Objective: The aim of the present study was to develop the beverage addiction scale for college students,so as to provide an effective tool for assessing college students beverage addiction. Methods: In November 2022, a cluster sample of 8 792 college students from three colleges in Yunnan and Jiangxi were surveyed by Beverage Addication Scale for College Students. After a through literature review, 12 items were proposed, including withdrawal symptoms, health effects and addiction symptoms, with 4 items each. The ttest and correlation analysis were used to filter the items, and exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to evaluate the structural validity of the questionnaire. In May 2023, 5 279 college students from the above three universities were surveyed again to evaluate the reliability and validity of the scale and the positive demarcation value of symptoms. Results: The scale fitted into a tool for measuring symptoms of beverage dependence in a college student population. The scale was composed of 11 items in accordance with withdrawal symptoms, health effects and addiction symptoms, with a cumulative contribution rate of variance was 74.51%. Cronbach α coefficients for the overall scale and three dimensions were 0.94, 0.88, 0.90 and 0.92, respectively. The correlation coefficient between each item and the total score ranged from 0.56 to 0.79, and the correlation coefficient with the dimension ranged from 0.71 to 0.92. The confirmatory factor analysis model was well fitted, and the RMSEA, CFI, TLI and SRMR value were 0.06, 0.95, 0.93 and 0.04, respectively. The application of the scale showed that scores on the scale and each dimension ≥P85 were positive for symptoms. Conclusion The reliability and validity of Beverage Addiction Scale for College Students is good, which can be used to evaluate the beverage addiction symptom of college students.

Objective: To develop the Assessment of Smartphone Multitasking for Adolescents (ASMA) and evaluate its reliability and construct validity, so that to provide an evaluation tool for relevant epidemiological studies. Methods: Based on literature review, expert based judgement, and group discussion, the self administered ASMA identified 3 dimensions named smartphone activities and non-media activities multitasking, smartphone activities and other media activities multitasking, and smartphone functional use multitasking, which initially included 27 items. From October to December 2021, 5 566 college students were selected from 7 regions, including Liaoning, Shanxi, Henan, Shanghai, Chongqing, Shenzhen, and Yunnan by multi stage cluster sampling method, and item analysis, factor analysis, and reliability evaluation were used to screen items and evaluate reliability and validity. Results: The final version of AMSA contained 3 dimensions covering 26 items. The variance cumulative contribution rate was 59.63 %. The internal consistency test showed that Cronbach s alpha coefficient for the questionnaire was 0.944, and ranged from 0.838 to 0.928 for each dimension. The split half coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.849 and ranging from 0.781 to 0.874 for each dimension. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), comparative fit index (CFI), and Tucker Lewis index (TLI) of the questionnaire were 0.068, 0.901, and 0.891, respectively, which had which had a good fitting degree. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that the criterion validity of the questionnaire was good ( r=0.206-0.351, P <0.01). Conclusion The ASMA is consistent with the evaluation standard of psychometrics and can be used as an assessment tool to evaluate smartphone multitasking behaviors in adolescents.

Objective: To analyze the association between eye use behavior and self reported myopia in middle and high school students, and provide the scientific basis for the prevention and control of myopia. Methods: A total of 14 872 middle and high school students was selected from four provinces and cities from December 2015 to March 2016, including Jiangxi(Nanchang,Yintan,Dexing), Liaoning(Shenyang), Guangdong(Shenzhen), Henan(Zhengzhou) provinces. A self administrated questionnaire was used to collect the basic information, self reported myopia and eye use behaviors among middle and high school students. The Chi square tests were applied to compare the differences in self reported myopia among middle and high school students with different characteristics. Multivariate binary Logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between eye use behavior and self reported myopia in middle and high school students. Results: The self reported myopia rate of middle and high school students was 68.5%, with 59.7% and 78.6% for junior high school students and senior high school students, respectively. After adjusting for the potential confounders, the Logistic regression models showed that middle and high school students who read and write with their heads down ( OR =1.94, 2.32),middle and high school students who lie down or lie on stomach when using their eyes ( OR =1.27, 1.28) had a higher risk of self reported myopia ( P <0.01). There was a negative correlation between eye use distance (reading and writing distance, distance from eyes to TV, mobile phone, or tablet) and self reported myopia ( OR =0.73, 0.70, 0.81; 0.61, 0.66 , 0.76) in middle and high school students ( P <0.01). In addition, the risk of self reported myopia was lower in middle school students with longer eye to computer distance ( OR=0.77, P <0.01). Conclusion There is a significant association between eye use postures, eye use distance and self reported myopia in middle and high school students. Health education for the risk and behavior factors of myopia should be actively promoted to ensure the visual health of children and adolescents.

