Nanomaterial technology is widely integrated with medical science, and nano-medical materials bring new opportunities for prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment. This article reviews the application of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. The application of nanomedicine materials in molecular probe imaging technology and prostate cancer tumor marker-based diagnosis, as well as research progress in drug delivery, targeted modification, and combination therapy are summarized.

Objective:To investigate the overlapping prevalence and risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) among rural adults in Shaanxi Province.Methods:From February 1 to October 31 in 2019, 12 villages in Shaanxi Province were randomly selected for household questionnaire survey through multistage stratified cluster sampling. A total of 2 423 subjects were enrolled, including 1 037 males and 1 386 females, with age of (45.3±16.9) years old. GERD was diagnosed according to the Montreal criteria, FD and IBS were diagnosed according to the Rome Ⅳ criteria. The overlapping prevalence of the three diseases were calculated. The risk factors for the overlapping of GERD, FD and IBS were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was used for statistical analysis.Results:Among the 2 423 subjects, 624 cases had GERD (302 cases), FD (377 cases) or IBS (167 cases), of which 30.77% (192/624) patients had overlap of ≥two diseases. The overlap rates of GERD and FD, GERD and IBS, FD and IBS, GERD, FD and IBS were 2.56% (62/2 423), 1.61% (39/2 423), 2.52% (61/2 423) and 1.24% (30/2 423), respectively. The results of Multivariate analysis showed that female and migraine without aura were positively correlated with the overlap of GERD and FD, FD and IBS, and GERD and IBS (odds ratio ( OR)=3.08, 2.68, 3.66, 7.37, 5.91 and 4.46, 95% confidence interval ( CI) 1.35 to 7.01, 1.35 to 5.30, 1.52 to 8.83, 3.97 to 13.69, 1.78 to 19.60 and 2.01 to 9.92; all P<0.05). Heavy drinking (alcohol intake≥50 g/d (male) or≥30 g/d (female)) was positively correlated with the overlap of FD and IBS, GERD and IBS, and GERD, FD and IBS ( OR=3.69, 4.20 and 4.91, 95% CI 1.19 to 11.48, 1.01 to 17.50 and 1.23 to 19.52; all P<0.05). Heavy smoking (smoking≥20 cigarettes per day) was positively correlated with the overlap of GERD and FD, FD and IBS, GERD and IBS, and GERD, FD and IBS ( OR=3.44, 6.25, 8.27 and 7.04, 95% CI 1.07 to 11.01, 1.60 to 24.44, 1.80 to 38.07 and 1.76 to 28.12; all P<0.05). The educational level of junior or senior high school and age≥60 years old were negatively correlated with the overlap of GERD and FD, FD and IBS, GERD and IBS, and GERD, FD and IBS ( OR=0.47, 0.29, 0.20, 0.05, 0.23, 0.10, 0.37 and 0.16, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.93, 0.09 to 0.95, 0.09 to 0.42, 0.01 to 0.19, 0.09 to 0.60, 0.02 to 0.65, 0.15 to 0.87 and 0.03 to 0.81; all P<0.05). Conclusions:The overlap of GERD, FD and IBS is common and affected by many factors. Female, age≥60 years old, heavy smoking, heavy drinking, low education level and history of migraine without aura are associated with multiple overlaps of GERD, FD and IBS.

Background: Previous studies have found that patients with gastrointestinal diseases have a higher incidence of headache, while migraine patients are often accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms. Understanding the relationship between diseases can provide new ideas for the study of its mechanism. Aims: To explore the co-occurrence and related risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), functional dyspepsia (FD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and migraine without aura (MWoA). Methods: A total of 2 696 adult rural residents in Shaanxi Province were investigated by random stratified sampling. MWoA, GERD, FD and IBS were diagnosed based on ICHD-IIIβ, Montreal classification and Rome , respectively. The prevalence of the single disease and overlapping prevalence of MWoA were calculated. The prevalence rates of GERD, FD and IBS between MWoA group and non-MWoA group were compared, and the disease-related risk factors were analyzed. Results: In this study, a total of 2 423 valid questionnaires were collected. The prevalence rates of GERD, FD and IBS were 12.5%, 15.6% and 6.9%, respectively, and the prevalence rate of MWoA was 8.8%. The prevalence rates of GERD (30.5% vs. 10.7%), FD (37.1% vs. 13.5%) and IBS (27.2% vs. 4.9%) in MWoA group were all higher than those in non-MWoA group (P all < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that female, hypertension, chronic motor system diseases were positively correlated with GERD, FD, IBS and MWoA. Conclusions: There is a certain association between GERD, FD, IBS and MWoA.

