Background Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) monitoring stations may generate missing data for a certain period of time due to various factors. This data loss will adversely affect air quality assessment and pollution control decision-making. Objective To propose an inverse distance weighted (IDW) spatiotemporal interpolation method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) to interpolate and fill missing PM_2.5 spatiotemporal sequence data and increase interpolation accuracy. Methods An interpolation experiment was designed into two parts. The first part used hourly PM_2.5 observational data from four moments on January 1, 2017 in the Yangtze River Delta region. The second part employed daily PM_2.5 observational data from the first 10 d of January 2017 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Interpolation accuracy was evaluated using four metrics: root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and mean relative error (MRE). Results IDW spatiotemporal interpolation method optimized with PSO significantly improved the accuracy of filling missing PM_2.5 spatiotemporal sequence data. In the hourly-scale experiment conducted in the Yangtze River Delta region, compared to a distance index of 2, the accuracy metrics RMSE, MAE, MAPE, and MRE generated by the proposed method improved on average by 0.17 μg·m⁻³, 0.27 μg·m⁻³, 0.17%, and 0.01%, respectively. The PM_2.5 spatial field maps generated for four moments based on this method clearly illustrated the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of hourly PM_2.5 concentrations in the Yangtze River Delta region. In the daily-scale experiment conducted in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the PSO-optimized distance index outperformed the traditional method, with interpolation accuracy improvements of approximately 0.215 μg·m⁻³, 0.283 μg·m⁻³, 0.174%, and 0.014%, respectively. Furthermore, the seasonal PM_2.5 spatial field maps generated by this method revealed the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of PM_2.5 concentrations in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region across different seasons, further validating the effectiveness and applicability of this method. Conclusion The IDW spatiotemporal interpolation method optimized with PSO is highly accurate and reliable for interpolating the missing data in the Yangtze River Delta region and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, providing valuable insights for air pollution control and public health protection.

Objective To explore the coronary flow reserve(CFR)in patients with coronary slow flow(CSF)and the diagnostic value of non-invasive myocardial work indices derived from echocardiography for CSF.Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 65 patients who underwent coronary angiography at the Zhongshan Hospital(Xiamen Branch),Fudan University due to angina pectoris,coronary artery risk factors,or electrocardiographic abnormalities from August 2020 to November 2023.Patients were divided into two groups based on the corrected TIMI frame count(cTFC):the CSF group(n=35)and the normal coronary blood flow velocity group(control group,n=30).Both groups underwent an adenosine triphosphate(ATP)drug load test to measure their coronary flow reserve(CFR).Conventional indices and myocardial work indices via echocardiography and two-dimensional speckle-tracking imaging(2D-STI)were acquired:left ventricular end-diastolic diameter(LVEDD),left ventricular end-systolic diameter(LVESD),left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF),E/e'ratio,global longitudinal strain(GLS),global constructive work(GCW),global wasted work(GWW),global work index(GWI),and global work efficiency(GWE).Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic value of myocardial work indices for CSF.Results There was no significant difference in CFR values between the two groups,but the proportion of CSF group with CFR less than 2 was higher than that of the control group(P=0.023).Compared with the control group,the CSF group showed significantly lower levels of GLS,GWI,and GCW(P＜0.05).ROC curve analysis revealed that the GLS diagnostic threshold for CSF was-19.5%,with a sensitivity of 64.7%,specificity of 78.6%,and AUC of 0.793.Among the myocardial work indices,the AUC of GWI was the highest(0.825),with a sensitivity of 88.2% and specificity of 75.0% .Conclusions Some CSF patients retain coronary microcirculatory blood flow reserve function,but the proportion of patients with reduced CFR function is increasing.The left ventricular myocardial work indices can identify early myocardial work abnormalities and monitor myocardial ischemic damage in CSF patients.

Objective:To explore the clinical and pathological characteristics and prognostic factors of gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma(G-NEC)and gastric mixed adenoendocrine carcinoma(G-MANEC).Methods:Retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 67 patients with G-NEC and G-MANEC who underwent surgical treatment at Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College from May 2015 to May 2023.The study included an analysis of the pathological characteristics distinguishing G-NEC from G-MANEC.Results:Com-pared to gastric adenocarcinoma,patients with G-NEC and G-MANEC in the stomach showed a higher incidence of gastric cancer in the male gastric cardia and were diagnosed at a later age.Tumors with larger diameters increase susceptibility to anemia,low albumin levels,and in-vasion of nerves and vasculature.Deeper tumor infiltration is associated with increased local lymph node metastases,later TNM staging,and a higher likelihood of distant metastasis post-surgery.The prognosis of G-NEC and G-MANEC is worse than that of gastric adenocarcinoma(P=0.001).However,there is no statistically significant difference in the pathological characteristics(P>0.05)and prognosis analysis(P=0.212)between G-NEC and G-MANEC.Univariate survival analysis identified age,preoperative albumin,preoperative CEA,number of lymph node metastases,TNM staging,and postoperative distant metastasis as risk factors affecting patient's overall survival(OS).In the multivariate ana-lysis,age,preoperative albumin,TNM staging,and postoperative distant metastasiswere identified as independent risk factors for OS.Con-clusions:There is a significant difference in clinical characteristics between G-NEC,G-MANEC,and gastric adenocarcinoma,often diagnosed at an advanced stage,which is prone to distant metastasis post-surgery.Poor prognosis is observed in patients aged over 60 years,with pre-operative albumin<40g/L,TNM stage Ⅱ/Ⅲ,and postoperative distant metastasis.