Objective: To describe the linear growth trajectory and BMI growth trajectory of children aged 0-6 years, and to investigate the relationship between different growth trajectory patterns and refractive error of preschool children. Methods: The participants were selected from Ma anshan Birth Cohort Study (MABC), which was established from May 2013 to September 2014. In this study, 15 follow up interviews were conducted among 2 037 live births between 42 days after birth and 72 months of age to collect the data of body length and body weight. And at the age of (72±6) months, data of the naked eye visual acuity was measured by professional ophthalmologist in Ma anshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital. The latent class growth model was conducted to identify distinct linear growth trajectory and BMI Z score trajectories of 0 to 6 year old infants and young children. Multinomial Logistic regression model was used for analyzing the relationship between distinct growth trajectories and ametropia in 6-year-old children. Results: According to the latent class growth model, children showed three obvious linear growth trajectories: slow growth trajectory ( n =302), normal growth trajectory ( n =1 162), and fast growth trajectory ( n =573). And BMI growth trajectory were also divided into three patterns: slow growth trajectory ( n =630), normal growth trajectory ( n =1 058), and fast growth trajectory ( n =349). Multinomial Logistic regression analysis showed that linear slow growth trajectory was a risk factor for hyperopia in 6-year-old children ( OR =1.80, 95% CI =1.09-2.98, P <0.05). But it was not significantly associated with myopia. There was no significant correlation between fast growth BMI pattern and slow growth BMI pattern with myopia and hyperopia in 6-year-old children. Conclusion Slower growth patterns in linear growth trajectories were associated with hyperopia in 6-year-old children.It should pay close attention to the height growth pattern of preschool children. Regular examination of physical development indicators and distance vision can help prevent the occurrence and development of ametropia in preschool children.

Objective: To assess screening method for myopia among Chinese school age children and adolescents, and to provide scientific evidence for an appropriate protocol for vision screening. Methods: According to technical protocols of 2014 Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health, a total of 1 725 primary and middle school girls aged 9 to 13 years old from Suzhou, Hefei and Chizhou of Anhui Province were selected. Basic information and menarche were collected by questionnaires. Distance visual acuity and subjective refraction were used for screening myopia. And multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between menarche and screening myopia. Results: The detection rate of screening positive myopia of girls aged 9-13 years in Anhui province was 62.5%(1 078). The ratio of screening myopia was significantly higher in urban girls (71.0%) compared with suburban girls(54.6%), and higher in girls with homework time >2 h compared (70.8%) with homework time 1-2 h and <1 h (68.4%, 54.9%) groups ( χ 2=49.50, 37.88, P <0.01). The detection rate of screening myopia between different menarche groups was only statistically significant among girls aged 9 and 13 years ( χ 2=4.75, 11.22, P <0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that menarche was significantly associated with screening myopia ( OR =2.06, 95% CI =1.68- 2.52 ). After controlling age and BMI, the association remained ( P <0.05). After further controlling family residence background and homework time, the association diminished ( P >0.05). Conclusion Menarche is closely associated with screening myopia among girls in selected age groups, future cohort studies are needed to focus on prevention and control of myopia during pubertal development.

