Esophageal cancer is one of the malignant tumors that poses a threat to human health, with both high incidence and malignancy. Currently, surgery following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is the standard treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer; however, the long-term prognosis remains unsatisfactory. In recent years, inhibitors of programmed death protein-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (programmed death ligand-1, PD-L1) have achieved breakthrough progress in other solid tumors, and research on esophageal cancer is gradually being conducted. With the demonstration of good efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in the first-line and second-line treatment of advanced unresectable esophageal cancer, their incorporation into neoadjuvant treatment regimens has become a hot topic. Therefore, this article reviews the mechanism of action of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and their application in the neoadjuvant treatment of esophageal cancer.

Objective To investigate the correlation between the concentration of air pollutants (PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂) and the number of outpatient and emergency visits for pediatric respiratory diseases in a general hospital in Shanghai. Methods Data including pediatric respiratory disease outpatient and emergency visits in a hospital in Pudong New Area of Shanghai from May 1, 2013 to March 20, 2022 were collected. Daily concentration of air pollutants including PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO₂ and meteorological data in Pudong New Area during the same period were collected. A case-crossover study with distributed lag non-linear model was conducted to explore the correlation between air pollutants (PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂) and the number of outpatient and emergency visits for pediatric respiratory diseases. Results The concentrations of PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO₂ were positively with the number of outpatient and emergency visits for pediatric respiratory diseases. The strongest cumulative effect was observed on six days lag (Lag0-5) for PM₁₀. For a 10 μg/m³ increase of the concentrations of PM₁₀, the corresponding increase of cumulative pediatric respiratory disease outpatients was 1.10% (95%CI:0.97%, 1.23%) in Lag0-5. The strongest cumulative effect was observed on eight days lag (Lag0-7) for SO₂ and NO₂. For a 10 μg /m³ increase of the concentrations of SO₂ and NO₂, the corresponding increase of cumulative pediatric respiratory disease outpatients was 5.64% (95%CI:5.16%, 6.13%) and 5.41% (95%CI:5.15%, 5.66%) in Lag 0-7, respectively. The association of PM₁₀ and SO₂ with the number of pediatric respiratory disease visits in males was significantly stronger than that in females. The impact of PM₁₀ on the number of pediatric respiratory disease visits in children aged 0-6 was higher than that in children aged 7-14, while the impact of SO₂ and NO₂ on the number of pediatric respiratory disease visits in children aged 7-14 was higher than that in children aged 0-6. Conclusion The concentration of ambient PM₁₀, SO₂, and NO₂ is positively correlated with outpatient and emergency visits for pediatric respiratory diseases, with obvious lag and cumulative effect. Boys and children aged 0-6 are more susceptible to the hazard of air pollution.

Objective Studies on the expression and location of zinc finger protein A20 (A20) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in liver tissues of patients with chronic hepatitis B were conducted, and the relationship between them and liver fibrosis was determined by FibroScan. Methods Studies on A20 and CTGF in liver tissues of 160 patients with chronic hepatitis B were conducted in accordance with the stage of pathological fibrosis and inflammation of the liver, and quantitative immunohistochemistry test was conducted, and statistical analysis was conducted by FibroScan. Results The expressions of A20 and CTGF in liver tissues increased with the aggravation of liver pathological fibrosis and inflammation, and there were significant differences between each stage and the control group (P<0.05), and there were significant differences between adjacent groups (P<0.05). Studies have shown that FibroScan increases along with pathological fibrosis and inflammation in the liver. There are significant differences between the stage and the control group (P<0.05), and no significant differences between the adjacent groups (P>0.05). There was positive correlation between liver A20 and CTGF, r=0.796 (P<0.05). Conclusions In patients with chronic hepatitis B, A20, CTGF and FibroScan are positively correlated with the degree of liver fibrosis, and A20 and CTGF are also positively correlated with the degree of liver inflammation, which can be used as indicators to evaluate the degree of liver inflammation and fibrosis, and further guide the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrosis treatment of patients.