Objective:To investigate the influencing factors of the survival in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and to develop a prediction model for CDH.Methods:Clinical data of 252 infants with a prenatal diagnosis of CDH in Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine from January 2010 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Adverse outcomes were defined as neonatal death on discharge. Chi-square and t test were used for univariate analysis of 16 perinatal and five postnatal risk factors. Regression analysis was used to determine the independent predictors of survival. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves of the risk factors for predicting the survival of CDH were drawn. A prediction model based on the combination of risk factors for predicting adverse outcomes of CDH was established using the cut-off value. ROC curves of the model were drawn and the area under curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were calculated. Results:Out of the 252 patients, 173(68.7%) survived on discharge. Univariate analysis showed that lung-to-head ratio (LHR), polyhydramnios, right diaphragmatic hernia, liver herniation, intrathoracic stomach, premature birth, low birth weight, 5 min Apgar score <7, and amniotic fluid index (AFI) were significantly associated with the survival of CDH. Regression analysis showed that polyhydramnios ( OR=11.19,95% CI:2.83-45.33), liver herniation ( OR=2.81,95% CI:1.32-11.92), intrathoracic stomach ( OR=5.02, 95% CI:1.29-17.13), low birth weight ( OR=8.58,95% CI:1.59-45.01) and AFI ( OR=3.68, 95% CI:1.37-14.72) were independent risk factors for survival at discharge in children with CDH, while LHR ( OR=0.36, 95% CI:0.01-0.69) were protective factors. The predictive cut-off values of LHR, polyhydramnios, liver herniation, intrathoracic stomach, low birth weight, and AFI were 1.6, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, and 232.5 mm, respectively. The model based on the combination of the above indicators for predicting CDH adverse outcomes was shown with an AUC value of 0.904, predictive sensitivity of 0.747, and specificity of 0.896. Conclusions:In this study, LHR, liver herniation, intrathoracic stomach, polyhydramnios, low birth weight, and AFI are independent risk factors for CDH survival. The combination of prenatal and postnatal indicators is noted for a higher accuracy for predicting CDH survival.

OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for improving the quality sta ndard of Equisetum hyemale . METHODS ：Totally 10 batches of E. hyemale from different sites were collected as samples. TLC method was used to qualitatively identify kaempferol- 3-O-β-sophoroside. The contents of heavy metal ，aflatoxin，impurity，moisture，total ash ，acid-insoluble ash ，water-soluble extract and ethanol-soluble extract were determined according to supplementary provisions of Chinese Pharmacopoeia （2015 edition）. HPLC method was used to determine the content of kaempferol- 3-O-β-sophoroside in sample. HPLC fingerprint of water-soluble extract from E. hyemale was also established. RESULTS ：TLC identification showed that in the chromatogram of the test sample ， fluorescent spots with the same color were displayed on the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of substance control of kaempferol-3-O-β-sophoroside，and without interference from blank control. Among 10 batches of samples ，the contents of impurities were 0.19％-2.32％；the water contents were 10.12％-11.87％；the total ash contents were 6.67％-10.11％；the acid-insoluble ash contents were 1.34％-2.12％；the water-soluble extract contents were 9.17％-13.99％；the ethanol-soluble extract contents were 7.49％-13.68％，respectively. It is preliminarily proposed that the impurity content shall not exceed 3.00％；the total ash content shall not exceed 10.00％；the acid-insoluble ash content shall not exceed 2.50％；the water-soluble extract content shall not be less than 9.00％ ；the ethanol-soluble extract content shall not be less than 5.00％. Arsenic（0.064-0.225 mg/kg） 010815） was detected in 9 batches of samples ；cadmium（0.106-0.132 E-mail：cruise0303@163.com mg/kg）was detected in 6 batches of samples ；lead（0.221- 1.896 mg/kg）was detected in all samples ，but no mercury or rebecca aflatoxin was detected. The results of HPLC method met the relevant requirements of Chinese Pharmacopoeia . The content of kaempferol- 3-O-β-D-sophoroside in 10 batches of samples was 627.12-5 384.53 mg/kg，and the similarity of HPLC fingerprints of 10 batches of samples was more than 0.900. CONCLUSIONS ： A new qualitative and quantitative analysis method for kaempferol- 3-O-β-D-sophoroside was established ；the heavy metals ， aflatoxins，impurities and other items in E. hyemale were detected ；the limits of impurity ，ash and extract were determined. The established method is simple ，accurate and reproducible ，and can be used for quality control of E. hyemale .

