ObjectiveTo observe the clinical efficacy of Shentong Zhuyutang combined with Dilongtang in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation （LDH） with Qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome， and its effect on nucleus pulposus reabsorption and immune-inflammatory factors， exploring its therapeutic mechanism from the perspective of reabsorption. MethodsA total of 120 patients with LDH from the Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine， treated between June 2020 and January 2023， were randomly divided into the control group （52 cases， with 8 dropouts） and the observation group （49 cases， with 11 dropouts） according to a random number table. The control group received routine treatment， while the observation group was treated with Shentong Zhuyutang combined with Dilongtang in addition to routine treatment. Visual Analogue Scale （VAS）， Oswestry Disability Index （ODI）， Japanese Orthopaedic Association （JOA） score， and traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome score were measured before treatment and after 3 courses of treatment. Venous blood samples were collected for the determination of serological indexes. MR examination was performed during the 6-month follow-up to calculate the absorption rate. ResultsAfter treatment， both groups showed significant reductions in VAS， ODI， TCM syndrome score， serum tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α， matrix metalloproteinase （MMP）-9， and vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） levels， and a significant increase in JOA score compared with pre-treatment values （P<0.05）. Compared with the control group， the observation group showed significantly lower VAS， ODI， TCM syndrome score， serum TNF-α， MMP-9， and VEGF levels， and a significantly higher JOA score （P<0.05）. The proportion of nucleus pulposus reabsorption in the observation group was 57.14% （28/49）， significantly higher than 21.15% （11/52） in the control group （χ²=6.161， P<0.05）. ConclusionShentong Zhuyutang combined with Dilongtang can effectively relieve pain， improve lumbar function， and alleviate TCM clinical symptoms in LDH patients with Qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome. Imaging findings suggest that the treatment promotes the reabsorption of nucleus pulposus protrusion， while laboratory testing shows reduced serum levels of TNF-α， MMP-9， and VEGF， which contribute to the rehabilitation of patients.

Prescription optimization is a crucial aspect in the study of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） compounds. In recent years， the introduction of mathematical methods， data mining techniques， and artificial neural networks has provided new tools for elucidating the compatibility rules of TCM compounds. The study of TCM compounds involves numerous variables， including the proportions of different herbs， the specific extraction parts of each ingredient， and the interactions among multiple components. These factors together create a complex nonlinear dose-effect relationship. In this context， it is essential to identify methods that suit the characteristics of TCM compounds and can leverage their advantages for effective application in new drug development. This paper provided a comprehensive review of the cutting-edge optimization experimental design methods applied in recent studies of TCM compound compatibilities. The key technical issues， such as the optimization of source material selection， dosage optimization of compatible herbs， and multi-objective optimization indicators， were discussed. Furthermore， the evaluation methods for component effects were summarized during the optimization process， so as to provide scientific and practical foundations for innovative research in TCM and the development of new drugs based on TCM compounds.

Viral pneumonia is an infectious disease caused by virus invading the lung parenchyma and interstitial tissue and causing lung inflammation， with the incidence rising year by year. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） can treat viral pneumonia in a multi-component， multi-target， and holistic manner by targeting the core pathogenesis of pneumonia caused by different respiratory viruses， demonstrating minimal side effects and significant advantages. According to the theory of healthy Qi and pathogenic Qi in TCM， the struggle between healthy Qi and pathogenic Qi and the imbalance between immunity and inflammation run through the entire process of viral pneumonia， and the immunity-inflammation status at different stages of the disease reflects different relationships between healthy Qi and pathogenic Qi. Immune dysfunction leads to the deficiency of healthy Qi， causing viral infections. The struggle between healthy Qi and pathogenic Qi causes immunity-inflammation imbalance， leading to the onset of viral pneumonia. Inflammatory damage causes persistent accumulation of phlegm and stasis， leading to the progression of viral pneumonia. The cytokine storm causes immunodepletion， leading to the excess of pathogenic Qi and diminution of healthy Qi and the deterioration of viral pneumonia. After the recovery from viral pneumonia， there is a long-term imbalance between immunity and micro-inflammation， which results in healthy Qi deficiency and pathogenic Qi lingering. Healthy Qi deficiency and pathogenic Qi excess act as common core causes of pneumonia caused by different respiratory viruses. Clinical treatment should emphasize both replenishing healthy Qi and eliminating pathogenic Qi， helping to restore the balance between healthy Qi and pathogenic Qi as well as between immunity and inflammation， thus promoting the recovery of patients from viral pneumonia. According to the TCM theory of healthy Qi and pathogenic Qi， this article summarizes the immunity-inflammation mechanisms at different stages of viral pneumonia， and explores the application of the method of replenishing healthy Qi and eliminating pathogenic Qi in viral pneumonia. The aim is to probe into the scientific connotation of the TCM theory of healthy Qi and pathogenic Qi in viral pneumonia and provide ideas for the clinical application of the method of replenishing healthy Qi and eliminating pathogenic Qi to assist in the treatment of viral pneumonia.

