INTRODUCTION

The social determinants of health refer to an individual's social, political, and economic situation and environment, which can have an impact on their health. On the other hand, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) reflect the mortalities and morbidities incurred due to disease and injury.

This study aims to analyze the social determinants of health indicators and their association with communicable, non-communicable, and injury-related DALYs and deaths.

Data from World Health Organization, World Bank, and International Labor Organization were used and considered for the 17 Social Determinants of Health categories. Logistic regression was used to determine the relationship of social determinants of health indicators with communicable, non-communicable, and injury-related DALYs and deaths.

Results show that an increase in the population, monetary poverty, adult illiteracy, and fine particulate matter increase IPNN DALYs. This study also found correlations of socioeconomic factors to NCD deaths and DALYs attributable to the environment. NCD DALYs and deaths are found to increase with the number of poor living with 3.10 dollars a day, while median daily per capita income, and increase in persons above retiring age receiving pension decrease NCD DALYs attributable to the environment. Focusing on injury DALYs and deaths, an increase in the number of poor living at 3.10 dollars a day, non-agricultural informal employment, and total average concentration of f ine particulate matter increases injury DALYs while the latter is observed to decrease when there is an increase in the medial daily per capita income, agricultural employment outside the formal sector, and vulnerable persons covered by social assistance.

Socio-economic factors such as income, employment, education, and social welfare program affect morbidity, disability, and mortality.

This essay laid out the development of a nurse's identity from clinical practitioner to developing researcher, with a focus on the importance of patient-centered and nurse-centered care as the cornerstone pillars of nursing research. Through narrative and application of qualitative and participatory research approaches, the author showed the intersection of everyday experience, philosophical inquiry, and scholarly pursuit along the path toward becoming a nurse researcher. The article examined how emotional experiences within the perioperative environment have instigated research questions aimed at improving patient and nurse well-being. Through the incorporation of academic models and theoretical perspectives, the author presented an emerging investment in health equity, social determinants of health, and collective inquiry, framing this individual path within the greater nursing science mission.

OBJECTIVE: Improvement in the quality of life is reflected in the narrowing of the gap between health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) and life expectancy (LE). The effect of megacity expansion on narrowing the gap is rarely reported. This study aimed to disclose this potential relationship. METHODS: Annual life tables were constructed from identified death records and population counts from multiple administrative sources in Guangzhou, China, from 2010 to 2020. Joinpoint regression was used to evaluate the temporal trend. Generalized principal component analysis and multilevel models were applied to examine the county-level association between the gap and social determinants. RESULTS: Although LE and HALE in megacities are increasing steadily, their gap is widening. Socio-economic and health services are guaranteed to narrow this gap. Increasing personal wealth, a growing number of newborns and healthy immigrants, high urbanization, and healthy aging have helped in narrowing this gap. CONCLUSION In megacities, parallel LE and HALE growth should be highly considered to narrow their gap. Multiple social determinants need to be integrated as a whole to formulate public health plans.
Cities ; Health Status ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Life Expectancy ; Quality of Life ; Social Determinants of Health

The biopsychosocial approach to healthcare is fundamental to Family and Community Medicine specialists. Using the patient-centered, family-focused, community-oriented (PFC) matrix, the interplay of a myriad of biomedical and psychosocial factors is assessed in order to provide a thorough medical management that is custom-made to meet the needs and inherent values of a patient and his/her family. Family assessment tools are also utilized to better understand the family dynamics of a patient that may impact on the prescribed management plan. In addition, social determinants of health are evaluated to ascertain which ones may facilitate or hamper proper utilization of community resources. This family case analysis documented the medical ordeal of a young professional who had been diagnosed with two rare medical conditions: necrotizing fasciitis and Chiari malformation Type II. Employing the PFC matrix, the Family and Community Medicine specialist was able to provide inter-disciplinary care for the patient and his family in a holistic manner by recognizing patient needs, creating an enabling family support environment, and helping the family unit navigate various community resources.
Humans ; Social Determinants of Health ; Family Health ; Social Factors ; Patient-Centered Care

BACKGROUND: Graduates of environmental health engineering should be able to manage Social Determinants of Health (SDH) and acquire the essential competencies during their studies at university. This study was performed to determine the expected competencies of environmental health graduates in a way to be able to manage environmental and Social Determinants of Health according to their job description. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed using Delphi technique. First, the literature review was done and the Delphi technique was performed in three rounds. The purposeful sampling was used and 50 people were selected among the specialists in the field of environmental health engineering and SDH. Participants answered an open-ended question, for the first round. Then, a questionnaire with 8 areas was designed based on the results of the first round and distributed for the second round. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics. The third round was done to reach the agreement on final items. RESULTS: The agreement on the items of the third round of Delphi was more than 70%. The final results showed eight competency areas under which 29 competencies were defined. Competency areas included expert knowledge, reasoning and planning, advocacy, system-based practice, professionalism, instructional expertise, social and personal skills and, research and self-development. The first three priorities of the required competency areas were expert knowledge (4.46 ± 0.55), professionalism (4.42 ± 0.64), and advocacy (4.32 ± 0.77). CONCLUSIONS It is necessary that environmental health engineers achieve necessary competencies regarding managing SDH, upon their graduation. It is suggested to integrate these competencies into the curriculum of environmental and health engineering in Iran universities.
Clinical Competence ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Curriculum ; Delphi Technique ; Environmental Health ; Humans ; Social Determinants of Health

