ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of Xuanfei Zhisou prescription on the interleukin-17 （IL-17） signaling pathway in model rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）. MethodA total of 60 Wistar rats were randomly divided into a blank group （10 rats） and a model group （50 rats）， and COPD model rats were established by tracheal infusion of lipopolysaccharide combined with passive fumigation. After modeling， the rats were divided into the model group， dexamethasone group， and high， medium， and low-dose Xuanfei Zhisou prescription groups （3.6， 1.8， 0.9 g·kg^-1·d^-1） according to the random number table. Rats in the blank group and model group were given normal saline of 10 mL·kg^-1·d^-1 by gavage administration， and the intervention groups of Xuanfei Zhisou prescription were given corresponding drugs. Rats in the dexamethasone group were given dexamethasone of 2.57×10^-4 g·kg^-1·d^-1 for 28 days. The level of pulmonary function indexes in rats was measured by a pulmonary function detector. The contents of interleukin-6 （IL-6）， interleukin-8 （IL-8）， IL-17， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The positive expressions of IL-17A， IL-17RA， nuclear factor-κB activator 1 （Act1）， tumor necrosis factor-associated factor 6 （TRAF6）， p-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （p-p38 MAPK）， nuclear factor-κB p65 （NF-κB p65）， and phosphorylation were detected by immunohistochemistry （IHC）. The protein expression levels of IL-17A， IL-17RA， Act1， and TRAF6 in the lung tissue were detected by Western blot. The mRNA expressions of IL-17A， IL-17RA， Act1， and TRAF6 in the lung tissue were detected by Real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. ResultCompared with the blank group， the serum contents of IL-6， IL-8， IL-17， IL-1β， and TNF-α in the model group were significantly increased （P<0.05）， and the flow rate and volume indexes of pulmonary function in the model group were significantly decreased （P<0.05）， while the time indexes and other indexes were significantly increased （P<0.05）. The mRNA and protein expression levels of IL-17A， IL-17RA， Act1， and TRAF6 in pulmonary tissue and the positive expressions of downstream NF-κB p65， p-NF-κB p65， and p-p38 MAPK were increased （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the levels of IL-6， IL-8， IL-17， IL-1β， and TNF-α in the serum of all treatment groups were decreased to varying degrees （P<0.05）， and the indexes of pulmonary function were improved to different degrees （P<0.05）. The mRNA and protein levels of IL-17A， IL-17RA， Act1， and TRAF6 and the positive expression of downstream NF-κB p65， p-NF-κB p65， and p-p38 MAPK in high and medium-dose Xuanfei Zhisou prescription groups were significantly decreased （P<0.05）. ConclusionXuanfei Zhisou prescription can effectively resist inflammation of COPD rats. The mechanism may be related to down-regulating the protein expression of IL-17A， IL-17RA， Act1， and TRAF6， inhibiting downstream NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling pathways， and reducing the release of IL-6， IL-8， TNF-α， IL-17， and IL-1β， thus reducing the airway inflammation response.