Objective To investigate the effects and mechanisms of glutamine (Gln) supplementation on oxidative stress,autophagy response and neurobehavioral outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats.Methods TBI animal models were established using Feeney's method.Eighty SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:sham operation group (group Sham),Sham + glutamine supplementation group (group Sham+ GLN),traumatic brain injury group (group TBI),and TBI + glutamine supplementation group (group TBI+ GLN).We measured rat behavioral outcomes by modified neurologic severity score (mNSS) tests at day 1,3,7 and 14 after TBI.The apoptosis neurons in TBI cerebral cortex were determined by TUNEL staining.The expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was tested by ROS kits.Oxidative stress and autophagy related cytokines (HO-1,NQO1,Nrf2,LC3-Ⅱ and Beclin-1) were tested with Western blotting.Results Compared with the TBI group,the neurological function was improved [(9.79±0.43) vs.(8.43±0.30),F =6.775,P =0.010] and the apoptosis rate decreased (19.88％ ± 1.60％ vs.15.35％ ± 1.28％,P =0.013) in the TBI+ GLN group after 7-day treatment.Compared with the Sham group,the protein expression of ROS increased (P=0.000),and the expression of anti-oxidative stress factors (HO-1,NQO1) and Nrf2 pathway significantly decreased in the TBI group.After glutamine supplementation was given,the expression of ROS decreased and the expressions of HO-1 and NQO1 increased.The Nrf2 pathway and autophagy response also were activated with the expressions of Nrf2,LC3-Ⅱ and Beclin-1 increasing.Conclusion Glutamine supplementation can markedly reduce neuron apoptosis and improve neurological outcomes after TBI,thus has the protective effect on nerves by inhibiting TBI-induced oxidative stress response,activating Nrf2 pathway and autophagy response.

OBJECTIVE： To evaluate the literature quality of systematic reviews/Meta-analysis of oral administration of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation （LDH） using radar plot， and to provide scientific and effective evidence for clinical use of medicine. METHODS： Retrieving CNKI， VIP， Wanfang database， CBM， PubMed， Cochrane library and Embase during the establishement of database to Oct. 1st， 2018， the literatures about systematic reviews/Meta-analysis of oral administration of TCM in the treatment of LDH were collected. After data extraction of literatures met inclusion criteria， the quality literatures were evaluated from 6 aspects of radar plot （year of publication， design type， AMSTAR methodological quality evaluation， PRISMA reprot quality evaluation， homogeneous， publication bias risk）. The average score of rank number was calculated. Moreover， Excel 2010， Adobe Illustrator CC and other software were used to draw and optimize the radar plot. RESULTS： A total of 6 qualified literatures were included； average score of rank number of 6 aspects were 3.83， 4.67， 3.83， 3.67， 6.00， 4.67， scoring 4.56 in average. Multivariate evaluation of radar plot showed that 2 studies had higher qualities and only 1 study had lower qualities relatively. However， problems could be found such as information selection bias， inclusion and exclusion criteria， publication situation， limitations， project registration. CONCLUSIONS： The literature quality of systematic review/Meta-analysis of oral administration of TCM in the treatment of LDH need to be improved， starting with strengthening methodological quality and reporting quality. Radar plot is a visual and effective method of graphic evaluation， which is worth popularizing and applying in the future.

OBJECTIVE： To explore potential mechanism of “Astragalus membranaceus-Draba nemorosa” couplet medicine for heart failure. METHODS： By network pharmacology， based on drug-like and oral bioavailability， the active components of “A. membranaceus-D. nemorosa” for chronic heart failure were screened and the targets of treating chronic heart failure were predicted by using TCMSP，GeneCards database， OMIM database and DRAR-CPI. The active component-chronic heart failure target network was established by Cytoscape 3.6.0 software. The protein-protein interaction network was constructed by utilizing STRING database. Then top 5 targets in the list of connectivity were screened and performed a molecular docking in molecular docking server. Finally， GO bioprocess analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed in DAVID database. RESULTS： The study predicted 28 active components in total， including 20 A. membranaceus and 12 D. nemorosa， such as kaempferol and quercetin， there were four components in common. Totally 92 target gene of active components were obtained， including heat shock protein 90α （HSP90AA1）， tyrosine protein kinase SRC gene， etc. Results of GO bioprocess analysis showed an association with mitochondrial electron transport， mitochondrial intima， cytoplasmic sol， extracellular body， mitochondrial matrix and drug response. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed a link with MAPK signal pathway， TGF signal pathway， PI3K signal pathway， cAMP signal pathway， protein kinase B signal pathway， EPK1 signal pathway and NF-κB signal pathway. CONCLUSIONS： “A. membranaceus-D. nemorosa” couplet medicine exerts therapeutic effects on heart failure from multiple targets as HSP90AA1， SRC and mitochondrial electron transport and MAPK signaling pathway. The study can provide reference for further researches on its material basis and mechanism.

