Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of robot-assisted modified Y-shaped ileal orthotopic neobladder reconstruction，so as to provide reference for clinical practice. Methods: The clinical data of 44 patients who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy，lymph node dissection，and modified Y-shaped ileal orthotopic neobladder reconstruction during Feb.2020 and Aug.2022 were retrospectively analyzed.The surgical position，Trocar position，and key surgical steps were reported.The perioperative conditions，postoperative complications，neobladder volume，maximum urinary flow rate，postvoid residual，renal function，and urinary control function were recorded. Results: All 44 surgeries were successfully completed，with operation time of (314.32±51.02) min，modified Y-shaped ileal orthotopic neobladder reconstruction time of (103.52±9.56) min，and bleeding volume of (128.18±57.27) mL.The postoperative time for fluid intake was (4.16±0.86) days，catheter indwelling time was (14.02±3.20) days，and patients were discharged 1 to 2 days after catheter removal.Clavien-Dindo grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ complications occurred in 15 and 2 patients，respectively.During the follow-up of (20.77±5.90) months，dysuria occurred in 1 case，urethral calculi in 2 cases，and incomplete bowel obstruction in 2 cases. The postoperative neobladder capacity was (195.75±15.51) mL，maximal urinary flow rate (20.30±2.05) mL/s，postvoid residual (19.86±13.80) mL and serum creatinine (81.98±25.97) μmol/L. The incidence of daytime and nocturnal urinary incontinence 3，6 and 12 months after operation were 20.45% and 29.55%，11.36% and 18.18%，and 4.55% and 9.09%，respectively. Conclusion: Robot-assisted modified Y-shaped ileal orthotopic neobladder reconstruction has favorable efficacy and safety，and low incidence of postoperative complications，which can be applied in clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE：To study the sta bility，in vivo release characteristics and tissue distribution of docetaxel （DTX）- dihydroartemisinin（DHA）conjugated prodrug self-assembled nanoparticles （DTX-S-S-DHA NPs ）. METHODS ：HPLC method was adopted to analyze DTX-S-S-DHA in vitro . The phycial and long-term stability of DTX-S-S-DHA NPs in mediums [water ， saline，phosphate buffer （PBS，pH 7.4）and RPMI 1640 medium] were investigated by using particle size ，polydispersity index （PDI）and encapsulation efficiency （EE）as evaluation indexes. The in vitro release characteristics of DTX-S-S-DHA released from DTX-S-S-DHA NPs was also investigated with small glass method ，using 30％ ethanol solution with or without 10 mmol/L dithiothreitol（DTT）as medium. The small live animal imager was adopted to investigate the tissue distribution and tumor targeting capability of DiR-labeled DTX-S-S-DHA NPs （DTX-S-S-DHA/DiR NPs ）in breast cancer bearing mice. RESULTS ：In stability test，there was no statistical difference in particle size ，PDI and EE of DTX-S-S-DHA NPs incubated in water ，normal saline ，PBS and RPMI 1640 medium for 24 h. When stored at 4 ℃，with the increase of storage time ，the particle size of DTX-S-S-DHA NPs in normal saline gradually increased ，while those in PBS gradually decreased ；EE of both gradually decreased to less than 75％， but there was no significant change in particle size ，PDI and EE of DTX-S-S-DHA NPs in water and RPMI 1640 medium. In the in vitro release experiments ，DTX-S-S-DHA in DTX-S-S-DHA NPs was not released in the release medium containing 10 mmol/L DTT；at 24 h，the cumulative release rate of DTX-S-S-DHA released from DTX-S-S-DHA NPs in release medium without DTT was about 83％，which was in line with first-order kinetic model. In tissue distribution test ，the distribution of DTX-S-S-DHA/DiR NPs in tumor sites of mice was significantly more than in other tissues （heart，liver，spleen，lung and kidney ）. CONCLUSIONS ： DTX-S-S-DHA NPs show good physical stability in different mediums ，especially have good long-term stability in water and RPMI ； 1640 medium；they can quickly release the parent drug in the reduction environment and has good tumor targeting.

Heart activity is highly dependent on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) produced via mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Traditional therapeutics has developed drugs by repairing damaged mitochondrial DNA, reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and accelerating the degradation of damaged mitochondria and recycle. In recent years, however, mitochondrial replacement therapy has taken a different strategy, and has entered the clinical trial stage. This review will summarize the research progress of cardiovascular drugs targeting mitochondria and mitochondrial replacement therapy to provide a new perspective for addressing some relevant endemic diseases in China.

The mitochondrial quality control system maintains mitochondrial homeostasis mainly through protein degradation, vesicle transport, and mitophagy. Mitochondrial biosynthesis, dynamics, and calcium ion play key regulative roles in mitochondrial quality control. Under normal conditions, the mitochondrial quality control system can work well. In recent years, studies have found that mitochondrial dysfunction is closely associated with the occurrence of heart failure. In order to understand mitochondrial function, this paper reviews mitochondrial quality control methods, regulatory factors and their potential therapeutic applications in heart failure.