Objective: To clarify the specific mechanisms of action of raw Phellodendron chinense Schneid. (RPC) and saltwater-processed PC (SPC) in the treatment of rats with a kidney-yin deficiency pattern (KYDP). Methods: Healthy rats were administered hydrocortisone to establish a KYDP model. The rats were divided into seven groups: blank control, model, positive control (Liuwei Dihuang pills), high-dose RPC, low-dose RPC, high-dose SPC, and low-dose SPC. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the levels of cAMP, cGMP, TRH, TSH, T3, T4, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and testosterone in the serum and the levels of Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase in the liver. TRH mRNA expression in the rat hypothalamus was measured using RT-PCR. THRα1+2 protein expression in the hypothalamus of rats was measured using Western blot. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the expression levels of FAS, FasL, and TSHR. Flow cytometry was used to determine CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte levels. Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology was used to evaluate the diversity of intestinal flora in KYDP rats. Results: The cAMP/cGMP ratio was significantly higher in the model group than in the blank control group (P = .048). Compared with the model group, after administration, the levels of the above-mentioned serum and liver indexes decreased, except that of testosterone. The CD4+/CD8+ ratio also decreased. Compared with the RPC group, the levels of T3, IFN-γ, FAS, FasL, and TSHR in the SPC group decreased whereas that of testosterone increased. Additionally, immune function and intestinal flora diversity improved in the SPC group. SPC proved to be more effective in improving liver energy metabolism in KYDP rats than RPC. Conclusion SPC had a better therapeutic effect on KYDP than RPC. The underlying mechanism of action may be related to improvements in liver energy metabolism, immune function, and intestinal flora diversity.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of comprehensive intervention model based on key persons in entertainment venues on the incidence of AIDS-related high-risk behaviors in male sex workers (MSW). Data from this study thus can be used to provide compelling evidence for the wider implementation of the intervention model.Methods:In this randomized controlled trial, MSW were recruited and followed-up from May to December, 2021 in entertainment venues in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, with an estimated sample size of 320. The MSW in the intervention group were provided with comprehensive interventions via key persons in entertainment venues compared with the control group receiving routine interventions. The effect of the intervention model was assessed by comparing the behavioral differences between these two groups and in the intervention group before and after intervention.Results:A total of 330 MSW were recruited at baseline survey, in which 168 were divided into intervention group and 162 into control group. There was no significant difference in socio-demographic characteristics between two groups (all P>0.05). After intervention for 6 months, the rate of consistent condom use in commercial homosexual activities in the intervention group was 79.5% (101/127), higher than 63.2% (74/117) in the control group, and in the intervention group, 90.1% (73/81) of MSW used condom consistently in heterosexual activities, higher than in the control group (59.6%, 59/99) . Compared with 30.8% (36/117) of MSW with drug abuse history in the control group, a lower proportion of 9.4% (12/127) was observed in the intervention group. Differences in all of aforementioned variables were significant (all P<0.05). After intervention, the incidence of group sex was 3.9% (5/127) in the intervention group and 9.4% (11/117) in the control group, the incidence of anal sex post-alcohol consumption was 40.2% (51/127) in the intervention group and 32.5% (38/117) in control group, the differences were not significant (all P>0.05). Conclusions:The intervention model based on key persons in entertainment venues could promote consistent condom use in MSW in both commercial homosexual and heterosexual activities and help them reduce drug abuse, but had no significant effect on decreasing group sex and anal sex after alcohol consumption. It is crucial to improve the intervention model according to the specific characteristics of MSW in order to enhance the effects of comprehensive intervention.

OBJECTIVE：To establish the microwave processing technology of yellow wine-processed Curculigo orchioides ， and compare it with traditional technology. METHODS ：HPLC method was adopted to determine the contents of curculigoside ， orcinol glucoside and orcinol gentiobioside in C. orchioides . Based on the single factor tests ，microwave processing technology was optimized and validated with orthogonal test combined with comprehensive weighted scoring method ，with the amount of yellow wine，microwave power ，wetting time and microwave time as factors ，using the contents of curculigoside ，orcinol glucoside ， orcinol gentiobioside and ethanol soluble extract as the indexes. The contents of C. orchioides decoction pieces and processed products were compared. RESULTS ：The optimal microwave processing technology included that the amount of yellow wine was 20％（the weight of C. orchioides decoction pieces was 20％），microwave power was 300 W，wetting time was 3 h，microwave time was 2 min. After 3 times of validation tests ，average contents of curculigoside，orcinol glucoside ，orcinol gentiobioside and ethanol soluble extract were 0.095 6％，0.723 9％，0.406 6％，10.115 3％，and RSD were 0.71％，0.54％，0.99％，1.44％（n＝3）. Average comprehensive score were 99.08（RSD＝0.69％，n＝3）. Except for the content of ethanol soluble extract in traditional wine-processed product ，the contents of curculigoside and orcinol gentiobioside in traditional wine-processed product and microwave processed product as well as the content of ethanol soluble extract in microwave processed product were all significantly higher than C. orchioides decoction pieces ；the contents of curculigoside and orcinol gentiobioside in microwave processed product were both significantly higher than traditional wine-processed product （P＜0.05）. The contents of orcinol glucoside in 2 processed product were significantly lower than C. orchioides decoction pieces ，while the microwave processed product was significantly higher than traditional wine-processed product （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS ：Optimized microwave processing technology is stable and feasible ，and can be used for the processing of yellow wine-processed C. orchioides .

