Skull base defects often manifest as meningocele/meningoencephalocele or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks. Ventral and lateral skull base defects are effectively treated endoscopically and microscopically using various approaches. This case series study analyzes the utility and efficacy of post-aural soft tissue and temporalis fascia grafts in repairing small (<1 cm) skull base defects. Five out of six patients (83.33%) achieved successful defect closure. Patients were followed for donor site morbidity, postoperative CSF leak, and/or recurrent meningocele. One patient experienced reconstruction failure and developed a CSF leak eight months after surgery. The results suggest that TF grafts combined with post-aural soft tissue may be effectively used to repair small skull base defects without significant donor site morbidity.

Objectives: The objective of this review was to analyze quantitative data on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and to increase the accuracy of estimates of the prevalence of ASD. Methods: This review, which was reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement, included studies conducted from January 2008 to June 2024 on children aged 3 to 18 years that used standardized measurement tools and reported cut-off scores for ASD. The prevalence of ASD was the primary outcome analyzed in this review. The PubMed, Clinical Key, Scopus, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases were reviewed for relevant studies. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO and followed the Cochrane collaboration guidelines. Results: A total of 66 studies reported on the prevalence of ASD, screening 21,313,061 children worldwide. Among these, 25 studies were conducted in Europe, 22 in Asia, and 13 in America.Additionally, 3 studies each were reported from Africa and Australia. According to a metaanalysis, 0.77% of children globally are diagnosed with ASD, with boys comprising 1.14% of this group. Notably, Australia showed the highest prevalence rate, with an effect size of 2.18, highlighting it as a critical area for public health focus. Conclusion ASD represents a significant global health burden. Early detection, increasedawareness among parents, and prompt intervention are crucial for mitigating developmental problems in children later in life. It is essential for health policymakers to acknowledge theprevalence and growing trends of ASD in order to implement effective interventions.

Objectives: The objective of this review was to analyze quantitative data on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and to increase the accuracy of estimates of the prevalence of ASD. Methods: This review, which was reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement, included studies conducted from January 2008 to June 2024 on children aged 3 to 18 years that used standardized measurement tools and reported cut-off scores for ASD. The prevalence of ASD was the primary outcome analyzed in this review. The PubMed, Clinical Key, Scopus, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases were reviewed for relevant studies. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO and followed the Cochrane collaboration guidelines. Results: A total of 66 studies reported on the prevalence of ASD, screening 21,313,061 children worldwide. Among these, 25 studies were conducted in Europe, 22 in Asia, and 13 in America.Additionally, 3 studies each were reported from Africa and Australia. According to a metaanalysis, 0.77% of children globally are diagnosed with ASD, with boys comprising 1.14% of this group. Notably, Australia showed the highest prevalence rate, with an effect size of 2.18, highlighting it as a critical area for public health focus. Conclusion ASD represents a significant global health burden. Early detection, increasedawareness among parents, and prompt intervention are crucial for mitigating developmental problems in children later in life. It is essential for health policymakers to acknowledge theprevalence and growing trends of ASD in order to implement effective interventions.

Objectives: The objective of this review was to analyze quantitative data on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and to increase the accuracy of estimates of the prevalence of ASD. Methods: This review, which was reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement, included studies conducted from January 2008 to June 2024 on children aged 3 to 18 years that used standardized measurement tools and reported cut-off scores for ASD. The prevalence of ASD was the primary outcome analyzed in this review. The PubMed, Clinical Key, Scopus, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases were reviewed for relevant studies. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO and followed the Cochrane collaboration guidelines. Results: A total of 66 studies reported on the prevalence of ASD, screening 21,313,061 children worldwide. Among these, 25 studies were conducted in Europe, 22 in Asia, and 13 in America.Additionally, 3 studies each were reported from Africa and Australia. According to a metaanalysis, 0.77% of children globally are diagnosed with ASD, with boys comprising 1.14% of this group. Notably, Australia showed the highest prevalence rate, with an effect size of 2.18, highlighting it as a critical area for public health focus. Conclusion ASD represents a significant global health burden. Early detection, increasedawareness among parents, and prompt intervention are crucial for mitigating developmental problems in children later in life. It is essential for health policymakers to acknowledge theprevalence and growing trends of ASD in order to implement effective interventions.

Skull base defects often manifest as meningocele/meningoencephalocele or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks. Ventral and lateral skull base defects are effectively treated endoscopically and microscopically using various approaches. This case series study analyzes the utility and efficacy of post-aural soft tissue and temporalis fascia grafts in repairing small (<1 cm) skull base defects. Five out of six patients (83.33%) achieved successful defect closure. Patients were followed for donor site morbidity, postoperative CSF leak, and/or recurrent meningocele. One patient experienced reconstruction failure and developed a CSF leak eight months after surgery. The results suggest that TF grafts combined with post-aural soft tissue may be effectively used to repair small skull base defects without significant donor site morbidity.