AIM: To investigate the role of reactive oxygen species ( ROS)-mediated mitochondrial oxidative injury in isonicotinyl hydrazide ( INH)-induced DNA damage and the protective effect of quercetin on L-02 cells.ME-THODS:The injury model of hepatocyte L-02cells in vitro induced by INH was established .The cells were divided into control group, INH group, low-dose quercetin group and high-dose quercetin group.The DNA damage of L-02 cells was evaluated by the comet test .The mitochondrion was prepared , and the level of mitochondrial ROS and the value of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ) were detected by fluorescent probes DCFH-DA and rhodamine 123.The content of MDA was measured by TBA method .The activity of SOD was assessed with the xanthine oxidase method .The protein expression of Bcl-2 and Bax was determined by Western blotting , and the value of Bax/Bcl-2 was calculated .RESULTS:INH induced obvious DNA damage , increased the level of mitochondrial ROS , the content of MDA and the value of Bax/Bcl-2, and markedly reduced the value of ΔΨm and the activity of SOD in the L-02 cells.Quercetin attenuated DNA dam-age, reduced the level of mitochondrial ROS , elevated the value of ΔΨm , declined the content of MDA , increased the ac-tivity of SOD and decreased the value of Bax/Bcl-2 in the L-02 cells.CONCLUSION:INH induces DNA damage in L-02 cells by generation of mitochondrial oxidative stress .Quercetin has a protective effect on L-02 cells to attenuate the INH-in-duced DNA damage by inhibiting ROS-mediated mitochondrial oxidative damage .

OBJECTIVE:To investigate new thought and method for improving the practice teaching effect of pharmacy under-graduates under the collaboration of medicine and education. METHODS:The training objectives of pharmacist team,the current sit-uations and problems of teaching that existing in the institute of pharmacy and the requirement of talents in the work were summa-rized and investigated,and then reform targets and measures were put forward. RESULTS:Training for pharmacists tream gradual-ly movedcloser to clinical pharmacists in China.The teaching work in the pharmacy department of our hospital was relatively com-plete,including relevant teaching system,practice systems and processes,training program for clinical pharmacists and develop-ment of workflow;however,there still remained some problems,including lacking of professional quality training,suitable cours-es,effective interactive medical and education scientific assessment mode and no attention for the training of clinical thinking and school-university research thinking. The above-mentioned problems needed to be solved by reforming internship tutorial system and improving the contents,establishing the school-hospital united system,emphasizing the connection between schools and teaching bases,establishing integrated teaching evaluation system and assessment criteria,strengthening clinical experience and training for clinical thinking by the teaching mode of physicians and pharmacists. CONCLUSIONS:Strengthening the collaboration of medicine and education and improving the training standards and evaluation system are helpful for improving the practice teaching quality of pharmacy undergraduates.

Objective To discuss the clinical characteristics of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and coronary artery lesion fea-tures for Uygur nationality and Han nationality in Xinjiang Dushanzi area .Methods The AMI patients during hospitalization from January 2005 to January 2012 were divide into two groups ,Group A(Uygur nationality ,n=40) and Group B(Han nationality ,n=130) ,and compared the aspects of risk factors ,morbidity situation and electrocardiogram changes etc ,carried out the coronary an-glography and analyzed the coronary artery lesion features of patients in two groups .Results The two groups of patients are male-dominated ,the AMI incidence of Uygur patients was higher than Han nationality before 60 years old(P<0 .01);More morbidities of Uygur nationality were related with the alcohol drinking (32 .5% ) ,mood disorders (40 .0% ) ,diabetes (52 .5% ) and hyperlipi-demia(72 .5% )(P<0 .01) ,and mainly coronary artery lesions were three blood vessels (P< 0 .05) .The Han nationality patients with high blood pressure have more proportion (P<0 .05) ,mainly coronary artery lesions were single blood vessel (P<0 .05) .No significant differences were observed after comparing the location of infarction and related infarction blood vessels of patients in two groups .Conclusion The onset age of Uygur AMI patients in Xinjiang Dushanzi area is younger ,and the coronary artery disease is worse .It is necessary to improve the lifestyles and change unhealthy eating habits and to carry out the active intervention in early stage .

Objective To investigate the effects of blockade of OX40/OX40L costimulation pathway on mice islet allograft tolerance in CD40/CD154 costimulation pathway blockade mice.Methods C57BL/6 mice were induced into diabetes mellitus as recipients,and were transplanted with DBA/2 mice islets.The recipients were divided into four groups,(1) treated with IgG as controls,(2) anti-OX40L mAb,(3) anti-CD154,(4) combined treatment of anti-OX40L mAb and anti CD154mAb.The mean survival time (MST) of islet allograft was observed.The expression of OX40 in activated T cells of CD154 deficient mice was detected.Effector T cells were obtained from the spleen of CD154 deficient mice cultured with or without anti-OX40L mAb for 3 days.The proliferation of T cells was assayed.Results The MST in the control group,anti-OX40L mAb group,anti-CD154 mAb group and anti OX40L mAb + anti-CD154 mAb group was 19,22,48,and ＞150 days respectively (P ＜0.05).The OX40 expression was readily induced in the 66％ activated T effector cells.CD154 deficient T effector cells proliferation was inhibited by the addition of anti-OX40L mAb in the culture in a dose-dependent fashion.Conclusion The blockade of OX40/OX40L costimulation pathway can promote islet allograft tolerance in CD40/CD154 costimulation pathway blockade mice by inhibiting the proliferation of T cells.