Objective: To identify the latent classes of various health risk behaviors among medical students and further analyze the correlation between different classes and depression. Methods: Using the method of convenient sampling, 2 014 medical students were selected from Anhui Medical University in October 2018. Self-designed online questionnaire were used to collect demographic data, health risk behavior (including smoking, drinking, suicide, sleep disorders, mobile phone dependence and lack of exercise) and depressive symptoms. Latent Class Analysis was used to cluster individuals. Logistic regression was provided to further analyze the association between health risk behaviors and depressive symptoms for the groups. Results: The health hazard behaviors of medical students could be divided into three separate classes: substance dependence group (8.4%), mobile phone dependence group (22.4%) and low-risk group (69.2%). The distribution of health risk behaviors of medical students with different gender, major, grade, only child，father s educational level，monthly living expenses, academic achievement and number of friends were statistically significant (χ 2=99.37,19.07,12.05,6.64,14.28,19.35,20.61,26.39,P<0.05). The results of Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for gender, major, grade, only child, father s educational level，monthly living expenses, academic achievement and number of friends, the mobile phone dependence group was positively correlated with depressive symptoms (β=1.75, P<0.01). Conclusion Different ratent classes of health risk behaviors have different correlation with depressive symptoms in groups.It is suggested that school health workers should make individualized intervention plan for different types of health hazard behavior of medical students in the future educational activities, carry out stratified intervention, alleviate the symptoms of depression and promote the mental health of medical students.

Objective:To analyze the relationship between migration time and the prevalence of myopia of children and adolescents aged between 6 and 18 years old in Shenzhen.Methods:From April to May 2019, 26 618 children and adolescents from 14 schools in six streets of Baoan District, including Fuyong, Shajing, Xin′an, Xixiang, Songgang and Shiyan, were included in the study by using random cluster sampling method. The demographic characteristics, migration status, self-reported myopia, screen time in the last seven days, outdoor activities in the last one month and other information were collected through the questionnaire. The differences of myopia among children and adolescents with different characteristics were compared by χ 2 test, and the relationship between migration time and the prevalence of myopia was analyzed by multivariate unconditional logistic regression model. Results:The age of 26 618 study participants was (12.37±3.49) years old, and the overall prevalence of myopia was 49.4%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that after controlling for relevant confounding factors, compared with migrant children and adolescents of migrant workers who migrated for 1-2 years, those of migrant workers who had migrated for more than 6 years had a higher risk of myopia [ OR (95% CI): 1.48 (1.14-1.92)]. After being grouped by phase of school, in the lower grade group of primary school, the children and adolescents of migrant workers who had migrated for more than 6 years had a higher risk of myopia compared with those of migrant workers who migrated for 1-2 years [ OR (95% CI): 1.96 (1.20-2.74)]. In the high school group, compared with the children and adolescents of migrant workers who migrated for 1-2 years, those of migrant workers who had migrated for 3-5 years and ≥6 years had a higher risk of myopia [ OR (95% CI): 6.03 (1.29-28.15) and 6.52 (1.51-28.11), respectively]. Conclusion:The migration time is related to the prevalence of myopia of the children and adolescents of migrant workers.

Objective:To develop the Assessment of Spinal Health of Youths (ASHY), and evaluate its reliability and construct validity and further definite the national norm.Methods:According to literature review and expert consultation, the ASHY included 37 items within 4 dimensions, named symptoms of neck-shoulder and low back, the dysfunction of neck-shoulder and low back, daily risk behaviors and health-seeking behaviors. Between December 2015 and March 2016, a total of 15 096 students were purposively selected from Shenyang, Zhengzhou, Shenzhen and Jiangxi province. Item analysis, factor analysis and reliability evaluation methods were used to select items and evaluate the questionnaire. Between November 2017 and January 2018, a total of 14 500 students were purposively selected from Shenzhen, Zhengzhou, Nanchang and Guiyang. These data were used to develop a national norm of ASHY in adolescents.Results:The ASHY consisted of 4 dimensions covering 34 items. Variance cumulative contribution rate was 68.37%. Internal consistency test showed that Cronbach′s α coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.91 and Cronbach′s α coefficient of each dimension was between 0.76 and 0.93. The split-half coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.78 and ranged from 0.62 to 0.77 for each dimension. Confirmatory factor analysis results showed that the value of RMSEA was 0.067, and the values of NFI, RFI, CFI, GFI, AGFI were all above 0.80, which had a good fitting degree. The 90th percentile was used as the cutoff point about total scores of 92 for junior high school students, 102 for senior high school students and 98 for the overall middle school students.Conclusions:The ASHY is consistent with the evaluation standard of psychometrics. It can be used as a tool to evaluate the spinal health in adolescents.

