With the awareness of the hazards of ionizing radiation to human health and the consequent research on the biological effects and protective measures against ionizing radiation, the radiological health has gradually developed. Therefore, as one of the five major areas of health under the traditional public health system, the study on radiological health mainly involves the harmful effects of ionizing radiation on human health and its comprehensive protection measures. After nearly a century of vigorous development ince the 1930 s and 1940 s, the level of the discipline of the radiological health and the effectiveness of radiological hygiene work in China have been greatly improved at this stage. This paper provides a brief overview of the history, current status, and work content of the radiological health research and radiological hygiene work in China, with a view to contributing to the future development of radiological hygiene work in China.

Since the implementation of the Measures for the Management of Radiation Workers’ Occupational Health in November 2007, it has played an extremely important role in protecting the occupational health of radiation workers. There are more than 700 000 radiation workers in about 100 000 workplaces with potential radiation exposure, as well as a large number of miners exposed to high levels of radon. As the radiation health monitoring project suggests, measures of occupational health management such as personal dose monitoring and occupational health examination of radiation workers have been widely implemented and achieved good results in the protection of radiation workers. However, the risks of chromosomal aberration and specific turbidity of the eye lens of radiation workers have increased in high-risk positions such as interventional radiology, nuclear medicine, and industrial flaw detection. The control of high radon exposure in miners needs to be strengthened. It is necessary to adapt to the new situation in view of new challenges and actively promote the revision of the Measures for the Management of Radiation Workers’ Occupational Health, so as to further improve the occupational health management of radiation workers in China.

Objective:To study the healthcare level (HCL) in China and its influencing factors.Methods:By using the data reported in the China statistical yearbook published by the National Bureau of Statistics and in other public literature, HCL was calculated in terms of the number of population and physicians in the whole country and various provinces. Multiple regression was used to analyze the relationship between HCL and regional population, area, number of administrative divisions and gross domestic product (GDP). Pearson correlation analysis was applied to analyze the relationship between healthcare level and medical radiation frequency. Results:Since 2015, Chinese HCL value was lower than 1 000, but there were two provinces with HCL value greater than 1 000 in 2019. Population and GDP were the influencing factors for the HCL, with correlation coefficients of 0.416 and -0.583, respectively. There was a correlation between HCL and medical exposure frequency of Chinese population( r= -0.620, P=0.028). Conclusions:Chinese HCL value was 542 in 2020, but there has been great differences between various provinces. HCL as an indicator of medical exposure assessment needs further research in China.

Objective:To investigate and analyze the eye lens dose to interventional radiology workers in China from 2019 to 2021.Methods:The monitoring data on eye lens dose to interventional radiology workers from 31 province-level units during 2019-2021 were collected through the National Radiological Health Information Platform. The eye lens dose evaluation indicator was Hp(3), with each monitoring period of no more than 3 months. Kusall-Wallis H test was used for the comparison of multiple groups and pairwise. Results:A total of 6 643 interventional radiology workers were investigated from 2019 to 2021. The average annual eye lens dose was 1.03 mSv, with the median of 0.17 mSv and the maximum of 94.88 mSv. The annual eye lens dose to 59 workers exceeded 20 mSv. It was also found that the annual eye lens dose to the doctors in 2019 and 2020 was slightly higher than that to nurses (rank mean difference=118.29, 129.71, P<0.01), and the lens dose to interventional radiology workers who performed cardiac interventions in 2019 was higher than that to workers who performed peripheral vascular interventions (rank mean difference=46.52, P<0.05). Conclusions:The lens dose to interventional radiology workers is lower than the limits given in Chinese national standard currently in effect, but exceed the latest internationally recommended limit for a few ones. In order to protect the occupational health of interventional radiology workers, the monitoring of lens dose should be strengthened.

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics of children aged two years old and above with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).Methods:Children who had RSV infection admitted to PICU at Children′s Hospital of Zhengzhou University from March 2019 to December 2021 were divided into older age group(≥two years old) and younger age group(0.05); In younger age group, there were 132(64.8%) cases of fever and 125(64.8%) cases of wheezing; In older age group, there were 31(93.9%) cases of fever and 13(39.4%) cases of wheezing; the incidence of fever was higher in older age group than that in younger age group( χ2=9.147, P<0.05), and the incidence of wheezing was lower than that in younger age group( χ2=7.631, P<0.05), and the differences were statistically significant.(2) There were 15 (45.5%) cases of simple infection and 18 (54.5%) cases of mixed infection in older age group, and the P/F was significantly different between children with simple infection and those with mixed infection ( P<0.05); there were 14 (42.4%) cases of combined underlying diseases and 19 (57.6%) cases without underlying diseases, and the length of stay in PICU was different between children with combined underlying diseases and those without underlying diseases ( P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in mechanical ventilation or total length of stay ( P>0.05). Conclusion:RSV infection in children aged two years old and above in PICU occurres mostly between two and six years of age, with a relatively low incidence of wheezing and common fever; RSV infection alone may have a greater impact on oxygenation, and combined underlying diseases can affect the length of stay in PICU.

