In the field of dental aesthetics,digital aesthetic design plays a crucial role in helping dentists to predict treatment outcomes vis-ually,as well as in enhancing the consistency of knowledge and understanding of aesthetic goals between dentists and patients.It serves as the foundation for achieving ideal aesthetic effects.However,there is no clear standard for this digital process currently in China and abroad.Many dentists lack of systematic understanding of how to carry out digital aesthetic design for treatment.To establish standardized processes for dental aesthetic design and to improve the homogeneity of treatment outcomes,Chinese Society of Digital Dental Industry(CSD-DI)convened domestic experts in related field to compile this consensus.This article elaborates on the key aspects of digital aesthetic data collection,integration steps,and the digital aesthetic design process.It also formulates a decision tree for dental aesthetics at macro level and outlines corresponding workflows for various clinical scenarios,serving as a reference for clinicians.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Guangxi from 2011 to 2019, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating effective prevention and control strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the incidence data of mumps in Guangxi from 2011 to 2019. Results From 2011 to 2019, a total of 146,132 cases of mumps were reported in Guangxi, with an average annual incidence rate of 34.23 /100 000. There were 88,919 male cases (60.85%) and 57,213 female cases (39.15%). The incidence rate decreased from 62.26/100 000 in 2011 to 16.46/100 000 in 2015, and increased from 18.60/100 000 in 2016 to 46.90/100 000 in 2019. There were seasonal variations in the incidence, with the incidence peaks occurring from April to July and from October to the following January. 85.39% of cases were under 15 years of age, and 76.82% of cases were among kindergarteners or school children. A total of 228 mumps outbreaks were reported during 2011-2019，including 5,347 cases, accounting for 3.66% of the total cases. The incidence rates of mumps in Nanning (56.09/100 000), Hechi (48.26/100 000), Liuzhou (46.77/100 000), Baise (46.34/100 000) and Fangchenggang (40.68/100,000) were relatively higher than other places. Conclusion The mumps incidence is on an upward trend in Guangxi since 2015-2019, occurring mainly in older children or students. It is suggested to adhere to the second dose of mumps containing vaccine for kindergarten and school children and strengthen the surveillance and outbreak control of mumps in schools.

The brain has very high energy requirements and consumes 20% of the oxygen and 25% of the glucose in the human body. Therefore, the molecular mechanism underlying how the brain metabolizes substances to support neural activity is a fundamental issue for neuroscience studies. A well-known model in the brain, the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle, postulates that glucose uptake and glycolytic activity are enhanced in astrocytes upon neuronal activation and that astrocytes transport lactate into neurons to fulfill their energy requirements. Current evidence for this hypothesis has yet to reach a clear consensus, and new concepts beyond the shuttle hypothesis are emerging. The discrepancy is largely attributed to the lack of a critical method for real-time monitoring of metabolic dynamics at cellular resolution. Recent advances in fluorescent protein-based sensors allow the generation of a sensitive, specific, real-time readout of subcellular metabolites and fill the current technological gap. Here, we summarize the development of genetically encoded metabolite sensors and their applications in assessing cell metabolism in living cells and in vivo, and we believe that these tools will help to address the issue of elucidating neural energy metabolism.
Animals ; Biosensing Techniques ; Brain ; cytology ; metabolism ; Cytological Techniques ; Energy Metabolism ; Humans ; Luminescent Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Time Factors

Objective To explore the influential factors of esthetic evaluation of mandibular prominence by orthodontic patients from two dimensions (ideal value and tolerance range).Methods 226 orthodontic patients were investigated by an electronic questionnaire of esthetic evaluation of mandibular prominence.Binary logistic regression was adopted to analyze the influential factors.Results The tolerable boundary value for female mandibular retrognathism was affected by age (OR1.360) and orthodontic history (OR2.849).The tolerable boundary value for female mandibular prognathism and male mandibular retrognathism were found to be affected by orthodontic history (OR2.557 and 2.845,respectively).The tolerable boundary value for male mandibular prognathism was affected by age (OR1.347) and orthodontic history (OR2.310).The ideal value of male mandibular prominence was affected by age (OR1.420).Conclusions Orthodontic patients' esthetic evaluation of mandibular prominence is influenced by age and treatment condition,but not by sex,education level,marital status and personal profile.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) on the function of bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) expression in embryonic palate.