Objective:To analyze the relationship between migration time and the prevalence of myopia of children and adolescents aged between 6 and 18 years old in Shenzhen.Methods:From April to May 2019, 26 618 children and adolescents from 14 schools in six streets of Baoan District, including Fuyong, Shajing, Xin′an, Xixiang, Songgang and Shiyan, were included in the study by using random cluster sampling method. The demographic characteristics, migration status, self-reported myopia, screen time in the last seven days, outdoor activities in the last one month and other information were collected through the questionnaire. The differences of myopia among children and adolescents with different characteristics were compared by χ 2 test, and the relationship between migration time and the prevalence of myopia was analyzed by multivariate unconditional logistic regression model. Results:The age of 26 618 study participants was (12.37±3.49) years old, and the overall prevalence of myopia was 49.4%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that after controlling for relevant confounding factors, compared with migrant children and adolescents of migrant workers who migrated for 1-2 years, those of migrant workers who had migrated for more than 6 years had a higher risk of myopia [ OR (95% CI): 1.48 (1.14-1.92)]. After being grouped by phase of school, in the lower grade group of primary school, the children and adolescents of migrant workers who had migrated for more than 6 years had a higher risk of myopia compared with those of migrant workers who migrated for 1-2 years [ OR (95% CI): 1.96 (1.20-2.74)]. In the high school group, compared with the children and adolescents of migrant workers who migrated for 1-2 years, those of migrant workers who had migrated for 3-5 years and ≥6 years had a higher risk of myopia [ OR (95% CI): 6.03 (1.29-28.15) and 6.52 (1.51-28.11), respectively]. Conclusion:The migration time is related to the prevalence of myopia of the children and adolescents of migrant workers.

Objective:To develop the Assessment of Spinal Health of Youths (ASHY), and evaluate its reliability and construct validity and further definite the national norm.Methods:According to literature review and expert consultation, the ASHY included 37 items within 4 dimensions, named symptoms of neck-shoulder and low back, the dysfunction of neck-shoulder and low back, daily risk behaviors and health-seeking behaviors. Between December 2015 and March 2016, a total of 15 096 students were purposively selected from Shenyang, Zhengzhou, Shenzhen and Jiangxi province. Item analysis, factor analysis and reliability evaluation methods were used to select items and evaluate the questionnaire. Between November 2017 and January 2018, a total of 14 500 students were purposively selected from Shenzhen, Zhengzhou, Nanchang and Guiyang. These data were used to develop a national norm of ASHY in adolescents.Results:The ASHY consisted of 4 dimensions covering 34 items. Variance cumulative contribution rate was 68.37%. Internal consistency test showed that Cronbach′s α coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.91 and Cronbach′s α coefficient of each dimension was between 0.76 and 0.93. The split-half coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.78 and ranged from 0.62 to 0.77 for each dimension. Confirmatory factor analysis results showed that the value of RMSEA was 0.067, and the values of NFI, RFI, CFI, GFI, AGFI were all above 0.80, which had a good fitting degree. The 90th percentile was used as the cutoff point about total scores of 92 for junior high school students, 102 for senior high school students and 98 for the overall middle school students.Conclusions:The ASHY is consistent with the evaluation standard of psychometrics. It can be used as a tool to evaluate the spinal health in adolescents.