OBJECTIVE： To screen the active component， target and pathway of couplet medicine of “Bupleuri Radix- Atractylodis macrocephalea Rhizoma”， and to comprehensively explore its potential mechanism. METHODS： Based on the method of network pharmacology， main active componets and potential targets of  couplet medicine of “Bupleuri Radix-A. macrocephalea Rhizoma” were retrieved from TCMSP， DRAR-CPI， Genecards and OMIM database. The active component-potential target network and interaction network of potential targets were established by Cytoscape 3.6.0 software. Five potential core targets were screened， and its affinity with active components were validated with molecule docking method. GO classified enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of potential targets were carried out to obtain key pathway so as to construct active component-potential target-key pathway network. RESULTS： Totally 17 active components and 47 active component-potential targets were obtained from couplet medicine of “Bupleuri Radix-A. macrocephalea Rhizoma”. Five core targets were obtained， including AKT1， PRKCA， PRKCE， HRas， and PIK3CA. Five signaling pathways were involved， including MAPK pathway， PI3K/AKT pathway， RAS pathway， Estrogen pathway， BMP pathway. CONCLUSIONS： The couplet medicine of “Bupleuri Radix-A. macrocephalea Rhizoma” not only act on multiple targets through multiple components for mammary hyperplasia， but also play a complex network regulation role through the interaction between potential targets.

Objective: To investigate the effect of hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy (HDCP) on the mortality and early complications of premature infants. Methods: The general clinical data of preterm infants with gestational age 24-36^{+ 6} weeks were collected from the cooperative units in the task group from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2014.According to the severity of HDCP, the infants were divided into 4 groups: HDCP group, preeclampsia group, eclampsia group and non HDCP group, the mortality and major complications of preterm infants were compared, and the influencing factors were analyzed. Results: The mortality rate of preterm in the HDCP group was significantly higher than that of non HDCP group, and there was statistical significance (χ²=9.970, P=0.019). Eclampsia had a highest fatality rate (4.8%) in the early stage, compared with non HDCP group (2.2%), and the difference was statistically significant.Comparison of HDCP group (1.8%) and eclampsia group (3.2%) suggested that there was no statistically significant difference.The incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm in HDCP group was significantly higher than that of non HDCP group, and there was statistical significance (χ²=13.241, P=0.004). Eclampsia group showed the highest incidence (35.4%), compared with non HDCP group (16.2%), the difference was statistically significant, but compared with HDCP group (19.9%), preeclampsia group (17.1%), there was no significant diffe-rence.The incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm in HDCP group was significantly higher than that of non HDCP group (χ²=9.592, P=0.022), the highest incidence showed up in eclampsia group (9.7%), compared with non HDCP group (2.0%) and HDCP group (1.7%), the difference was statistically significant.But there was no statistically significant difference, compared with preeclampsia group.As the degree of HDCP aggravated, the incidence of BPD gradually rose.There was no significant impact on necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and sepsis of HDCP (χ²=7.054, 7.214, 0.358, 3.852; P=0.070, 0.065, 0.949, 0.278). Considering the overall outcome of the child, that was, whether the child died or survived, he had at least one complication, and HDCP had an effect on it (χ²=15.697, P=0.001), so the incidence increased while the degree of HDCP rose gradually.After adjusting gestational age, birth weight, sex, way of delivery, placental abruption and front placenta, prenatal hormonal, gestational diabetes, neonatal asphyxia and other factors, the results displayed that HDCP was the factor leading to the death of premature baby (OR=2.159, 95%CI: 1.093-4.266), and comparison between preeclampsia and eclampsia showed no statistical difference (P=0.714, 0.389); HDCP had no significant influence on RDS, BDP, ICH, NEC, ROP and sepsis. Conclusions HDCP leads to increased risk of premature death, but also leads to the increased incidence of RDS and BPD, but it had no obvious effect on NEC, ROP, IVH, sepsis and other complications.