Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and trends of other infectious diarrhea among children under 18 years old in Guangzhou City from 2014 to 2020, and to explore the correlation between climatic factors and the incidence of the disease, so as to provide reference for the early prevention of infectious diseases. Methods: The data of cases of other infectious diarrhea and meteorological data of children under 18 years old in Guangzhou City from 2014 to 2020 were collected through the Chinese Infectious Disease Reporting System and the Guangzhou Meteorological Bureau. The correlation between meteorological factors and the incidence of other infectious diarrhea was analyzed using negative binomial regression. Results: A total of 104 566 cases of other infectious diarrhea among children under 18 years old were reported in Guangzhou City from 2014 to 2020, with a male to female ratio of 1.48∶1. The incidence rate was the highest in 2017 (980.83 per 100 000) and the lowest in 2020 (388.22 per 100 000). The peak of incidence occurred from October to March of the following year. Children under 5 years old accounted for 87.95% of all cases. The number of cases of other infectious diarrhea was negatively correlated with the temperature of the previous 6 days ( IRR = -0.07 ), and positively correlated with the temperature difference on the day of onset ( IRR =0.02) (both P <0.05). It was also positively correlated with the wind speed of the previous 7 days ( IRR=0.07, P <0.05), but there was no statistically significant correlation with the relative humidity on the day of onset ( IRR=-0.00, P >0.05). Conclusions Low temperature, large temperature difference, and high wind speed can increase the risk of other infectious diarrhea. It is necessary to strengthen the prediction and early warning in conjunction with meteorological changes, and warn kindergartens and schools to enhance preventive measures against the clustering of other infectious diarrhea cases.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of electroacupuncture(EA)in enhancing the recovery of gastrointestinal function after laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC). Methods:Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)of EA treatment in the postoperative period of patients undergoing LC were searched.Studies were obtained from Excerpta Medica Database(EMBASE),PubMed,Cochrane Library,Wanfang Academic Journal Full-text Database(Wanfang),China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),China Biology Medicine Disc(CBM),and Chongqing VIP Database(CQVIP)from inception to December 10th,2022.RevMan 5.4.1 was used to perform the meta-analysis.The Cochrane tool was used to assess the risk of bias.Mean difference(MD)and confidence interval(CI)were used for statistical descriptions. Results:A total of 7 studies were included in the meta-analysis.The meta-analysis found that the EA group had a shorter time to the first flatus[P<0.001,MD=-5.32,95%CI(-6.42,-4.21)],bowel movement recovery[P<0.001,MD=-6.22,95%CI(-8.11,-4.34)],and the first defecation(P<0.001,MD=-11.08,95%CI(-15.78,-6.39)]than the control group. Conclusion:EA treatments can promote the recovery of gastrointestinal function after LC.

Objective: To understand the prevalence of school bullying and the comorbidity of anxiety and depressive symptoms among middle school students and their association, so as to provide a basis for developing related intervention strategies. Methods: From September to December 2023, a multistage random cluster sampling was employed to select 107 851 middle school students across 104 counties in Anhui Province. The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) Scale were used to assess depressive and anxiety symptoms. Logistic regression analysis was utilized to examine the correlations between experiences of school bullying and the comorbidity of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Results: The findings revealed that 2.80% of middle school students had experienced school bullying in the past 30 days. Additionally, 27.03% exhibited potential symptoms of depression, 8.94% showed signs of anxiety symptom, and the comorbidity rate of anxiety and depressive symptoms was 8.04%. Logistic regression analysis showed that statistically significant correlations were identified between experiences of school bullying and increased risks of depressive symptoms (OR=6.42, 95%CI=5.93-6.94, P<0.01), anxiety symptoms (OR=5.94, 95%CI=5.47-6.44, P<0.01), and their comorbidity (OR=6.38, 95%CI=5.88-6.93, P<0.01). Compared with those who did not suffer from school bullying, junior high school students, ordinary senior high school students, vocational senior high school students, boys and girls who suffered from school bullying all had increased risks of comorbidity of anxiety and depressive symptoms (OR=7.25, 5.55, 4.80, 6.42, 6.27, P＜0.01). Conclusions The study underscores the significant impact of school bullying on increasing the risk of comorbidity of anxiety and depressive symptoms among middle school students. It is important to pay attention to the psychological health of bullied students and implement timely psychological intervention measures.