Background: Eyes are an important component of the face and vital organs of vision. Eye loss can be caused by congenital defects, trauma, or tumor. Loss of an eye produces physical abnormalities that pose a psychological burden on the patient, as well as visual function damage. An ocular prosthesis is an artificial maxillofacial prosthesis to replace the lost eye. Case summary: A 54-year-old man consults at the Prosthodontics Specialist Universitas Airlangga Dental Hospital for an eye prosthesis. The patient did not have the right eyeball since birth. Soft tissue around the eye is normal, including the palpebral muscles. Case management: An impression was made using a custom tray and alginate in the defect area, followed by filling the impression with gypsum type 3 to get a working model, from which a wax model is made and adjusted to the patient. After that, sclera and ocular acrylic prostheses are made on the basis of an adjusted wax model. The prosthesis is then polished and colored according to the contralateral eye. Then the prosthesis is delivered to the patient. Conclusion The hollow custom-made eye prosthesis can be considered in the treatment of anophthalmia. It is able to improve the patient's psychological and emotional status.
Eye ; Eye, Artificial ; Social Determinants of Health

Research on physical activity and health is actively being conducted. In the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was newly introduced in 2014. The purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of physical activity and related factors in Koreans who were assessed through the GPAQ by dividing the physical activity by occupation, leisure, and transport domain. This study used data from the KNHANES (2014–2016), the study population of which included 17,357 participants aged 12 to 80 years. We compared the differences in physical activity by sociodemographic factors, health-related factors, and psychological health-related factors. Moreover, we also compared the mean metabolic equivalent of task and daily sitting time according to physical activity domain by sex and age group. Finally, we investigated the sociodemographic factors, health-related factors, and psychological health-related factors that significantly affect the average physical activity per week. The various factors were found to differ in the frequency of physical activity levels. In addition, there was a difference in the amount of physical activity per occupation, leisure, and transport domain in each age group. Finally, age, sex, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, arthritis, allergic rhinitis and sinusitis, sleeping time, and perceived health status significantly affected physical activity. The levels of physical activity significantly differed by sociodemographic factors, health-related factors, and psychological health-related factors. There was also a difference in the physical activity levels according to the age and sex per each domain of physical activity.
Arthritis ; Cholesterol ; Humans ; Korea ; Leisure Activities ; Lipoproteins ; Metabolic Equivalent ; Motor Activity ; Nutrition Surveys ; Occupations ; Physical Fitness ; Public Health ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; Risk Factors ; Sinusitis ; Social Determinants of Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Background: Understanding and addressing social determinants of health through evidence-based action is a strategy that has been advocated by the World Health Organization as part of its “Health for All” strategy in 1978 and “Health in All Policies“ framework in 2013. It has then been recommended that the research agenda-setting process should be informed by socio-economic development plans with the specific aim of gathering data on social, economic, and cultural conditions that affect health. Objective: This paper reviewed the PDP 2011-2016, PDP 2017-2022, MDGs, and SDGs and identified common directions with the NUHRA 2011-2016 and 2017-2022. Methods: A content analysis of the three identified priorities of the NUHRA vis-a-vis the PDP 2011-2016, the PDP 2017-2022, the MDGs, and the SDGs was done in order to identify harmonization of the priorities of the NUHRAs targets and indicators with those of the other plans and agendas. A gap analysis across all topics was done to identify links and gaps. Results: The results established the common ground between health research priorities and international and national plans. Comparing the number of direct relationships between the NUHRAs, PDPs, MDGs, and SDGs, it was noted that there were more direct links between NUHRA 2017-2022, PDP 2017-2022, and the SDGs compared to NUHRA 2011-2016, PDP 2011-2016, and MDGs. The direct links were mostly found in 1) maternal, newborn and child health, 2) health systems, 3) communicable diseases, 4) water, sanitation, and hygiene, 5) environment, and 6) infrastructure development. Conclusion The NUHRAs may serve as pathways to achieve the goals stipulated in other socio-economic development plans. The relationships of these to health are complex, nonlinear and often the effects manifest after a long period of time, and as such require rigorous research.
Social Determinants of Health

This study investigated factors affecting the subjective experience of oral symptoms among 2,285 elementary school students in the fourth and sixth grades using the Korean survey on the Health of Youth and Children in 2010. After conducting chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests, we performed multiple logistic regression analysis to determine the factors affecting children's experience of oral symptoms. We found that the factors most frequently associated with the subjective experience of more oral symptoms were lower tooth brushing frequency, greater intake of foods that cause dental caries, higher stress levels, and lower levels of support from friends. In conclusion, determinants of children's oral health, such as children's oral health behaviors and psychological factors must be considered in a multifaceted approach to developing programs to promote oral health among children.
Adolescent ; Child ; Dental Caries ; Friends ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Oral Health ; Psychology* ; Social Determinants of Health ; Tooth

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the performances and limitations of health community building project of 148 village in Gangbuk-gu, Seoul on community health organization perspective. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study using both a systematic review of this project and in-depth interviews with the operators who had worked for the project from January 2012 to December 2012. RESULTS: In this project, activists worked by gathering the opinions of the residents and focusing on their growth. The residents themselves established a community health care plan. Based on social determinants of health, they continued projects to solve residents' needs. A variety of programs were activated by providing a health cafe, which was an alternative public participation health promotion space that was not a clinic or a public health center. As the various entities gathered, there were difficulties related to interests and role sharing, and there were limitations such as the fact that the performance and limit of the pilot project could not be clearly predicted beforehand. CONCLUSIONS: This case suggested that new possibility of health and medical movement, approaching health issues by the way of community organization principle. Through the health community building project as community health organization perspective is expanded, health promotion effect will be created in the whole society.
Community Health Services ; Consumer Participation ; Health Promotion ; Pilot Projects ; Public Health ; Residence Characteristics ; Seoul ; Social Capital ; Social Determinants of Health