AIM: To analyze the changes in binocular visual function before and after small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)in patients with different degrees of myopia.METHODS:A prospective non-randomized controlled study was conducted. A total of 94 patients(188 eyes)who visited the refractive outpatient department of the ophthalmology department of the General Hospital of the PLA from June 2022 to June 2023 and voluntarily chose SMILE were consecutively included. They were grouped according to the degree of myopia, including 24 cases(48 eyes)in the low myopia group(-3.00 D

Ketone body metabolism plays a significant role in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy(DR), which closely related to the system and local metabolic disorders as a major microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. Previous research has established a close relationship between dyslipidemia and DR progression. Ketone bodies, comprising β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and acetone, are metabolic products generated from fat breakdown when glucose metabolism is impaired. Studies have revealed that ketone body metabolism is intricately linked to multiple pathophysiological processes in DR, including oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and neurodegeneration within retinal cells. This article provides a review exploring the impact of ketone body metabolism on the pathogenesis of DR, and systematically reviews the latest research progress on the impact of ketone bodies on the core pathological links such as retinal vascular barrier destruction, glial cell activation and angiogenesis through metabolic reprogramming, epigenetic modification and cell signal transduction, so as to provide a theoretical basis for in-depth understanding of the metabolic driving mechanism of DR.

Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders(CCDDs)are a group of diseases with congenital non-progressive developmental abnormalities or absence of one or more cranial nerves, resulting in primary or secondary abnormalities of cranial nerves innervating the extraocular muscles. CCDDs can be sporadic or hereditary, and may be accompanied by systemic abnormalities. In recent years, with the research progress of neuropathology, neuroimaging, and genetics, it has not only been clarified that the cause of eye movement disorder in CCDDs is neurogenic, but also been found the pathogenic genes of CCDDs, including SALL4, HOXA1, KIF21A, PHOX2A, TUBB3, and HOXB1, etc. In this review, the relevant domestic and international literatures on the molecular genetics and neuroscience of CCDDs in recent years are reviewed, aiming to address how the causing gene mutations of CCDDs affect brain neural development and further lead to congenital abnormal cranial nerve innervation, in order to provide references for the clinical and basic research of CCDDs.

Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the elderly. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)drugs have become the first-line treatment for neovascular ARMD, which has greatly changed the prognosis. However, dry ARMD still lacks effective treatment means, focusing on prevention. At present, several clinical treatment methods are being explored, including antioxidant therapy, complement therapy, neuroprotective therapy, gene therapy, etc. This review mainly summarizes the existing clinical trials and their progress on the treatment of dry ARMD, in order to provide future prospects for the treatment of dry ARMD. A number of clinical trials have already produced promising results for the treatment of dry ARMD, and it is believed that more and more clinical trials will be successful in the near future to provide more effective treatments for patients with dry ARMD.

AIM:To investigate the effects of overexpressing α-Klotho(KL)in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by oxidative stress on the proliferation, migration, tube-formation and tight junction of human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs).METHODS:RAW264.7 cells were categorized into control, 4-hydroxynonenal(4HNE), and 4HNE+KL groups, with F4/80 expression assessed via immunofluorescence staining. Three groups of conditional media were prepared for HUVECs and culture divided into Mø-NC, Mø-4HNE, and Mø-4HNE+KL groups. Cell proliferation was evaluated using CCK8 assay, while scratch test and Transwell assays were employed to measure cell migration. Additionally, tube-formation assay was conducted to assess cell tubule formation, and Western blot assay was utilized to detect the protein expression levels of Claudin 5, Occludin and ZO 1.RESULTS:The results of immunofluorescence staining showed that the fluorescence intensity of F4/80 of RAW264.7 cells in the 4HNE group was significantly enhanced compared with the control group, while that of F4/80 in the 4HNE+KL group was significantly decreased compared with the 4HNE group(all P<0.05). The CCK8 assay results revealed a significant increase in the proliferation of HUVECs in the Mø-4HNE group compared with the Mø-NC group. Conversely, the proliferation of the Mø-4HNE+KL group exhibited a significant decrease compared with that in the Mø-4HNE group(all P<0.01). The results of scratch test and Transwell assays demonstrated a significant increase in the migration of HUVECs in the Mø-4HNE group compared with the Mø-NC group, while the migration of the Mø-4HNE+KL group exhibited a significant decrease compared with the Mø-4HNE group(all P<0.01). In the tube-formation assay, it was observed that the number of tubes formed by HUVECs in the Mø-4HNE group was significantly increased compared with the Mø-NC group, while that of tubes formed in the Mø-4HNE+KL group was significantly decreased compared with the Mø-4HNE group(all P<0.01). Additionally, the Western blot results revealed a significant decrease in the relative expression levels of Claudin 5, Occludin, and ZO 1 in the Mø-4HNE group compared with the Mø-NC group. Conversely, in the Mø-4HNE+KL group, there was a significant increase in the relative expression levels of Claudin 5, Occludin, and ZO 1 compared to the Mø-4HNE group(all P<0.01).CONCLUSIONS: KL inhibits the proliferation, migration, and tube-formation of HUVECs while enhancing the tight junction by changing the activation state of macrophages in the diabetic oxidative stress environment.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of polydatin （PD） on the inflammatory response in dry eye disease （DED） rats and its potential mechanism based on protein kinase A （PKA）/cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein （CREB） signaling pathway. METHODS Male SD rats were randomly divided into blank control group （normal group）， model group （simple DED group）， 0.05%PD group， 0.5%PD group and 0.5%PD+PKA inhibitor H-89 group （0.5%PD+H-89 group）， with 15 rats in each group. Except for the normal group， the rats in other groups were prepared with a DED model by injecting scopolamine hydrobromide 12.5 mg/d onto the surface of eyeball. At the same time， each drug group was given corresponding liquid medicine （0.5% or 0.05% PD， eye drip， 3 times a day； 1 mg/kg H-89， intraperitoneal injection， once a day） for 7 d in total. The tear secretion， corneal fluorescein staining score and conjunctival goblet cell density of rats were detected in each group； the pathological changes of corneal tissues were observed， and the levels of inflammatory factors （tumor necrosis factor-α， interleukin-1β， interleukin-6） and the expression of PKA/CREB signaling pathway-related proteins were detected E-mail：rwei@tmu.edu.cn in corneal tissues. R ESULTS Compared with normal group， the corneal epithelium of rats in the simple DED group was thickened， stromal layer cells were disordered and partially absent， nuclear spacing was larger， and a large number of inflammatory cells infiltrated； the tear secretion， conjunctival goblet cell density and the phosphorylation levels of PKA and CREB in corneal tissues were reduced significantly， while the corneal fluorescein staining score and the levels of inflammatory factors in corneal tissue were increased significantly （P＜0.05）. Compared with the simple DED group， the pathological injuries of corneal tissues of rats in 0.05%PD and 0.5%PD groups were alleviated， each quantitative index was significantly improved， and the improvement effect of 0.5%PD group was more obvious （P＜0.05）. H-89 could reverse the improvement effect of PD on each index significantly （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS PD can increase tear secretion and the conjunctival goblet cell density， and reduce the inflammatory response and pathological injury of corneal tissue in DED rats. The above effects are related to the activation of PKA/CREB signaling pathway.