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of Shegan Mahuangtang and its pungent and bitter Chinese herbs on the expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 （TRPV1） and bitter taste receptor 14 （TAS2R14） in the lung tissue of the rat model of cold asthma. MethodSeventy SD rats were randomized into 7 groups： normal， model， Shegan Mahuangtang， pungent Chinese herbs， bitter Chinese herbs （6.43 g·kg^-1）， dexamethasone （0.5 g·kg^-1）， and Guilong Kechuanning （10 g·kg^-1）. The rat model of cold asthma was established by intraperitoneal injection and subcutaneous injection of 10% ovalbumin （OVA） and aluminium hydroxide in the limbs， combined with 2% OVA atomization and cold （2-4 ℃） stimulation. The rats were treated with corresponding drugs by gavage and atomization， and the normal and model groups were treated with the same amount of normal saline for 3 weeks. After the last excitation， airway inflammation and cell proliferation were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE）， periodic acid-Schiff （PAS）， and Masson staining of the lung tissue. The levels of interleukin-5 （IL-5）， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， thymic stromal lymphopoietin （TSLP）， and transforming growth factor-β₁ （TGF-β₁） in the serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The expression of TRPV1 and TAS2R14 was detected by immunofluorescence. The expression of TRPV1， TAS2R14， phospholipase Cβ₂ （PLCβ₂）， B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）， and α-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA） in the lung tissue was determined by Western blot. ResultCompared with the normal group， the model group showed decreased water intake， food intake， and body weight， increased airway inflammatory cell infiltration， goblet cell proliferation， tissue fibrosis and collagen deposition， elevated levels of IL-5， TNF-α， TSLP， and TGF-β₁ in the serum （P<0.01）， upregulated expression of TRPV1， PLCβ₂， and α-SMA， and downregulated expression of TAS2R14 and Bcl-2 （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with model group， Shecgan Mahuangtang， pungent Chinese herbs， and bitter Chinese herbs increased the water intake， food intake， and body weight， reduced the inflammatory cell infiltration and goblet cell proliferation， alleviated tissue fibrosis and collagen deposition， lowered the levels of IL-5， TNF-α， TSLP， and TGF-β₁ in the serum （P<0.01）， downregulated the expression of TRPV1， PLCβ₂， and α-SMA， and upregulated the expression of TAS2R14 and Bcl-2 （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionShegan Mahuangtang and its pungent and bitter Chinese herbs can reduce OVA-induced airway inflammation， downregulate the expression of TRPV1， PLCβ₂， and α-SMA， and upregulate the expression of TAS2R14 and Bcl-2 in asthmatic rats. Moreover， bitter Chinese herbs outperformed pungent Chinese herbs， and the combination of them enhanced the therapeutic effect. It is suggested that Shegan Mahuangtang and its pungent and bitter Chinese herbs may ameliorate the OVA-induced airway inflammation by inhibiting TRPV1 and activating TAS2R14.

BACKGROUND:Several studies have found that the total flavonoids of rhizome drynariae can promote neovascularization in the induced membrane,improve the biological properties of the induced membrane,and accelerate bone remodeling in the induced membrane,but the related molecular mechanisms still need to be further explored. OBJECTIVE:To explore the effect of total flavonoids of rhizome drynariae on bone remodeling in rat femoral Masquelet-induced membrane model by regulating H-type blood vessels. METHODS:Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were stratified by body mass and then randomly divided into blank group,model group and traditional Chinese medicine group,with 12 rats in each group.A 4-mm femoral bone defect model was established in all the rats.Bone defects in the model group and traditional Chinese medicine group were filled with polymethylmethacrylate bone cement.At 6 weeks after modeling,the tail bone of the rats was implanted in the blank group,as well as in the other two groups after removal of bone cement.The traditional Chinese medicine group was given 157.5 mg/kg per day of total flavonoids of rhizome drynariae at 3 days after bone implantation,while the model and blank groups were given the same amount of saline by gavage until the 8th week after bone implantation.Bone graft samples were taken for relevant testing at 8 weeks after implantation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:X-ray films showed that in the blank group,the fracture line in the defect area was clear,and only a small amount of bone callus formed;in the model group,the bone defect area still existed,where discontinuous cortical bone was visible;in the traditional Chinese medicine group,the defect area was filled with newborn bone tissues,the bone marrow cavity and part of the cortical bone formed,and the fracture line disappeared.Micro-CT scans showed that the amount of new bone in the defect area was low in the blank group,the number of bone trabeculae in the defect area was significantly increased in the model group,and a large amount of new bone tissue was filled in the bone defect area in the traditional Chinese medicine group.Hematoxylin-eosin staining results showed that in the blank group,only a small amount of new bone formed in the defect area and the quality of osteogenesis was poor;in the model group,there was more new bone tissue in the defect area,but some fibrous connective tissues were interspersed within the bone tissue;and in the traditional Chinese medicine group,a large amount of new bone formed in the defect area and the quality of osteogenesis was the best.CD31/Emcn immunofluorescence double-labeling staining results showed that the number of H-type blood vessels in the newborn bone tissue in the bone defect area of the blank group was sparse and sparsely distributed;compared with the blank group,there were more H-type blood vessels in the bone tissue in the bone defect area of the model group,and the blood vessels were distributed in relatively regular strips;the number of H-type blood vessels in the bone defect area of the traditional Chinese medicine group was the highest and the blood vessels were densely distributed.To conclude,the total flavonoids of rhizoma drynariae can upregulate the expression of H-type blood vessels to enhance the angiogenic-osteogenic effect,improve the osteogenic efficiency of the rat femoral Masquelet induced membrane model,and promote bone remodeling.

