To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Motuo County from 2012 to 2021 and provide evidence for the prevention and control of PTB. A total of 223 cases of PTB were reported from 2012 to 2021 in Motuo County, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 171.39/100 000. Joinpoint regression model analysis showed that the average decline rate was 9.2% (P<0.001) from 2012 to 2021. Among the various types of PTB patients reported from 2012 to 2021, there were 69 cases of etiologic-positive cases which increased from 28.57% to 52.63%. Results from the circular distribution methods showed that there was no obvious peak time of PTB in Motuo County. There was no statistical difference in the average annual incidence of PTB between different genders (χ²=0.108, P=0.743). Among all age groups, the 20-29 years group had the highest proportion (26.91%, 60/223). The Monpa ethnic group (153 cases, 68.61%) had the largest number of cases, followed by the Lhoba people (44 cases, 19.73%) and the Tibetan (22 cases, 9.87%). Farmers (168 cases, 75.34%) had the highest occupational composition ratio, followed by students (40 cases, 17.94%). The main detection methods of PTB were clinical consultation and transferring consultation. Overall, the incidence rate of PTB decreased from 2012 to 2021. The majority of PTB patients were young adults with high transmission risk. It is necessary to pay more attention to the key populations and strengthen the comprehensive prevention and control for reducing the risk of PTB.
Young Adult ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Tibet/epidemiology* ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/prevention & control* ; Incidence ; Students ; Ethnicity ; China/epidemiology*

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Motuo County from 2012 to 2021 and provide evidence for the prevention and control of PTB. A total of 223 cases of PTB were reported from 2012 to 2021 in Motuo County, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 171.39/100 000. Joinpoint regression model analysis showed that the average decline rate was 9.2% (P<0.001) from 2012 to 2021. Among the various types of PTB patients reported from 2012 to 2021, there were 69 cases of etiologic-positive cases which increased from 28.57% to 52.63%. Results from the circular distribution methods showed that there was no obvious peak time of PTB in Motuo County. There was no statistical difference in the average annual incidence of PTB between different genders (χ²=0.108, P=0.743). Among all age groups, the 20-29 years group had the highest proportion (26.91%, 60/223). The Monpa ethnic group (153 cases, 68.61%) had the largest number of cases, followed by the Lhoba people (44 cases, 19.73%) and the Tibetan (22 cases, 9.87%). Farmers (168 cases, 75.34%) had the highest occupational composition ratio, followed by students (40 cases, 17.94%). The main detection methods of PTB were clinical consultation and transferring consultation. Overall, the incidence rate of PTB decreased from 2012 to 2021. The majority of PTB patients were young adults with high transmission risk. It is necessary to pay more attention to the key populations and strengthen the comprehensive prevention and control for reducing the risk of PTB.
Young Adult ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Tibet/epidemiology* ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/prevention & control* ; Incidence ; Students ; Ethnicity ; China/epidemiology*

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Fengtai District from 2011 to 2021. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted, the data of PTB patients in Fengtai District from 2011 to 2021 were collected in Chinese disease prevention and Control Information System, which included etiological classification, gender, age, occupation, onset time, demographic information etc. the epidemiological characteristics of reported PTB patients was analysis. Results: A total of 10 342 cases of PTB were reported from 2011 to 2021 in Fengtai District, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 42.87/ 100 000. The incidence rate was the highest in 2012(75.89/100 000), and significantly declined from 2013, which declined to 29.70/100 000 in 2017. It showed a slow rise from 2018 to 2021. The difference was statistically significant (χ²=1 471.77,P<0.001).There were 2 975 cases of etiologic positive PTB from 2011 to 2021, and 76 cases of Rifampicin-resistant PTB from 2017 to 2021. The ratio of male cases to female was 1.75, the average annual incidence rate of male (53.94/100 000) was higher, than female(31.57/100 000).(χ²=704.01,P<0.001). Among all age groups, 25-29 years group, 20-24 years group and 30-34 years group had the highest proportion, which were 1 506 cases (14.56%) , 1 292 cases (12.49%) and 1 024 cases (9.90%) respectively. The average annual incidence rate was the lowest in the group less than 10 years old (1.43/100 000), and the highest in the group 85 years old and over (195.20/100 000), the difference was statistically significant(χ²=3164.24, P<0.001). The top occupations from high to low were housework and unemployment (2 917 cases, 28.21%), retirees (2 308 cases, 22.32%), workers (1 047 cases, 10.12%), cadres and staff (950 cases, 9.19%), farmers (860 cases, 8.32%), business services (698 cases, 6.75%), teachers and students (455 cases, 4.40%). Conclusion: From 2011 to 2021, the incidence rate of PTB was decreased from 2012 to 2017, and slowly increased lately in Fengtai District. The epidemiological characteristics of PTB vary in different age and gender.
Adult ; Aged, 80 and over ; Beijing ; Child ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Rifampin ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/prevention & control*