Objectives: The objective of this review was to analyze quantitative data on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and to increase the accuracy of estimates of the prevalence of ASD. Methods: This review, which was reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement, included studies conducted from January 2008 to June 2024 on children aged 3 to 18 years that used standardized measurement tools and reported cut-off scores for ASD. The prevalence of ASD was the primary outcome analyzed in this review. The PubMed, Clinical Key, Scopus, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases were reviewed for relevant studies. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO and followed the Cochrane collaboration guidelines. Results: A total of 66 studies reported on the prevalence of ASD, screening 21,313,061 children worldwide. Among these, 25 studies were conducted in Europe, 22 in Asia, and 13 in America.Additionally, 3 studies each were reported from Africa and Australia. According to a metaanalysis, 0.77% of children globally are diagnosed with ASD, with boys comprising 1.14% of this group. Notably, Australia showed the highest prevalence rate, with an effect size of 2.18, highlighting it as a critical area for public health focus. Conclusion ASD represents a significant global health burden. Early detection, increasedawareness among parents, and prompt intervention are crucial for mitigating developmental problems in children later in life. It is essential for health policymakers to acknowledge theprevalence and growing trends of ASD in order to implement effective interventions.

Skull base defects often manifest as meningocele/meningoencephalocele or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks. Ventral and lateral skull base defects are effectively treated endoscopically and microscopically using various approaches. This case series study analyzes the utility and efficacy of post-aural soft tissue and temporalis fascia grafts in repairing small (<1 cm) skull base defects. Five out of six patients (83.33%) achieved successful defect closure. Patients were followed for donor site morbidity, postoperative CSF leak, and/or recurrent meningocele. One patient experienced reconstruction failure and developed a CSF leak eight months after surgery. The results suggest that TF grafts combined with post-aural soft tissue may be effectively used to repair small skull base defects without significant donor site morbidity.

Objectives: The objective of this review was to analyze quantitative data on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and to increase the accuracy of estimates of the prevalence of ASD. Methods: This review, which was reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement, included studies conducted from January 2008 to June 2024 on children aged 3 to 18 years that used standardized measurement tools and reported cut-off scores for ASD. The prevalence of ASD was the primary outcome analyzed in this review. The PubMed, Clinical Key, Scopus, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases were reviewed for relevant studies. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO and followed the Cochrane collaboration guidelines. Results: A total of 66 studies reported on the prevalence of ASD, screening 21,313,061 children worldwide. Among these, 25 studies were conducted in Europe, 22 in Asia, and 13 in America.Additionally, 3 studies each were reported from Africa and Australia. According to a metaanalysis, 0.77% of children globally are diagnosed with ASD, with boys comprising 1.14% of this group. Notably, Australia showed the highest prevalence rate, with an effect size of 2.18, highlighting it as a critical area for public health focus. Conclusion ASD represents a significant global health burden. Early detection, increasedawareness among parents, and prompt intervention are crucial for mitigating developmental problems in children later in life. It is essential for health policymakers to acknowledge theprevalence and growing trends of ASD in order to implement effective interventions.

Animals, Wild ; Borneo ; Malaysia ; Biosurveillance

Background and Objectives: Flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscopy (F-NPLS) is a routine procedure performed in office settings. We compared two different intranasal scope navigation techniques used during F-NPLS, evaluating patient comfort and practitioner satisfaction. Methods: This is a prospective, randomized, parallel-group controlled study. Patients undergoing F-NPLS to evaluate the upper airway were enrolled and randomized into two study groups. Patients in group A underwent intranasal scope negotiation following a trajectory below the middle turbinate; for group B, a trajectory along the inferior turbinate was used. The primary outcome evaluated was the successful, unhindered negotiation of the scope on the first attempt. Secondary outcomes included patient-perceived pain, incidents of mucosal trauma and bleeding, and the frequency and necessity of repeat scopy. Results: In total, 111 patients were randomized into group A (n=53) and group B (n=58). Baseline characteristics, such as age and sex, were similar in both groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups with respect to the primary outcome (group A: 52.8% vs. group B: 55.2%, p=0.8). The frequency of F-NPLS without episodes of mucosal trauma was significantly higher in group B (group A: 56.9% vs. group B: 35.9%, p=0.004). Mucosal ecchymosis was a common finding in group A (group A: 41.5% vs. group B: 13.8%, p=0.03), while nasal bleeding was more frequently observed in group B, although the difference was not statistically significant (group A: 29.3% vs. group B: 22.6%, p=0.42). Conclusion The present study demonstrated that the success rate of unhindered F-NPLS was comparable between the two trajectories. However, patients experienced moderate to severe pain during repeat scopy compared to the initial F-NPLS attempt.