METHODSCleft palate mice model was established by atRA. On gestation day (GD) 15 and GD 17, the pregnant mice were killed to obtain the embryos from the uteri. The embryonic palates were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and the remaining sections were used for the immunohistochemistry of BMPR2 detection. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the expression levels of Bmpr2 mRNA.

RESULTSIn the atRA-treated group, short extensions and failure to fuse with each other were observed. The positive expression of BMPR2 was detected in developing palatal process from GD 15 to GD 17 in the control group. Compared with those of the control group, BMPR2 protein and Bmpr2 mRNA decreased in the atRA-treated group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe treatment of pregnant mice with retinoic acid produces small palatal shelves in their fetuses and down-regulates BMPR2 expressions.

Animals ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ; Cleft Palate ; Disease Models, Animal ; Down-Regulation ; Female ; Mice ; Pregnancy ; RNA, Messenger ; Tretinoin

Objective To observe the clinical effect of transforaminal endoscopic surgical system (TESSYS) technique for atypical lumbar disc herniation. Methods Eighteen patients with atypical lumbar disc herniation underwent TESSYS technique under local anesthesia. Numerical rating scale (NRS) was used to evaluate the sciatica and/or back pain. The outcomes were evaluated by Oswestry disability index (ODI) and the Macnab score. Results The postoperative NRS scales were significantly lower than preoperative one (P<0.01). The postoperative ODI was lower than preoperative one (P < 0.05). Good rate of modified Macnab criteria was 88.89%. One patient occurred right hip pain and disappeared after partial closure. one patient turned to open surgery at 1 week. Conclusion The TESSYS technique was an effective method for atypical lumbar disc herniation. It has satisfactory clinical effect which is worthy of spreading for clinical application.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect and related mechanism of all￣trans retinoic acid (atRA) exposure on osteogenic differentiation of mouse embryonic palate masenchymal cells MEPM. METHODS MEPM were cultured in osteogenic medium (OM) with atRA 0.1 and 1.0 μmol??L-1 for 1, 3,5, 7 and 9 d. MTT assay was performed to measure the cell viability. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was measured by chemical colorimetry. The cells were stained using the Von￣Kossa technique to detect the formation of mineralization nodules after 21 d of culture. RT￣PCR was performed to determine expression Runx2, osteopontin, bone morphogenetic protein receptor ( Bmpr) 1b, Bmpr2 and Smad5 mRNA. RESULTS The result of MTT on 9 d showed that, compared with normal control group, the cell viability of OM, OM+atRA 0.1 and 1.0 μmol??L-1 groups decreased significantly(P<0.01). Compared with normal control group, ALP activity of OM group increased significantly(P<0.05), while the ALP activity of OM+atRA 0.1 and 1.0 μmol??L-1 groups was lower than OM group(P<0.05). On 21 d, the Von￣Kossa stai￣ning results showed that the percentage of mineralization nodules formation of OM+atRA 1.0 μmol??L-1 group was (3.65±1.24)%, which was significantly lower than that of OM group(10.33±2.29)%(P<0. 05). On 9 d, the relative Run expression of OM group was the highest one in the four groups, while at￣RA 1.0 μmol??L-1 treatment negatively regulated 20% in comparsion with OM group(P<0.05). Compared with normal control group, the mRNA expression of osteopontin of OM, OM+atRA 0.1 and 1.0 μmol??L-1 groups increased significantly(P<0.05); BDNF mRNA expression of OM group was 2.6￣fold to normal control group, while that of OM+atRA 1.0 μmol??L-1 group was 33% to OM group(P<0.05) . The level of Smad5 mRNA of OM+atRA 1.0 μmol??L-1 group was significantly lower than that of OM group(P<0.05). CONCLUSION atRA Might inhibit osteogenic differentiation of MEPM by down￣regulated the expression of Bmpr1b.