Objective:To establish an air-pouch bladder cancer (APBCa) model and investigate whether it could be a new animal model to evaluate the efficacy of intravesical therapy through chemotherapeutics and BCG instillation.Methods:Filtered sterile air was injected subcutaneously into the backs of BALB/c Nude mice to create a 2.5 cm×3.5 cm air pouch. After 24 hours, human bladder cancer cells EJ were seeded on the inner face of the pouch wall to establish APBCa of human cancer (H-APBCa). Gemcitabine instillation was used to investigate whether chemotherapy could inhibit tumor growth in the H-APBCa model, and Tunel staining was used to verify the apoptosis of tumor cells 20-day treatment. Filtered sterile air was injected subcutaneously into the backs of C57BL/6 mice to create a 2.5 cm×3.5 cm air pouch. After 24 hours, mice bladder cancer cells MB49 were seeded on the inner face of the pouch wall to establish APBCa with intact immunity (I-APBCa). BCG instillation was used to investigate whether BCG could inhibit tumor growth in the APBCa model. Immunofluorescence was used to verify the infiltration of immune cells after 20-day treatment.Results:H-APBCa and I-APBCa mice models could be established by immune deficiency and intact mice. At day 20, chemotherapeutic instillation therapy could inhibit tumor growth (781.02±241.02 vs. 1213.88±214.02 mm 3, P<0.05) by inducing tumor cell apoptosis with statistically significant differences (77.33±4.63 vs. 14.67±2.60, P<0.05). BCG instillation was able to inhibit tumor growth (645.02±156.63 vs. 948.84±221.76, P<0.05) by increasing CD80 + macrophage (49.67±7.57 vs. 16.33±5.69, P<0.05) and T cells in the tumor with statistically significant differences (18.00±3.46 vs. 4.67±1.45, P<0.05). Conclusions:APBCa model could evaluate the efficacy of drug instillation and was expected to be a new animal model for studying drug for intravesical therapy.

One of the main reasons for the high recurrence rate of bladder cancer is the missed diagnosis of tiny lesions and difficulty in their complete resection. This review focuses on summarizing the new Methods and techniques for the diagnosis and treatment of tiny lesions of bladder cancer. Based on these, the review will provide urologists with new ideas to improve the detection rate and resection rate of tiny lesions of bladder cancer, thereby effectively reducing the recurrence rate of bladder cancer.

Objective To assess the efficacy and side effects of intravesical instillation of BCG after transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients.Methods The clinical data of patients treated with BCG 120 mg per course induced perfusion or more after TURBT from December 2013 to October 2016 in 18 hospitals of northeast China region,were analyzed retrospectively.The first part,data of 106 patients with moderate,high-risk NMIBC were collected.A total of 83 patients were male,while the other 23 patients were female.The average age was 66.7 years old.The clinical staging were T1 in 86(81.1％) cases,Ta in 20(18.9％) cases and carcinoma in situ in 6 (5.7％) patients.Intravesical instillation of BCG was executed after transurethral resection of the bladder tumor.The incidence rate of recurrence and progression during more than 6 months' follow-up time were observed.Multivariate analyses were done by using logistic analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression model with Kaplan-Meier method.The second part,treatment compliance of 276 patients with bladder cancer,including moderate/high-risk NMIBC in 263 cases,moderate/high-risk NMIBC followed with renal pelvis/ureteral carcinoma in 8 cases were and moderate/high-risk NMIBC with renal pelvis/ureteral carcinoma in 5 cases who treated with BCG after the surgeries,were observed.Patients consisted of 211 males and 65 females with average age of 68.3 years.Results With a median follow-up of 12 months,9 (8.5％) patients experienced tumor recurrence and 2 (1.9％) patients were found progression in the first part.The one-year cancer free recurrence rate of the patients was 91.5％.Statistically significant prognostic factors for recurrence identified by multivariable analyses were prior recurrence of the tumors (OR =3.214,95％CI0.804-12.845,P =0.099).In the second port,an incidence rate of adverse effects was 64.1％ (177/276).The Ⅲ/Ⅳ degree complications were occurred in 11 patients and satisfactory outcomes achieved with active treatment.A total of 36 patients withdrawal with the major causes were recurrence and progression of bladder tumor in 12 cases (4.4 ％),9 cases (3.3 ％) with economic reasons and 11 cases (4.0％) with serious complications.Conclusions NMIBC patients treated with intravesical BCG therapy have approving cancer free recurrence rates and acceptable adverse effects.Prior recurrence may be prognostic factor of recurrence after intravesical BCG therapy.