Objective To investigate the relationship between insomnia,gastrointestinal symptoms,and glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c)levels in individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),as well as the related influencing factors.Methods A total of 910 T2DM patients treated in our multicenter from January 2022 to December 2022 were enrolled in this study.General information(gender,age,smoking and drinking history,exercise,course of disease,treatment and complications),HbA1c,Athens Insomnia Scale(AIS)scores and Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rating Scale(GSRS)scores of patients were collected.The differences of sleep and gastrointestinal symptoms between groups were analyzed,and the correlation between the differences and HbA1c was analyzed.Furthermore,the risk factors for non-standard HbA1c were analyzed.Results The AIS score and GSRS score in the HbA1c control group were less than those in the non-standard group(P＜0.01).Insomnia was reported by 37.0％of T2DM patients,and the HbA1c level in the insomnia group was significantly higher than that in the non-insomnia group(10.00％±2.38％vs.8.26％±1.73％,P＜0.01).Gastrointestinal symptoms were present in 57.5％of T2DM patients,and the HbA1c levels in the group with gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly higher than those in the group without gastrointestinal symptoms(9.26％±2.23％vs.8.43％±1.98％,P＜0.01).Furthermore,26.3％of T2DM patients experienced both insomnia and gastrointestinal symptoms.Remarkably,the HbA1c levels in the group with both insomnia and gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly higher than those in the group without either condition(10.18％±2.44％vs.8.45％±1.86％,P＜0.01).Correlation analysis demonstrated a significant association between sleep quality,gastrointestinal function,and HbA1c levels(P＜0.01).The logistic regression analysis result revealed that age,GSRS score,AIS score,and the presence of insomnia combined with gastrointestinal symptoms were independent risk factors for predicting HbA1c≥6.5％(P＜0.01).Having both insomnia and gastrointestinal symptoms concurrently was the strongest risk factor for substandard HbA1c control,and the risk of blood sugar control may increase about 5 times when both appear together.Conclusion Insomnia and gastrointestinal symptoms are common comorbidities in T2DM patients,showing a cross-interfering relationship,and they appear together with poor blood sugar control,interact causally,and amplify each other.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a significant disease that seriously threatens the life and health of our people, and chronic hepatitis B virus infection is the most important cause of hepatocellular carcinoma in China. Radical surgery is an essential treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma patients who are expected to achieve long-term survival. However, the high recurrence and metastasis rate after surgery significantly affects the long-term prognosis. Postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma is characterized by a bimodal pattern, with early recurrence leading to higher mortality and poorer survival prognosis. Postoperative adjuvant therapy can help to reduce the recurrence rate and improve the overall efficacy, but there is no standardized postoperative adjuvant therapy regimen at home and abroad. Studies have shown that antiviral therapy, interventional therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, and traditional Chinese medicine may have a specific effect on reducing the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgery and prolonging overall survival. Key issues such as how to accurately assess and screen the population with a high risk of postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma, select the best postoperative adjuvant treatment modality and timing and determine the duration of postoperative adjuvant treatment still need to be confirmed by high-quality fundamental research breakthroughs and multicenter clinical randomized controlled studies. In this article, the authors will discuss the characteristics of postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma, the selection of adjuvant treatment strategies, and the problems faced based on the latest research progress and in light of the reality of hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence in China.