Objective To analyze the characteristics of hepatitis B infection time in Baqiao Distract of Xian City, predict the incidence trend of hepatitis B in the next years with ARIMA model, and provide theoretical guidance for the adjustment of hepatitis B prevention and control strategies. Methods A total of 7173 cases of hepatitis B in our hospital from 2018 to 2023 were collected as subjects,the annual percentage of change (APC) was used to analyze the characteristics of time of hepatitis B infection in the next years, and the ARIMA optimal model was used to predict the incidence rate in 2024. Results The gross incidence of hepatitis B in Baqiao Distract of Xian City from 2018 to 2023 was 51.30 per 100 000, and the standardized incidence rate was 42.11 per 100 000. The six-year incidence rate showed an upward trend (APC=8.71%,95% CI：3.29% -9.61% , P<0.05). Chi square results showed that the standardized incidence rate of hepatitis B in men is 1.51 times than women, and the incidence rate of hepatitis B in the 30-45 age group was the highest. The prediction results showed that the number of hepatitis B cases in 2024 was 1590, which was 1.91% lower than that in 2023 (1621 cases). Conclusion The infection of hepatitis B is on the rise in Baqiao Distract of Xian City, ARIMA can be used to predict this kind of infectious disease and provide scientific guidance for the prevention of this disease.

Surgery is the preferred treatment for resectable esophageal cancer, but in locally advanced esophageal cancer, the effect of surgery alone is not ideal, so surgery-based comprehensive treatment is the best option. Neoadjuvant therapy has become a standard treatment in the treatment of locally advanced resectable esophageal cancer. Neoadjuvant therapy includes neoadjuvant chemotherapy, radiochemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, etc. With the significant efficacy and acceptable toxicity of immunotherapy in the first-line and second-line treatment of advanced esophageal cancer, neoadjuvant immunotherapy has become a research hotspot of locally advanced resectable esophageal cancer. This article reviews the latest research progress and some limitations of neoadjuvant immunotherapy in locally advanced resectable esophageal cancer.

Objective To investigate the effect of high sodium diet on the prevalence and mortality of gastric cancer in Xi'an , and to provide reference for its clinical treatment and prevention. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted on 604 inpatients in tertiary hospitals in Xi'an from 2018 to 2020, and data including medical history, medication use, daily sodium intake and gastric cancer incidence were collected. A one-year follow-up was completed, and all-cause mortality was recorded during the follow-up period. Results A total of 604 cases , there were 81 cases of gastric cancer and 523 cases of non-gastric cancer, with a prevalence rate of 13.41%. Among patients with gastric cancer, 49 (8.11%) were male and 32 (5.30%) were female. There were 9 cases (1.49%) aged 30-40 years, 14 cases (2.32%) aged 41-50 years, 27 cases (4.47%) aged 51-60 years and 31 cases (5.13%) aged 60 years and above. The gastric cancer and non-gastric cancer patients yielded no statistical difference in terms of age, gender and medical history (P>0.05), while the proportion of sodium intake was significantly higher in gastric cancer patients than in non-gastric cancer patients (P<0.05). Logistics analysis showed that high sodium diet was a risk factor for the development of gastric cancer (P<0.05). The proportion of high sodium diets was 40.89% (247/604) in all selected individuals, 72.84% (59/81) in gastric cancer patients and 35.95% (188/523) in non-gastric cancer patients. The proportion of patients on a high sodium diet demonstrated statistical difference between gastric cancer and non-gastric cancer patients (P<0.05). One-year follow-up showed that 58 of 81 gastric cancer patients survived (71.60%) and 23 died (28.40%), including 20 survivors (34.48%) and 17 deaths (73.91%) on a high-sodium diet. Significant difference was found in the proportion of patients on high sodium diet between dead and surviving gastric cancer patients (P<0.05). Conclusion The prevalence and mortality rate of gastric cancer caused by high sodium diet is high among residents in Xi'an , clinical guidance on sodium intake is of great importance to patients.

