Purpose: Patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) have an increased risk of distant metastasis compared to those with other subtypes. In this study, we aimed to identify the genes associated with distant metastasis in TNBC and their underlying mechanisms. Methods: We established patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models using surgically resected breast cancer tissues from 31 patients with TNBC. Among these, 15 patients subsequently developed distant metastases. Candidate metastasis-associated genes were identified using RNA sequencing. In vitro wound healing, proliferation, migration, and invasion assays and in vivo tumor xenograft and metastasis assays were performed to determine the functional importance of aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 (AKR1C2). Additionally, we used the METABRIC dataset to investigate the potential role of AKR1C2 in regulating TNBC subtypes and their downstream signaling activities. Results: RNA sequencing of primary and PDX tumors showed that genes involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis, including AKR1C2, were significantly upregulated in patients who subsequently developed metastasis. In vitro and in vivo assays showed that silencing of AKR1C2 resulted in reduced cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumor growth, and incidence of lung metastasis. AKR1C2 was upregulated in the luminal androgen receptor (LAR) subtype of TNBC in the METABRIC dataset, and AKR1C2 silencing resulted in the downregulation of LAR classifier genes in TNBC cell lines. The androgen receptor (AR) gene was a downstream mediator of AKR1C2-associated phenotypes in TNBC cells. AKR1C2 expression was associated with gene expression pathways that regulate AR expression, including JAK-STAT signaling or interleukin 6 (IL-6). The levels of phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription and IL-6, along with secreted IL-6, were significantly downregulated in AKR1C2-silenced TNBC cells. Conclusion Our data indicate that AKR1C2 is an important regulator of cancer growth and metastasis in TNBC and may be a critical determinant of LAR subtype features.

Objective After the islet transplantation,observed blood glucose and survival time in the islet transplantation mice model to explore the effect of intestinal epithelial γδT cell in islet transplantation rejection.Methods Established the mice model of islet transplantation,divided into wild type mice group,γδ gene knockout mice group and γδ gene knockout γδT cell reinfusion mice group,observed blood glucose in 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,21,23,25,27,29 days after surgery and pathological conditions aft er two weeks of transplantation.Results After transplantation,the rising blood glucose of wild type mice group and γδ gene knockout γδT cell reinfusion mice group were significantly slower than that of γδ gene knockout mice group (P＜0.05),but there was no significant difference in between two groups (P＞0.05).The survival time of wild-type mice group was (27±2) days,and γδ gene knockout γδT cell reinfusion mice group was (24±1) days,they were significantly longer than (17±3) days of γδ gene knockout mice group (P＜ 0.05).Conclusion As a special kind of T cells,γδT intestinal epithelial cell plays an important role in the islet transplantation rejection.

No abstract available.
Epidermal Cyst*

The present study was designed to isolate and characterize novel chemical constituents of the stem bark of Juglans mandshurica Maxim. (Juglandaceae). The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by various chromatographic techniques. The structures of the compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral data (1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS, CD, UV, and IR) and by the comparisons of spectroscopic data with the reported values in the literatures. Two long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (1 and 2) were obtained and identified as (S)-(8E,10E)-12-hydroxy-7-oxo-8,10-octadecadienoic acid (1) and (S)-(8E, 10E)-12-hydroxy-7-oxo-8,10-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (2). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation and structural elucidation of the two new conjugated ketonic fatty acids from this genus.
Fatty Acids, Unsaturated ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Juglans ; chemistry ; Plant Bark ; chemistry ; Spectrum Analysis

BACKGROUND: Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a carbohydrate, occurring naturally throughout the human body. With linear polysaccharide structure, it is (HA) found in soft connective tissues, cartilage and joinfluids. Hyaluronic acid filler is used for treatment of depth of the fold or volume of filler needed and performed for wrinkle improvement and cosmetic. We did property of matter for the Perfectha(R) fillers. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose is to describe and comment on our experiences with two kinds of Perfectha(R) fillers. METHODS: We obtained image of the shape of fillers using a folliscope, VC98 and particle size using the Scanning electron microscope (SEM). We tested to make sure that affinity both fillers with water. We mixed the fillers and distilled water. We the PARKER ink added to the mixture. Viscosity and elasticity were measured using a rheometer. RESULTS: The test revealed that a particle sized Perfectha(R) derm deep is bigger than a Perfectha(R) derm. We were confirmed as hydrophile. While Perfectha(R) derm deep filler has high viscosity and elasticity, Perfectha(R) derm filler has high viscosity only, not elasticity. CONCLUSION: Two kinds of Perfectha(R) fillers act as space filler by binding to water and thus keeping the skin wrinkle-free.
Cartilage ; Connective Tissue ; Elasticity ; Human Body ; Hyaluronic Acid ; Ink ; Particle Size ; Skin ; Viscosity ; Water

BACKGROUND: Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a mucopolysaccharide that occurs naturally throughout the human body, where it attaches to collagen and elastin to form cartilage, and also helps maintain the strength and flexibility of the cartilage that cushions joints. A decline in HA synthesis may lead to a variety of symptoms, ranging from joint discomfort, to wrinkles. Cross-linked HA is a viscoelastic solid that resists in vivo degradation by hyaluronidase for much longer than endogenous HA, and which is also a key ingredient in various cosmetics. OBJECTIVE: To describe our experience with three kinds of Elravie(R) fillers. METHODS: We obtained images of filler shape using a folliscope. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to compare particle sizes. Hydrophilic filler is a hydroxyl, and for this reason, we mixed the filler with water. Next, PARKER ink was added to the mixture, and viscosity and elasticity were measured using a rheometer. RESULTS: Among the tested fillers, particle size was largest in the Restylane(R) SubQ. Elravie(R) ultra volume filler was greater in volume than Elravie(R) deep line, and Elravie(R) light fillers. We confirmed Elravie(R) fillers to be hydrophilic. Elravie(R) ultra volume filler was found to have the highest viscosity and elasticity, whilst Elravie(R) light filler had the lowest. CONCLUSION: All three kinds of Elravie(R) fillers were found to be suitable for human cosmetic use.
Cartilage ; Collagen ; Elasticity ; Elastin ; Human Body ; Humans ; Hyaluronic Acid ; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase ; Ink ; Joints ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Particle Size ; Pliability ; Viscosity ; Water