Objective:To investigate the effects of multidisciplinary small-class teaching on expertise and skill acquisition and learning experience in standardized residency training in general surgery.Methods:Sixty residents of grade 2021 rotating in general surgery from January to August 2023 were divided into multidisciplinary teaching group ( n=30) and traditional teaching group ( n=30, to receive tradition one-on-one teaching). All the residents underwent a theoretical examination and Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) skill assessment before admission, and the scores were compared between the two groups. At the end of training, the two groups were compared in terms of theoretical and Mini-CEX skill assessment scores and the degree of satisfaction with teaching. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 26.0. Results:There were no significant differences in the theoretical assessment and Mini-CEX skill assessment scores before admission between the two groups ( P>0.05). At the end of training, the multidisciplinary teaching group had a significantly higher theoretical examination score [(88.15±3.45) vs. (72.25±4.36), P<0.05] and a significantly higher Mini-CEX score [(86.35±2.24) vs. (76.28±3.92), P<0.05] compared with the traditional teaching group. According to the survey, the residents in the multidisciplinary teaching group were more satisfied with teaching and more likely to recognize the teaching effects. Conclusions:Multidisciplinary small-class teaching can help improve the quality of standardized general surgery residency training on gastrointestinal tumor treatment, which is a highly accepted and effective attempt at standardized residency training.

AIM:To investigate the role and possible mechanisms of disulfiram(DSF)in a rat model of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction(HFpEF)induced by high-fat diet(HFD)and nitric oxide blocker Nω-nitro-L-argi-nine methyl ester(L-NAME).METHODS:The HFpEF rat model was constructed using HFD and L-NAME.Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:control group(fed with a normal diet and water),HFpEF group(fed with HFD and drinking water containing 0.5 g/L L-NAME),and DSF+HFpEF group(treated with DSF in addition to HFD and L-NAME).After 5 weeks,cardiac function of the rats was examined using echocardiography and exercise test.Myo-cardial pathological changes were detected using hematoxylin-eosin and wheat germ agglutinin staining,the degree of car-diac fibrosis was assessed using Masson staining,and apoptosis levels were observed using TUNEL staining.Western blot was performed to detect the expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3),cleaved caspase-1,gasdermin D N-terminal fragment(GSDMD-N)in the myocardium,and serum level of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP),and interleukin(IL)-1β and IL-18 in the myocardium were detected by ELISA.RESULTS:Compared with control group,the rats in HFpEF group showed increased body weight,systolic blood pres-sure,diastolic blood pressure,E/E′ ratio,left ventricular anterior wall thickness at diastole and serum NT-proBNP level(P<0.05),and decreased E/A ratio and absolute value of global longitudinal strain(GLS;P<0.05).In contrast,the rats in DSF+HFpEF group showed decreased body weight,E/E′ ratio,diastolic blood pressure and serum NT-proBNP level(P<0.05),and increased E/A ratio and absolute value of GLS(P<0.05),with no significant changes in systolic blood pressure,left ventricular posterior wall thickness at diastole and left ventricular ejection fraction(P>0.05).The rats in HFpEF group had increased myocardial fibrosis area,cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area,and apoptotic rate compared with control group(P<0.05),while these indexes were reduced in DSF+HFpEF group(P<0.05).The results of Western blot and ELISA showed that the levels of NLRP3,cleaved caspase-1,GSDMD-N,IL-1β and IL-18 were increased in the myocardium of rats in HFpEF group compared with control group(P<0.05),but decreased in DSF+HFpEF group com-pared with HFpEF group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Disulfiram improves cardiac function and attenuates myocardial remodeling in HFpEF rats.The mechanism may be related to the modulation of NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD signaling path-way and the reduction of myocardial inflammatory response.

Patients with severe trauma require an extremely timely treatment and transfusion plays an irreplaceable role in the emergency treatment of such patients. An increasing number of evidence-based medicinal evidences and clinical practices suggest that patients with severe traumatic bleeding benefit from early transfusion of low-titer group O whole blood or hemostatic resuscitation with red blood cells, plasma and platelet of a balanced ratio. However, the current domestic mode of blood supply cannot fully meet the requirements of timely and effective blood transfusion for emergency treatment of patients with severe trauma in clinical practice. In order to solve the key problems in blood supply and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma, Branch of Clinical Transfusion Medicine of Chinese Medical Association, Group for Trauma Emergency Care and Multiple Injuries of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Young Scholar Group of Disaster Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized domestic experts of blood transfusion medicine and trauma treatment to jointly formulate Chinese expert consensus on blood support mode and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients ( version 2024). Based on the evidence-based medical evidence and Delphi method of expert consultation and voting, 10 recommendations were put forward from two aspects of blood support mode and transfusion strategies, aiming to provide a reference for transfusion resuscitation in the emergency treatment of severe trauma and further improve the success rate of treatment of patients with severe trauma.