AIM: To study the mechanism of diabetic cardiomyopathy and abnormality of oxygen free radicals. METHODS: The contents of myocardial cytosolic cytochrome C, mitochondria cytochrome C, mitochondrial calcium, NO, MDA and the activity of SOD and NOS were determined in diabetic rats induced by STZ. The pathological changes were observed under transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: Compared to the normal and ganoderma group, the levels of mitochondrial NO, iNOS, MDA, calcium and plasma Cyt-C in rat myocardium were higher (P<0.05), while mitochondrial Cyt-C and SOD were lowered in model group (P<0.05). The bouncary indistinct, disorganization, a focal loss of muscular fibril, myocardium mitochondria swelling, pulmonary vascular endothelial cellular swelling and obstructed lumen of the capillary were also observed under transmission electronic microscope. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that oxyradical and lipid peroxidation might be associated with the damage of myocardial mitochondria in NIDDM rats. Cyt-C and mitochondrial calcium is also involved in the process.

BACKGROUND: Varicocele (VC) can induce the infertility in males, so the investigation on its mechanism is important for the treatment of male infertility. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of VC induced by surgical operation on the contents of mitochondria calcium, cytochrome C and cell apoptosis as well as the changes of microstructure and ultrastructure in epididymis. DESIGN: Randomized control experiment. MATERIALS: The experiment was conducted in Jiamusi University between June 2003 and May 2004. Forty male adolescent Wistar rats with the average body mass of (220±20) g were selected, which were provided by the Animal Laboratory of Jiamusi University. Rats were randomly divided into sham-operation group and deligation group with 20 rats in each group at one week after feeding at room temperature. METHODS: Rats in the sham-operation group were made into sham-op eration models by exposing the left renal vein. Rats in the deligation group were deligated of partial left renal veins so as to establish VC models. Bilateral epididymides were removed at ten weeks after operation. The levels of mitochondria calcium in head and body of epididymis as well as the contents of cytochrome C and cytoplasm cytochrome C were detected. The cell apoptosis was detected by in situ terminal deoxynucleotityl transferase mediated dTUP nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique. The specimens of corpus epididymis were routinely made for observation under optimal microscope and electron microscope. The changes of microstructure and ultrastructure of epididymis were studied.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The contents of mitochondria calcium, cytochrome C and cytoplasm cytochrome C. Cell apoptosis. Changes of cellular morphous in epididymis. RESULTS: A total of 40 rats were involved in the analysis of results.① The contents of mitochondria calcium in bilateral epididymis were obviously decreased in the deligation group than the sham-operation group [(4.72±1.45), (5.90±1.97), (10.13±2.34) mg/g, (P ＜ 0.01)].②The content of mitochondria cytochrome C in right epididymis obviously increased more in the deligation group than the sham-operation group [(0.36±0.20), (0.19±0.14), (0.15±0.07) μmol/L (P ＜ 0.05)]. ③The contents of cytoplasm cytochrome C in bilateral epididymis greatly increased more in the deligation group than the sham-operation group [(8.17±1.49), (7.48 ± 1.60), (5.93±1.60) mol/L, (P ＜ 0.05)].④The apoptotic rate of bilateral cells in the deligation group was significantly increased than the sham-op eration group [( 13.3±1.9)%, ( 12.6±1.5)%, (6.2±0.3)%,(P ＜ 0.01 )]. However, there were no significant differences in mitochondria calcium, cytochrome C, cytoplasm cytochrome C and apoptotic rate between the left and right mitochondria of the deligation group (P ＞ 0.05).⑤Main changes under light microscope: cuctus epididymis shrinked, the blebbing appeared in epithelial cells, and the light cells as well as halo cells in epithelia were significantly increased. ⑥Main representation under electron microscope: the cytolysosome inside the chief cells were increased and enlarged with increased residual bodies, and the endoplasmic reticulum expanded, the mitochondria cristae was dim, the Golgi complex was vacuolated. Besides, nuclear chromatin were dense and in lump at different size, which located mainly in the nuclear membrane. The microvilli of columnar epithelial cells were sparse and local defects could be seen. CONCLUSION: The cytochrome C is released to kytoplasm via mitochondrial outer membrane, which activates the caspase 3 and leads to the apoptosis, and accordingly causes excessive apoptosis of epididymal tissues and as well as the changes of microstructure and ultrastructure. All these changes may be one of the important reasons of infertility resulting from VC.