The morphological changes and functions of mitochondria are closely associated with the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD）. Dynamin-related protein 1 （Drp1） is one of the primary proteins determining mitochondrial fission， and its activity is strictly controlled to ensure the balance of mitochondrial dynamics according to cellular needs. Drp1 can enhance mitochondrial interactions and mitochondrial fission by promoting the formation of endoplasmic reticulum tubules， and the phosphorylation state and deacetylation of Drp1 can also affect the morphological changes of mitochondria， thereby affecting the status of NAFLD. This article elaborates on the role and mechanism of action of Drp1 in the progression of NAFLD， in order to provide ideas for targeted therapy for NAFLD.

Objective To investigate the impact of dietary protein intake on the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in adult residents, and to provide a reference for formulating diabetes prevention and control measures. Methods The research was based on cross-sectional survey data from the Nutrition and Health Follow-up Study of Chinese Residents in Chongqing (2021). Energy and nutrient intake was calculated in combination with the Chinese food composition table. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between dietary protein and diabetes, and then restricted cubic spline regression (RCS) was used to analyze the dose-response relationship between dietary protein intake and the development of diabetes. Results Among the 1 415 adult residents, dietary intake of total protein, animal protein, and plant protein was 69.69g/d, 26.26g/d, and 43.43g/d, respectively. The ratio of protein to energy supply was 14.31%, and the prevalence of diabetes was 18.02%. Comparing with the residents in the first percentile of total dietary protein intake, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratios of those in the second and third percentile were 1.754 and 2.453 respectively. Comparing the residents in the third percentile with those in the first percentile, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratios of diabetes were 1.592 for protein energy supply ratio, and 1.558 for animal protein intake. Conclusion High protein intake, high protein energy supply ratio and high animal protein intake may increase the risk of diabetes, and different types of protein may have different effects on diabetes.

ObjectiveTo investigate the possible mechanism of Wenyang Shengji Ointment （温阳生肌膏， WSO） in the treatment of diabetic wounds with yin syndrome. MethodsA total of 24 SD rats were randomly divided into a group （n=6） and modeling group （n=18）. The modeling group rats were fed with high-fat diet for 14 days and then were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin to induce diabetic model. After steroid injection， full-thickness skin defects were created on the back of the rats to establish a diabetic wound with yin syndrome model. The normal group was fed with regular diet， and full-thickness skin defects were created surgically on the back of the rats. The 18 successfully modeled rats were further divided into three groups， the model group， the WSO group， and the Beifuxin （Recombinant Bovine Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Gel， BX） group， 6 rats in each group. The WSO group was given the ointment to the wound， the Beifuxin group was givne BX gel， and the normal group and model group was disinfected and treated with saline. All groups had their dressings changed once daily for 14 days. Wound healing was recorded on days 0， 3， 7， and 14， and the wound healing rate was calculated on day 3， 7， and 14. On day 14 after treatment， HE staining was performed to observe the pathological morphology of the wound tissue. Western Blot was used to detect the relative protein levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha （HIF-1α） and vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）. Immunofluorescence was used to measure the fluorescence intensity of HIF-1α in the wound tissue， and ELISA was used to detect the methylglyoxal （MGO） content in the wound tissue. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group showed poor wound healing on day 3， 7， and 14， with a low wound healing rate （P＜0.01）. HE staining showed scab coverage on the wound， with inflammatory cell infiltration and disorganized collagen arrangement. The relative protein levels of VEGF were significantly reduced， while the relative protein levels of HIF-1α and the MGO content significantly increased （P＜0.01）， and the fluorescence intensity of HIF-1α was enhanced. Compared to the model group， the WSO group and Beifuxin group showed better wound healing on day 3， 7， and 14， with an increased wound healing rate （P＜0.01）. The wound tissue showed clear and complete epithelial structure， reduced inflammatory cells， mature granulation tissue， and organized collagen arrangement. MGO content was significantly reduced （P＜0.01）. The relative protein levels of HIF-1α and VEGF both significantly increased in the WSO group， while only VEGF increased in the Beifuxin group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with the Beifuxin group， the WSO group had a thicker epidermal layer， prominent collagen formation， significantly increased HIF-1α fluorescence expression， reduced MGO content in the wound tissue， and higher relative protein levels of HIF-1α （P＜0.05）. ConclusionWSO can reduce the accumulation of MGO in diabetic wound tissue with yin syndrome and activate the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway， which could be one of the mechanisms for promoting wound healing.

Radiopharmaceuticals play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases， malignant tumors， central nervous system diseases， and other diseases. Under the urgent need for clinical diagnosis and treatment as well as medical development， the clinical research of radiopharmaceuticals has become a hotspot in international research. By analyzing the current situation of clinical research on radiopharmaceuticals in Europe， America， and China， the ethical issues of clinical research on radiopharmaceuticals were elaborated from four aspects， including lack of relevant laws and regulations， a higher risk of radiopharmaceuticals， dilemmas in ethical review， and insufficient radiation protection. Response principles and measures were proposed from four aspects， including improving regulations and policies， enhancing radiological protection for all parties involved in the research， strengthening ethical review， and reinforcing the training of relevant personnel， to enhance the quality and level of clinical research on radiopharmaceuticals.