Student contacts of tuberculosis (TB) cases are susceptible to latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), and chemo-prophylaxis can reduce the risk of active TB among them. This study aimed to assess the acceptance of chemo-prophylaxis for LTBI among students, and their concerns regarding TB and its preventive treatment. A total of 560 students contacts were included in the investigation. The extent of contact was categorized from high to low (4 levels) with 12.9% of the students being close contacts. About 87.0% of the students were willing to receive chemo-prophylaxis if diagnosed with, LTBI, whereas 73 students declined. Students with a higher level of knowledge about TB (aOR = 1.11) or close contact with TB patients (aOR = 4.30) were more likely to accept treatment. To conclude, education regarding TB transmission is necessary. Moreover, LTBI detection should be integrated into the current school-based TB contact investigation.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Antitubercular Agents ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; China ; epidemiology ; Contact Tracing ; Female ; Humans ; Latent Tuberculosis ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; Male ; Students ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; transmission ; Universities ; Young Adult

Evidence-based medicine is advocated by WHO and adopted by developed countries for many years. In China, however, the selection of essential medicine and various medical insurance reimbursement schemes medicine is usually based on experts' experience of prescription practice which is under heavy critics resulting from the lack of related comparative efficacy and evidence-based research. The efficacy of Jian'ganle in prevention of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) caused by antituberculotics was evaluated in this study by comparison with Hugan Pian, glucuronolactone and reduced glutathione. Evidence was provided for relevant sectors such as Ministry for Human Resources and Social Security of the People's Republic of China and National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China to select and renew the Essential Medicine List (EML), the new rural cooperative medical scheme in China (NRCMS) list or the reimbursement list of industrial injury insurance. A total of 189 patients with initial pulmonary tuberculosis were divided into four groups who took antituberculotics combined with Jian'ganle, Hugan Pian, glucuronolactone and reduced glutathione respectively. Their liver function profile including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), total protein (TP), albumin (A) and globulin (G) were detected at admission as baseline and after treatment. The Jian'ganle group was compared with the three others by chi-square tests. In an aspect of maintaining bilirubin indexes normal, Jian'ganle was more efficacious than glucuronolactone. And Jian'ganle had a little more efficacy than reduced glutathione to maintain protein indexes normal as well. And the therapeutic regimen of antituberculotics combined with Jian'ganle was the best in treating tuberculosis and preventing DILI at the same time. The study showed that among the four hepatinicas which demonstrated similar prevention of DILI caused by antituberculotics, Jian'ganle has more advantages over the three others to some extent, which provides a reliable basis for health sectors to select and renew the EML, NRCMS List or the reimbursement list of industrial injury insurance.
Adult ; Alanine Transaminase ; metabolism ; Antitubercular Agents ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; statistics & numerical data ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; metabolism ; Bilirubin ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury ; etiology ; prevention & control ; China ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Glucuronates ; therapeutic use ; Glutathione ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Liver ; drug effects ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Liver Function Tests ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Outcome ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ; drug therapy ; ethnology

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Antitubercular Agents ; adverse effects ; Child ; Female ; Hepatic Insufficiency ; chemically induced ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Liver ; drug effects ; physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Silymarin ; therapeutic use ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo study the factors affecting the management and treatment of immigrant workers with tuberculosis, to determine the most effective measures and to provide an academic basis for tuberculosis control and prevention strategies targeting the immigrant population.

METHODSA self-designed questionnaire was administered to 1364 immigrant workers with tuberculosis (study group) and 436 local residents (control group) with tuberculosis.

RESULTSWhether a patient's tuberculosis status was discovered or not was related to the medical facilities initially visited, job mobility, and the individual worker's economic condition. The percentage of cases discovered was relatively low among those who made their first visit to a private clinic (39.0%), and 58.4% (796) of immigrant workers delayed their first consultation mainly due to neglecting symptoms (55.9%, 445), subjective perception of symptoms being not severe enough (19.3%, 154) to visit a physician and the inconvenience of visiting a hospital because of its being far away from home (15.8%, 47). As comparing immigrant workers with local residents, the differences of the delay reason between the two groups were statistically significant (chi(2) = 21.49, P < 0.01). And 39.9% (544) of immigrant workers and 49.1% (214) of local residents had had late confirmation. The differences of the delay reasons between the two groups were insignificant (chi(2) = 7.31, P = 0.293). And 17.6% (240) patients of immigrant workers and 13.1% (57) patients of local residents did not keep to their drug regimens in a timely fashion. The differences of the reasons between the two groups were insignificant (chi(2) = 6.66, P > 0.05). And 77.5% (1057) of immigrant workers and 31.8% (138) of local residents were considered that taking medicine in supervision spot might have impact on their lives and work. The differences of the reasons between the two groups were significant (chi(2) = 9.71, P < 0.05). All 79.2% (1080) of immigrant workers and 63.3% (276) of local residents did not obtain medicine according to prescriptions. The differences of reasons between the two groups were statistically significant (chi(2) = 24.84, P < 0.01). And 51.2% (699) of immigrant workers and 46.1% (201) of the registered population did not follow up with doctors' directions for lab tests. The differences of the reasons between the two groups were insignificant (chi(2) = 3.26, P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe influential factors in tuberculosis management and treatment were complex. Prevention strategies should focus on health education and promotion activities to improve awareness in seeking medical services. Also, developing and standardizing reference mechanisms for patients, and alleviating the economic burden of the workers will be critical to reduce the tuberculosis incidence.