Objective To investigate the subtype distribution and changing trend of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 strains among men who have sex with men (MSM) during 2005-2011 in Beijing.Methods Five serial cross-sectional surveys of MSM were conducted in the year of 2005-2006,2007,2008,2009,and 2010-2011 in Chaoyang district of Beijing.Whole blood samples were collected and then RNA was extracted.HIV-1 gag gene was characterized by reverse transcriptase and nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification,DNA sequencing,and phylogenetic analysis of viral sequences to determine the HIV-1 subtypes.Results Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences revealed that the predominant subtypes of HIV-1 gag gene included subtype B,CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC.And CRF15_01B was detected from the year of 2008.In addition,significant changes of the distributions of subtypes and CRFs occurred from 2005 to 2011 in HIV+ MSM.Subtype B showed a significant decreased trend,while the proportions of CRF01 _AE and CRF07_BC significantly increased in the 7-year period,particularly that of CRF01_AE.Conclusions The substantial changes are observed in the diversity of HIV-1 strains circulating among MSM in Beijing during a 7-year period.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii (Tox),rubella virus (RV),cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections (TORCH infections) among childbearing-age population in Henan province.Methods Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to detect plasma TORCH IgM and IgG among 3084 childbearing-age men and women from theFirst Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University during July and September,2011.The positive rates of anti-TORCH antibodies were compared among the various age and gender groups by x2 test.Results The total positive rate of anti-TORCH IgM was 5.5％ (170/3084),in which the positive rate of anti-RV IgM was the highest (2.9％),followed by anti-HSV IgM (1.0％).Within positive rate of anti-TORCH IgG,anti-HSV IgG was the highest (90.4％),followed by anti-CMV IgG (89.7％),RV IgG (48.1％) and Tox IgG (0.7％).The positive rate of anti-TORCH IgM was the lowest in individuals aged ＞ 30-40 year old.With the age increasing,the positive rates of anti-Tox IgG,anti-CMV IgG and anti-HSV IgG increased,but the positive rate of anti-RV IgG decreased.Women had higher positive rates of anti-CMV IgG and antiHSV IgG than men (x2 =83.470 and 7.026,P ＜ 0.O1).Conclusions Current infection of TORCH exists in childbearing-age population of Henan province,and the positive rate of anti-RV IgG is low.It is recommended to screen for TORCH infection in childbearing-age men and women.

Objective To evaluate the validity of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation(RFA)combined with percutaneous ethanol injection(PEI) with different style in rabbit liver in vivo.Methods Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were included in this study and divided into four groups.Group A:RFA before PEI(n=6),RFA (1 cm mono-electrode,maintain 3 minutes RFA) before PEI 1.5 ml; Group B:PEI before RFA (n=6),PEI 1.5 ml before RFA (1 cm mono-electrode,maintain 3 minutes RFA); Group C:RFA (1 cm mono-electrode,maintain 3 minutes RFA) only (n =6);Group D:PEI (1.5 ml) only(n=6).To analyze the resistance,current and energy requirement per unit of each group including RFA.To observe the size,shape,isoperimetric ratio and volume of coagulated necrosis of each group by enhanced CT.Results The longest diameter and the shortest diameter of group B[respectirely,(24.1±4.4) mmand (21.45±4.0) mm] were significantly larger than group C [respectirely,(12.4 ± 1.6) mm and (11.1 ± 1.4) mm] and group D[respectirely,(7.7 ± 2.3) mm and (5.1 ± 1.5) mm] (P＜0.01).The height diameter and volume of coagulated necrosis of group B [respectirely,(20.3± 4.9) mm3 and (5879 ± 2607) mm3] were significantly larger than the other 3 groups [(14.8± 2.7) mm3 and (3130±1250) mm3,(10.7±1.6) mm3 and (767±173) mm3,(6.7± 1.0) mm3 and (146±83) mm3] in A,C,and a group (P＜0.01).Isoperimetric ratios of ablation zone in group B was the most highest.There were no statistically significant between each group (P＞0.05).The resistance of group B were significantly larger than group A and group C (P＜0.01).The current of group B were significantly lower than group A and group C (P＜0.05).The energy requirement per unit of group A and group B were significantly lower than group C (P＜0.01).Conclusion The volume of coagulated necrosis of group PEI-RFA was significantly larger than the other 3 groups.The energy requirement per unit of group PEI-RFA were the lowest in each group.The isoperimetric ratio of group PEI-RFA was the most highest.