Annexin A3（ANXA3）is a member of the membrane associated protein family. It has two subtypes of 36 kDa and 33 kDa. Its gene is located on the fourth chromosome of human. ANXA3, widely expressed in human bone marrow, lung, placenta, prostate and thyroid, is closely related to several biological processes such as exoplasmosis, vascular production, fat cell maturity, and white blood cell migration. Studies have found that ANXA3 is abnormally expressed in various diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease and inflammation. It can regulate multiple signaling pathways such as JNK, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, and may become a potential drug target for treatment of related diseases. The structure, functions, the link with diseases and related mechanisms of ANXA3 were summarized in this paper, which could provide reference for ANXA3 related research.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects and potential mechanism of paeoniflorin on oxidative stress of ulcerative colitis （UC） mice based on adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK）/nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 （Nrf2） pathway. METHODS Male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into control group， model group， inhibitor group （AMPK inhibitor Compound C 20 mg/kg）， paeoniflorin low-， medium- and high-dose groups （paeoniflorin 12.5， 25， 50 mg/kg）， high- dose of paeoniflorin+inhibitor group （paeoniflorin 50 mg/kg+Compound C 20 mg/kg）， with 8 mice in each group. Except for the control group， mice in all other groups were given 4% dextran sulfate sodium solution for 5 days to establish the UC model. Subsequently， mice in each drug group were given the corresponding drug solution intragastrically or intraperitoneally， once a day， for 7 consecutive days. The changes in body weight of mice were recorded during the experiment. Twenty-four hours after the last administration， colon length， malondialdehyde （MDA） content， and activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px） in colon tissues were measured； histopathological morphology of colon tissues， tight junctions between intestinal epithelial cells， and histopathological scoring were all observed and evaluated； the mRNA expressions of AMPK and Nrf2， as well as the protein expressions of heme oxygenase-1（HO-1）， occludin and claudin-1， were all determined in colon tissue. RESULTS Compared with model group， paeoniflorin groups exhibited recovery from pathological changes such as inflammatory cell infiltration and crypt damage in the colon tissue， as well as improved tight junction damage between intestinal epithelial cells. Additionally， significant increases or upregulations were observed in body weight， colon length， activities of SOD and GSH-Px， phosphorylation level of AMPK， and protein expression of Nrf2， HO-1， occludin， claudin-1， and mRNA expressions of AMPK and Nrf2； concurrently， MDA content and histopathological scores were significantly reduced （P＜ 0.05 or P＜0.01）. In contrast， the inhibitor group showed comparable （P＞0.05） or worse （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01） indicators compared to the model group. Conversely， the addition of AMPK inhibitor could significantly reverse the improvement of high- dose paconiflorin （P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS Paeoniflorin can repair intestinal epithelial cell damage in mice， improve tight junctions between epithelial cells， upregulate the expression of related proteins， and promote the expression and secretion of antioxidant-promoting molecules， thereby ameliorating UC； its mechanism may be associated with activating AMPK/Nrf2 antioxidant pathway.

Background Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) monitoring stations may generate missing data for a certain period of time due to various factors. This data loss will adversely affect air quality assessment and pollution control decision-making. Objective To propose an inverse distance weighted (IDW) spatiotemporal interpolation method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) to interpolate and fill missing PM_2.5 spatiotemporal sequence data and increase interpolation accuracy. Methods An interpolation experiment was designed into two parts. The first part used hourly PM_2.5 observational data from four moments on January 1, 2017 in the Yangtze River Delta region. The second part employed daily PM_2.5 observational data from the first 10 d of January 2017 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Interpolation accuracy was evaluated using four metrics: root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and mean relative error (MRE). Results IDW spatiotemporal interpolation method optimized with PSO significantly improved the accuracy of filling missing PM_2.5 spatiotemporal sequence data. In the hourly-scale experiment conducted in the Yangtze River Delta region, compared to a distance index of 2, the accuracy metrics RMSE, MAE, MAPE, and MRE generated by the proposed method improved on average by 0.17 μg·m⁻³, 0.27 μg·m⁻³, 0.17%, and 0.01%, respectively. The PM_2.5 spatial field maps generated for four moments based on this method clearly illustrated the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of hourly PM_2.5 concentrations in the Yangtze River Delta region. In the daily-scale experiment conducted in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the PSO-optimized distance index outperformed the traditional method, with interpolation accuracy improvements of approximately 0.215 μg·m⁻³, 0.283 μg·m⁻³, 0.174%, and 0.014%, respectively. Furthermore, the seasonal PM_2.5 spatial field maps generated by this method revealed the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of PM_2.5 concentrations in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region across different seasons, further validating the effectiveness and applicability of this method. Conclusion The IDW spatiotemporal interpolation method optimized with PSO is highly accurate and reliable for interpolating the missing data in the Yangtze River Delta region and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, providing valuable insights for air pollution control and public health protection.