China ; epidemiology ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Humans ; Transients and Migrants ; Treatment Outcome ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; therapy ; Urban Population

OBJECTIVETo study the risk factors of tuberculosis in Yinchuan city and lay a basis for its prevention and control.

METHODSA matched case-control (119:179) study for the risk factors was carried out. Data were analyzed with single-variable analysis and multiple factor logistic regression analysis.

RESULTSSingle-variable analysis showed that the education background (chi2 = 2.363, P = 0.018), family economic income (chi2 = 3.040, P = 0.002), smoking (chi2 = 2.500, P = 0.012), physical activities (chi2 = 2.330, P = 0.020), bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination history (chi2 = 22.151, P = 0.000), history of exposure to tuberculosis (chi2 = 15.740, P = 0.000) and so on had significant effects on tuberculosis. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that family monthly income, smoking, physical activity, BCG vaccination history, history of exposure to tuberculosis entered the final regression model (chi2 = 5.880, 7.368, 3.891, 21.127, 14.536; OR = 0.529, 1.571, 0.774, 0.264, 3.978; P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONHistory of exposure to tuberculosis and smoking should be the risk factors of tuberculosis in Yinchuan. Having much income, physical activities, and BCG vaccination history should be the preventive factors.

Adult ; BCG Vaccine ; Case-Control Studies ; Causality ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Smoking ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ; epidemiology ; prevention & control

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect and safety of BCG vaccine on initially treated pulmonary tuberculosis and its controlling effect on multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

METHODSAll 360 volunteers with initially treated pulmonary tuberculosis of positive smear and culture were divided into immunotherapy group (180 cases, also BCG group) and control group (180 cases) at random pair. The patients in BCG group were treated with chemotherapy of a regimen of 2HRZ/2HR and immunotherapy with BCG for 4 months,and the first BCG vaccine was given a month after chemotherapy. Meanwhile, the patients in the control group were treated with chemotherapy of 2HRZ/4HR only.

RESULTS(1) The negative conversion rate of sputum smear in BCG group was 98.3% (177/180), and it was 97.2% (175/180) in control group. There was no significant difference between the two groups both at the ends of 4 and 6 months after treatment (chi2 = 0.1278, P > 0.05). (2) The positive conversion rate of sputum smear in BCG group was 2.3% (4/177), and it was 6.9% (12/175) in control group followed up for 5 years. The successful rate was 96.1% (173/180) in BCG group, and it was significantly higher than that of 90.6% (163/180) in control group (chi2 = 4.4643, P < 0.05). (3) In the 5-year follow up, bacteriologic result was similar to that of X-ray. (4) The occurrence rate of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis was 2.3% (4/177) in BCG group,significantly lower than that of 7.3% (13/178) in the control group (chi2 = 4.9513, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONAs an adjunct chemotherapy,immunotherapy with BCG vaccine should be helpful for patients with initially treated pulmonary tuberculosis. It would further strengthen the effects of chemotherapy and reduce the occurrence rate of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

Adjuvants, Immunologic ; therapeutic use ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Antitubercular Agents ; therapeutic use ; BCG Vaccine ; therapeutic use ; Child ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Immunotherapy, Active ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant ; prevention & control ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ; therapy

This study was performed to estimate the rate of boosted reaction in the two-step tuberculin skin test (TST) and to evaluate the associated factors among military personnel of South Korea, which has an intermediate burden of tuberculosis (TB) and a routine bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination policy. Two-step TST was performed on 264 military personnel who did not have a history of close contact to TB. Subjects with a negative reaction to the first test of <10 mm had a second TST applied 1 week later on the other forearm. A positive result (> or =10 mm) on the initial TST was observed in 126 (48%) of the subjects. A boosted reaction on the second TST developed in 32 (23%) of the 124 subjects with a negative initial TST. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the size of the initial TST reaction was the only factor associated with a boosted reaction on the second TST. The high rate of boosted reaction among healthy adults in South Korea suggests that two-step TST should be performed to assess the baseline TST reactivity in settings with an intermediate burden of TB and routine BCG vaccination policy, especially among subjects with an initial TST reaction that is > or =5 mm.
Adult ; BCG Vaccine/*administration & dosage ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity/*diagnosis ; Incidence ; Korea/epidemiology ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Military Personnel/statistics & numerical data ; Prevalence ; *Tuberculin Test ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/*diagnosis/epidemiology/prevention & control