Objective:To study the influence of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA)on craniomaxillofacial development of C57 mice. Methods:Pregnant C57BL mice were divided into 4 groups(n =5)at gestation day (GD)1 0.Mice in three atRA-induction groups were given atRA of 60,80 and 1 00 mg/kg,respectively.The mice in control group were given the equivalent volume of corn oil.All pregnant mice were sacrificed at GD1 9 and the embryos were collected.Stereo microscope was used to observe the craniomaxillofacial morphology.Standardized radiographs were taken and cephalometric analysis was performed.Results:The embryonic body length and body mass of control group surpassed those of 80 and 1 00 mg/kg atRA groups(P <0.05,P <0.01 ).atRA induced craniomaxillofacial malformations and maldevelopment.The mice induced by atRA exhibited a shorter mandibular body and more retrusive position of max-illary and mandibular(∠NAK and ∠NBD)when compared with their norm(P <0.01 ).Significant decrease in craniofacial length (Op-Rh)was observed in all atRA-induced groups(P <0.01 ).Decreases in cranial vault height(Fp-Os)and cranial vault length(Pa-Na)dimensions were observed in 80 and 1 00 mg/kg atRA groups(P <0.05,P <0.01 ).Conclusion:Exogenous atRA dose-depend-ently induces retardation of craniomaxillofacial morphology in embryo of C57BL mice by inhibition of the sagital and vertical dimension development of the bone.

Objective To?investigate?the?effects?of?all-trans?retinoic?acid?(atRA)?on?the?function?of?bone?morphogenetic?protein?receptor?2?(BMPR2)?expression?in?embryonic?palate.?Methods???Cleft?palate?mice?model?was?established?by?atRA.?On?gestation?day?(GD)?15?and?GD17,?the?pregnant?mice?were?killed?to?obtain?the?embryos?from?the?uteri.?The?embryonic?palates?were?stained?with?hematoxylin-eosin,?and?the?remaining?sections?were?used?for?the?immunohistochemistry?of?BMPR2?detection.?Reverse?transcription-polymerase?chain?reaction?was?performed?to?detect?the?expression?levels?of?Bmpr2?mRNA.?Results???In?the?atRA-treated?group,?short?extensions?and?failure?to?fuse?with?each?other?were?observed.?The?positive?expression?of?BMPR2?was?detected?in?developing?palatal?process?from?GD?15?to?GD?17?in?the?control?group.?Compared?with?those?of?the?control?group,?BMPR2?protein?and?Bmpr2?mRNA?decreased?in?the?atRA-treated?group?(P<0.05).?Conclusion???The?treatment?of?preg-nant?mice?with?retinoic?acid?produces?small?palatal?shelves?in?their?fetuses?and?down-regulates?BMPR2?expressions.

PURPOSE: Synuclein-gamma (SNCG), which was initially identified as breast cancer specific gene 1, is highly expressed in advanced breast cancers, but not in normal or benign breast tissue. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of SNCG siRNA-treatment on breast cancer cells and elucidate the associated mechanisms. METHODS: Vectors containing SNCG and negative control (NC) siRNAs were transfected into MDA-MB-231 cells; mRNA levels were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cell proliferation was evaluated using the MTT assay, cell migration was assessed by the Transwell assay, apoptosis and cell cycle analyses were conducted with the flow cytometer, and Western blot analysis was performed to determine the relative levels of AKT, ERK, p-AKT, and p-ERK expression. RESULTS: SNCG mRNA levels were significantly reduced in MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with SNCG siRNA. Our results indicate that in SNCG siRNA-treated cells, cell migration and proliferation decreased significantly, apoptosis was induced, and the cell cycle was arrested. Western blot analysis indicated that the protein levels of p-AKT and p-ERK were much lower in the SNCG siRNA-treated groups, than in the control and NC groups. CONCLUSION: SNCG siRNA could decrease the migration and proliferation of breast cancer cells by downregulating the phosphorylation of AKT and ERK.
Apoptosis ; Blotting, Western ; Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Migration Assays ; Cell Movement* ; Cell Proliferation ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases ; Phosphorylation* ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Synucleins*