OBJECTIVE：To establish a method for the determination of 8 glycosides（astragaloside Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ and calycosin glucopyranoside ，2′-hydroxy-3′，4′-dimethoxy-isoflavan-glucoside and 9，10-dimethoxy-pterocarpan-glucoside） and 4 aglycones（calycosin，formononetin，7，2′-dihydroxy-3′，4′-dimethoxy-isoflavan and 3-hydroxy-9，10-dimethoxy-pterocarpan） in Astragalus membranaceus ，and to investigate the effects of different processing temperatures on the contents of above 12 components. METHODS ：The contents of 12 components in A. membranaceus and samples processed under different temperatures（120，140，160，180，200 ℃）were determined by UPLC-MS/MS. The determination was performed on ACQUITY UPLC HSS T 3 column with mobile phase consisted of 0.1 mol/L formic acid water solution -0.1 mol/L formic acid acetonitrile solution （gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The column temperature was 30 ℃. The detection wavel ength was 260 nm，and sample size was 2 μL. Electrospray ion source（ESI）was used under positive ion mode （ESI+）. The mass scanning range was mass ratio （m/z）of 50-1 500，with capillary voltage of 2 000 V and ion source temperature of 100 ℃. The desolvation temperature was 400 ℃；flow rate of atomizing gas （N2） was 40 L/h，and that of desolvation was 800 L/h；collision energy （CE）was 20-30 V；data acquisition rate was 0.5 s/scan. RESULTS：The linear range of astragaloside Ⅰ，astragaloside Ⅱ，astragaloside Ⅲ，astragaloside Ⅳ，calycosin-glucopyranoside， calycosin，ononin，formononetin，2′-hydroxy-3′，4′-dimethoxy-isoflavan-glucoside，7，2′-dihydroxy-3′，4′-dimethoxy-isoflavan，9， 10-dimethoxy-pterocarpan-glucoside and 3-hydroxy-9，10-dimethoxy-pterocarpan were 0.001 16-0.232 0，0.000 276-0.055 2， 0.000 22-0.044 0，0.000 225-0.045 0，0.000 734-0.587 0，0.001 17-0.234 0，0.000 742- 0.148 0，0.001 30-0.260，0.003 98-0.795 0， 0.000 476-0.476 0，0.001 89-0.378 0，0.000 336-0.336 0 μg（all R2≥0.999 2），respectively. The limits of detection were 6.2×10－6， 4.8×10－6，3.8×10－6，3.4×10－6，5.8×10－6，4.8×10－6，4.2×10－6，3.2×10－6，5.8×10－6，2.6×10－6，4.2×10－6，6.4×10－6 μg，respectively. The limits of quantitation were 12.6×10－6，16.2×10－6，14.4×10－6，14.8×10－6，18.8×10－6，16.4×10－6，15.4×10－6，10.8×10－6，20.2×10－6， 12.4×10－6，14.6×10－6，23.4×10－6 μg，respectively. RSDs of precision ，stability（24 h）and repetition tests were all lower than 3.0％（n＝6）. The average recoveries were 99.1％，100.2％，98.7％，101.9％，98.6％，102.1％，99.2％，100.3％，98.7％， 99.2％，99.3％ and 100.8％，with the RSDs of 1.9％，2.2％，2.4％，1.8％，2.1％，1.7％，2.3％，1.9％，2.4％，1.8％，2.2％ and 1.9％（n＝6），respectively. The results showed that the contents of astragaloside Ⅰ，Ⅱ and Ⅲ decreased gradually with the increase of processing temperature ；the content of astragaloside Ⅳ increased gradually with the increase of temperature. The content of flavonoid glycosides ，such as calycosin glucopyranoside ，ononin，2′-hydroxy-3′，4′-dimethoxy-isoflavan-glucoside and 9， 10-dimethoxy-pterocarpan-glucoside decreased with the increase of temperature ；the corresponding aglycone components as flavonoid glycosides ，formononetin，3-hydroxy-9，10-dimethoxy- pterocarpan increased firstly and then decreased with the increase ； the content of 7，2′-dihydroxy-3′，4′- dimethoxy-isoflavan decreased with the increase of temperature. CONCLUSIONS ：Established UPLC-MS/MS method can be used for determination of 12 components in A. membranaceus . After processed under different temperature，the contents of glycosides decreased in general ，while the contents of aglycones increased in general.