A model eye is used to study the anatomical structure and optical properties of the eye, and to analyze visual quality under different conditions using optical analysis software. By adjusting biological parameters such as axial length and corneal curvature radius and modifying its refractive state, the model eye can be used for ophthalmic surgical planning and treatment program development, leading to more accurate and objective assessments of visual quality. While previously used mainly for theoretical studies in optics and ophthalmology, model eyes and optical analysis software are now being applied to various ocular diseases, with their accuracy confirmed through comparison with clinical trials. This article aims to summarize the widely used model eyes and optical analysis software, as well as their applications, to offer new perspectives for diagnosing and treating ocular diseases and evaluating visual quality.

The foveal avascular zone(FAZ)is the most sensitive region of the retina, which is interconnected by the macular capillary plexus. Its morphology can indirectly reflect the alterations of macular microcirculation. With strong repeatability and reliability, optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)can non-invasively visualize and quantify the FAZ. The great value of OCTA makes it an important supplemental examination tool in ophthalmology and other professions. The area and perimeter of FAZ have been demonstrated to be an effective clinical diagnostic indicator in high myopia, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and other ocular diseases. In recent years, the geometry of FAZ has also proven to have clinical value. The parameters describing the geometry of FAZ, such as circularity index, acircularity index and axial ratio, provide a new perspective for ocular disease research. The comprehensive investigation of the morphological characteristics of the FAZ is helpful to explore the pathological mechanism of the occurrence and development of ocular diseases, predict preclinical changes, make pathological stages of the disease precise, and provide a theoretical basis for monitoring the disease's progression and assessing patients' visual prognosis.

The neural crest represents a dynamic population of embryonic stem cells, playing a pivotal role in the development of the eye. Through interactions with the surrounding neuroectoderm, superficial ectoderm and mesoderm, the neural crest contributes to the formation of numerous ocular structures, encompassing the corneal stroma and endothelium, trabecular meshwork, iris stroma, ciliary muscle, vitreous and choroidal vessels, and Müller cells. Aberrant migration and development of neural crest cells within the eye can instigate a complex series of ocular diseases. Such diseases include anterior segment like Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, Peters anomaly, aniridia, primary congenital glaucoma, and Nail-Patella syndrome. Defects that impact the posterior segment may lead to CHARGE syndrome and Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome. Further, rare neurocristopathies such as Waardenburg syndrome, Treacher-Collins syndrome, and Char syndrome can also present with ocular abnormalities. In this review, we explore the ocular diseases that arise from abnormal neural crest cell development, and delve into the related genes involved in neural crest migration and development. We further discuss how mutations and defects in these genes can precipitate ocular diseases.

When it comes to diabetic patients, persistent hyperglycemia and associated pathological conditions will not only cause diabetic retinopathy(DR)but also have an impact on the metabolism of vitreous, leading to diabetic vitreopathy. Owing to the adjacent anatomical position between the vitreous and retina, diabetic vitreopathy and DR are mutually promoted. Changes in vitreoretinal interface such as posterior vitreous detachment(PVD)and vitreoschisis, provide a scaffold for fibrovascular proliferative membrane and are closely associated with pars plana vitrectomy(PPV). This article sorts out the variation of diabetic patients' vitreous structure and biochemical components, along with the changes in the vitreous-retinal interface, particularly for the related research on its relationship with proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR), aiming at providing further cognition of diabetic vitreopathy as well as references for DR treatment and formulation of PPV.