BACKGROUND: Acquired perforating dermatosis (APD) is histopathologically characterized by transepidermal elimination of materials from the upper dermis. APD can be divided into four diseases: Kyrle's disease, perforating folliculitis, elastosis perforans serpiginosa, and reactive perforating collagenosis. APD is usually associated with systemic diseases, especially diabetes mellitus or chronic renal failure. So far, there have only been a few Korean studies of APD, which have a limited number of patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical and histopathologic characteristics of 30 cases of APD and to examine the association with systemic diseases. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and biopsy specimens of 30 patients who were diagnosed with APD. RESULTS: The mean age was 55.5 years, and the average duration of the lesion was 7.8 months. The lower extremities (73.3%) were the most frequently occurring sites of the lesion. Twenty-five patients (83.3%) had pruritus, and Koebner's phenomenon was present in 11 patients. Patients of 63.3% had at least one systemic disease. Diabetes mellitus (n=17, 56.7%) and chronic renal failure (n=10, 33.3%) were the most commonly associated conditions. Most patients received topical steroids (93.3%) and antihistamines (80.0%). The most common histopathologic type was reactive perforating collagenosis (n=23, 73.3%). CONCLUSION: In this study, most patients had a systemic association to the diseases. Therefore, we suggest that further evaluation is necessary for patients who present with APD. This includes reviewing patient's comprehensive past medical history, clinical exam, and additional diagnostic testing to check for the possibility of associated systemic diseases.
Biopsy ; Dermis ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Folliculitis ; Histamine Antagonists ; Humans ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Korea ; Lower Extremity ; Medical Records ; Pruritus ; Retrospective Studies ; Skin Diseases* ; Steroids

Curcumin is naturally occurring polyphenolic compound found in turmeric and has many pharmacological activities. The present study was undertaken to evaluate anti-allergic inflammatory activity of curcumin, and to investigate its inhibitory mechanisms in immunoglobulin E (IgE)/Ag-induced mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) and in a mouse model of IgE/Ag-mediated passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA). Curcumin inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) dependent prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) dependent leukotriene C4 (LTC4) generation dose-dependently in BMMCs. To probe the mechanism involved, we assessed the effects of curcumin on the phosphorylation of Syk and its downstream signal molecules. Curcumin inhibited intracellular Ca2+ influx via phospholipase Cgamma1 (PLCgamma1) activation and the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway. Furthermore, the oral administration of curcumin significantly attenuated IgE/Ag-induced PSA, as determined by serum LTC4, PGD2, and histamine levels. Taken together, this study shows that curcumin offers a basis for drug development for the treatment of allergic inflammatory diseases.
Administration, Oral ; Anaphylaxis* ; Animals ; Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase ; Curcuma ; Curcumin* ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; Histamine* ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulins* ; Leukotriene C4 ; Mast Cells* ; Mice* ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Phospholipases ; Phosphorylation ; Prostaglandin D2

Curcumin is naturally occurring polyphenolic compound found in turmeric and has many pharmacological activities. The present study was undertaken to evaluate anti-allergic inflammatory activity of curcumin, and to investigate its inhibitory mechanisms in immunoglobulin E (IgE)/Ag-induced mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) and in a mouse model of IgE/Ag-mediated passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA). Curcumin inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) dependent prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) dependent leukotriene C4 (LTC4) generation dose-dependently in BMMCs. To probe the mechanism involved, we assessed the effects of curcumin on the phosphorylation of Syk and its downstream signal molecules. Curcumin inhibited intracellular Ca2+ influx via phospholipase Cgamma1 (PLCgamma1) activation and the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway. Furthermore, the oral administration of curcumin significantly attenuated IgE/Ag-induced PSA, as determined by serum LTC4, PGD2, and histamine levels. Taken together, this study shows that curcumin offers a basis for drug development for the treatment of allergic inflammatory diseases.
Administration, Oral ; Anaphylaxis* ; Animals ; Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase ; Curcuma ; Curcumin* ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; Histamine* ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulins* ; Leukotriene C4 ; Mast Cells* ; Mice* ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Phospholipases ; Phosphorylation ; Prostaglandin D2

The aim of this study was to determine whether britanin, isolated from the flowers of Inula japonica (Inulae Flos), modulates the generation of allergic inflammatory mediators in activated mast cells. To understand the biological activity of britanin, the authors investigated its effects on the generation of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), leukotriene C4 (LTC4), and degranulation in IgE/Ag-induced bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). Britanin dose dependently inhibited degranulation and the generations of PGD2 and LTC4 in BMMCs. Biochemical analyses of IgE/Ag-mediated signaling pathways demonstrated that britanin suppressed the phosphorylation of Syk kinase and multiple downstream signaling processes, including phospholipase Cgamma1 (PLCgamma1)-mediated calcium influx, the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs; extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and p38), and the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway. Taken together, the findings of this study suggest britanin suppresses degranulation and eicosanoid generation by inhibiting the Syk-dependent pathway and britanin might be useful for the treatment of allergic inflammatory diseases.
Calcium ; Family Characteristics ; Flowers ; Inula ; Leukotriene C4 ; Mast Cells* ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Phospholipases ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases ; Prostaglandin D2