Objective:To obtain flavonoids of Cacumen Platycladi with high purity by using the method of ultrasonic emulsification combined with ultrafiltration membrane separation.Methods:Seven compounds including myricetrin as the reference substances,an HPLC method was used for the content determination.Using the single factor experiments,ultrasound,microwave,reflux and ultrasonic emulsification were compared,and using the orthogonal experiments,the ultrasonic emulsification time,ethanol concentration,solid-liquid ratio and times were studied.Biomax-5 membrane was adopted to improve the membrane separation.Results:The single factor experiments showed the homogeneous extraction method with the highest contents.The orthogonal experiments showed the optimal extracting conditions as follows:the ultrasonic emulsification time was 15 min,the ethanol concentration was 50%,the material-liquid ratio was 1∶10,and the extraction times was 3.The conditions of ultrafiltration membrane separation were as follows:the flow rate was 1.5 L·min-1,and the membrane separation pressure was 0.8 kg.Conclusion:The combination of ultrasonic emulsification and ultrafiltration membrane separation is feasible in the extraction and purification of flavonoids in Cacumen Platycladi,and the product is with high purity,suggesting the method has good application prospect.

Objective:To investigate the optimal extraction and dripping pills preparation of total terpene constituents in platycladi seed. Methods:The extraction processes of ultrasound, reflux, microwave and homogenization were investigated by single factor tests. The effects of extraction time, temperature, solid-liquid ratio and extraction times on the extraction of total terpene constituents in platy-cladi seed were investigated by orthogonal tests. Orthogonal tests were used to investigate the effects of the ratio of polyethylene glycol 6000 to poloxamer 188, the ratio of drug to matrix, the temperature of liquid and the dropping process on the quality of dropping pills. Results:The homogeneous extraction was used, and the optimum extraction conditions were as follows: the extraction time was 10 min, the temperature was 80℃, the solid-liquid ratio was 1 :10, and extraction time was once. The best preparation process of drop-ping pills was as follows:the ratio of polyethylene glycol 6000 to poloxamer 188 was 5 :1, the ratio of drug to matrix was 1 :3, the temperature of liquid was 80℃ and the dropping distance was 10 cm. Conclusion: The method of homogeneous extraction is simple, which can break the materials and extract the active ingredients simultaneously. The preparation process of dropping pills is reasonable and feasible, which is easy for the production and application.

Chinese medicinal decoction pieces were the mainly form for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatment,which means TCM prescription drugs.Any processed (heated or unheated) pieces are known as prepared pieces,which include both raw and cooked pieces.Based on differences of the clinical application of processed pieces,this paper summarized three traditional processing theories,such as the raw and prepared effect difference theory,processing accessories action theory,and pharmaceutical theory.The key points were focused on how different processing methods affect the properties of Chinese herbs,such as four natures and five flavors,floating and sinking,attributive channel,tonifying or purging action,and the toxicity.Based on changes of pharmacodynamic substance base and pharmacological action before and after processing,the action mechanism of processing in changes of Chinese medicinal properties was explained.

Objective To optimize the processing technology of sliced Myristicae Semen. Methods Roasting temperature, roasting time and the amount of bran were set as factors, and the content of total lignans, volatile oil, fatty oil were set as evaluation indicators. The processing technology of sliced Myristicae Semen was optimized by L9(34) orthogonal test. Results The optimal processing technology was as following: 40 g bran plus 100 g sliced Myristicae Semen, roasting for 20 minutes at 110-120 ℃. Conclusion The process is reasonable and reliable, which can provide references for new processing technology of Myristicae Semen.

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the processing technology for Stemonae radix fried with honey. METHODS:Firstly,sin-gle factor test of processing technology for Stemonae radix fried with honey was investigated with the amount of added water,infil-trating time,processing time and temperature as factors,using property and total alkaloid content as indexes. Then,the test was de-signed by orthogonal test;the processing technology was optimized by comprehensive weighted mark method with the amount of added water,processing time and temperature as factors,using total alkaloid content and anti-cough activity for mice as indexes;validation test was conducted. RESULTS:The optimal technology was as follows as 12.5 g honey dissolved with 10 g water for each 100 g Stemonae radix,at 140 ℃,processing for 6 min. In validation test,average content of total alkaliods was 0.77%(RSD=1.5%,n=3);average anti-cough activity was 91.20%(RSD=1.2%,n=3). CONCLUSIONS:The optimized process is simple,stable and easy,and provides reasonable trial reference for the formulation of processing technology for Stemonae radix fried with honey.