) mg·g⁻¹, was lower than that in the 40 μmol·L⁻¹ lead acetate group, (1.72±0.03) mg·g⁻¹ (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the TFR-1 and DMT1 protein and mRNA expressions were increased in BV-2 cells in the 10, 20, 40 μmol·L⁻¹ lead acetate groups (P<0.05), especially in the 40 μmol·L⁻¹ lead acetate group; the FPN1 protein expression did not change significantly, but the FPN1 mRNA expressions in BV-2 cells in the 10, 20, 40 μmol·L⁻¹ lead acetate groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the intracellular GSH level decreased and the lipid ROS content increased in all three lead acetate groups; compared with the 40 μmol·L⁻¹ lead acetate group, the GSH level increased by 12.30% and the lipid ROS content decreased by 13.00% in the 40+DFO group (P<0.05). The expressions of GPX4 protein were reduced to 50.00%, 35.00%, and 17.00% of that of the control group in the 10, 20, and 40 μmol·L⁻¹ lead acetate groups respectively, while the expressions of GPX4 mRNA were also significantly reduced; the expressions of SLC7A11 protein and mRNA in the 20 and 40 μmol·L⁻¹ lead acetate groups were lower than that in the control group, with the most significant decrease in the 40 μmol·L⁻¹ lead acetate group (P<0.05). Conclusion Lead exposure could induce ferroptosis in BV-2 cells, in which iron transport imbalance and oxidative damage might be involved.