Objective : To investigate the effect of Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) on the median preoptic glutamatergic (MnPOVglut2 ) neurons and its mechanism． Methods : Brain slices were prepared from male Vglut2-tdTomato mice．MnPOVglut2 neurons expressing red fluorescent protein were located by using fluorescence microscope．Wholecell patch clamp technique was used to observe the effect of AVP on the firing frequency of MnPOVglut2 neurons，the effect of synaptic transmission blockers ( STBs) on the AVP-induced change in the firing frequency of MnPOVglut2 neurons，and the effect of AVP V1a receptor antagonist on the AVP-induced change in the firing frequency of MnPOVglut2 neurons. Results: The mean firing frequency of MnPOVglut2 neurons increased during perfusion with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) and AVP compared with that during perfusion with ACSF (P＜0. 01) ，indicating that AVP excited the MnPOVglut2 neurons．The mean firing frequency of MnPOVglut2 neurons still increased during perfusion with ACSF，STBs，and AVP compared with that during perfusion with ACSF and STBs (P＜0. 001) ; moreover，the magnitude of AVP-induced increase in firing frequency didn&#39;t change significantly during perfusion with ACSF，STBs，and AVP compared with that during perfusion with ACSF and AVP (P ＞0. 05 ) ，suggesting that AVP excited the MnPOVglut2 neurons directly in a postsynaptic manner．The magnitude of AVP-induced increase in the firing frequency of MnPOVglut2 neurons declined during perfusion with ACSF，STBs，AVP，and V1areceptor antagonist compared with that during perfusion with ACSF，STBs，and AVP (P＜0. 01) ，suggesting that AVP excited MnPOVglut2 neurons directly via V1a receptor． Conclusion AVP can excite MnPOVglut2 neurons via V1areceptor directly in a postsynaptic manner．This study reveals the molecular marker of MnPO neurons which AVP act on.

Resection is one of the most important treatments for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and routine postoperative follow-up is an effective method for early detection and treatment of recurrent metastases, which can improve patients&#39; quality of life and prognosis. This consensus aims to provide a reference for colleagues responsible for postoperative follow-up of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients in China, and further improve the standardization of the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

A 54-year-old asymptomatic man underwent a video-assisted thoracoscopic left pneumonectomy for squamous-cell carcinoma. During the surgery, a complete left pericardial defect was unexpectedly discovered, but no special intervention was made. The preoperative chest CT was reciewed, which showed the heart extended unusually to the left, but the left pericardial defect was not evident. The operation time was 204 min and the patient was discharged from hospital upon recovery 9 days after the surgery. The pathological result indicated moderately differentiated squamous-cell carcinoma (T2N1M0, stage ⅡB), and metastasis was found in the parabronchial lymph nodes (3/5). The patient did not receive chemotherapy after the surgery, and there was no signs of recurrence 6 months after the surgery. Complete pericardial defects usually do not endanger the lives of patients, and if the patient is asymptomatic, pneumonectomy is feasible.

Objective To analyze the relationship between hepatitis B virus genotyping and primary liver cancer (PHC) in Wuhan, and to provide a theoretical basis for the early prevention and diagnosis of PHC. Methods Patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) from Wuhan Sub-heart General Hospital for treatment from February 2020 to February 2021 were selected and divided into PHC group (182 cases) and control group (189 cases) according to whether they were complicated with primary liver cancer. 5ml of fasting elbow venous blood was taken from all subjects at admission. HBV genotyping was determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The DNA of CHB virus was determined by fluorescence probe hybridization and PCR amplification, and genotyping and drug-resistant mutation points were detected according to the product sequencing analysis. Spearman linear correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between genotyping and mutation rate of PHC patients. Results The proportion of C genotype in PHC group was significantly higher than that in non-PHC group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the proportion of B genotype and mixed B and C genotype between 2 groups (P>0.05). The proportion of HEPATITIS B virus mutation in PHC group (114/182) was significantly higher than that in control group (84/189) (χ²=12.331, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the proportion of HBV B type and B, C mixed mutation between the two groups (P>0.05). The proportion of HBV C mutant in PHC group was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05). The proportion of HBV C mutation in PHC group was significantly higher than that of HBV B and B, C mixed type (P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that the mutation rate of C genotype and C genotype was positively correlated with the occurrence of PHC, and the correlation coefficients were (r₁=0.349, r₂=0.305, P<0.05). Conclusion The HBV genotype of PHC patients is mainly TYPE C, and has a high mutation rate of C genotype. It can be used for diagnosis of PHC by detecting the genotyping of CHB and mutation rate of C genotype in clinic.