In March 2011, a nuclear accident happened and released a large amount of radionuclides into the environment in Fukushima, Japan. This review introduced the latest findings on the relationship between childhood thyroid cancer and radiation exposure after the accident in Fukushima. Many reports suggested that there was no accurate correlation between the incidence of childhood thyroid cancer and the local external dose due to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power, while the relationship between the two varied with method of dose calculation and statistics. Also there was no clear evidence that radiation exposure had a negative impact on children′s thyroid, and the increased incidence of thyroid cancer may be due to over-screening.

Objective:To analyze distributions of dose range, occupational category, and causes of abnormal dose values from individual dose monitoring of radiation workers and to provide recommendations for improving the quality of individual monitoring data and occupational health management in medical institutions.Methods:The data of individual dose monitoring result exceeding 1.25 mSv in a single monitoring cycle, collected by Occupational Health System for Radiology Facilities’ on National Radiological Health Information Platform, was analyzed.Results:A total of 1 113 abnormal dose values were detected in 31 provinces in 2020, with an abnormal rate of 2.48‰, of which workers of diagnostic radiology and interventional radiology accounted for 68.01% and 18.78%, respectively. The dose distribution of abnormal dose values was mainly between 1.25 and 5 mSv. The abnormal dose values were mainly caused by improperly wearing or using personal dosimeters, accounting for 63.88%. Workers for whom the dose values was abnormal due to increased workload accounted for 12.32%, with an average annual individual dose of 5.14 mSv. There was no statistically significant difference in annual individual dose among radiation workers between different occupational groups( P>0.05). Conclusions:Education and training on radiation protection for radiation workers should be strengthened, and a specific and feasible system for radiation protection management, as well as a reward and punishment system, should be established in order to reduce the occurance of the improper wearing of personal dosimeters. Great attention should be paid to occupational exposure of workers in diagnostic radiology and interventional radiology, and a work shift system should be conducted to reduce individual dose levels. It is recommended that standard verification procedures for abnormal dose values from individual dose monitoring should be developed to improve the quality of individual monitoring data.

Objective:To analyze the relationship between cumulative high temperature exposure and hypertension among steel workers.Methods:We conducted a survey among 7 660 production workers (7 023 males and 637 females) in a large steel mill during February-June 2017 and March-July 2018. Basic information, blood pressure, occupational history and high temperature data in workplace were collected through questionnaire survey, physical measurement and occupational exposure detection. Restrictive cubic spline model was used to analyze the dose-response relationship between cumulative high temperature exposure and hypertension, and the correlation between cumulative high temperature exposure and workers' hypertension was analyzed by logistic regression.Results:The median number of cumulative high temperature exposure was 626.56 ℃·year and 49.20% of workers were exposed to high temperature. The hypertension prevalence rate was 25.60% among the workers. According to the results of the spline model, the cumulative high temperature exposure was divided into three sections: <292.61, 292.61~<720.13, ≥720.13 ℃·year. Taking the exposure <292.61 ℃·year group as a reference, the risk of steel workers' hypertension in the 292.61~<720.13 ℃·year group and ≥720.13 ℃·year group is 1.44 and 2.17 times that of the reference group ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:There was a nonlinear dose-response relationship between cumulative high temperature exposure and steelworkers' hypertension. With the increase of cumulative high temperature exposure, the risk of steelworkers' hypertension increases.

Objective:To analyze the relationship between cumulative high temperature exposure and hypertension among steel workers.Methods:We conducted a survey among 7 660 production workers (7 023 males and 637 females) in a large steel mill during February-June 2017 and March-July 2018. Basic information, blood pressure, occupational history and high temperature data in workplace were collected through questionnaire survey, physical measurement and occupational exposure detection. Restrictive cubic spline model was used to analyze the dose-response relationship between cumulative high temperature exposure and hypertension, and the correlation between cumulative high temperature exposure and workers' hypertension was analyzed by logistic regression.Results:The median number of cumulative high temperature exposure was 626.56 ℃·year and 49.20% of workers were exposed to high temperature. The hypertension prevalence rate was 25.60% among the workers. According to the results of the spline model, the cumulative high temperature exposure was divided into three sections: <292.61, 292.61~<720.13, ≥720.13 ℃·year. Taking the exposure <292.61 ℃·year group as a reference, the risk of steel workers' hypertension in the 292.61~<720.13 ℃·year group and ≥720.13 ℃·year group is 1.44 and 2.17 times that of the reference group ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:There was a nonlinear dose-response relationship between cumulative high temperature exposure and steelworkers' hypertension. With the increase of cumulative high temperature exposure, the risk of steelworkers' hypertension increases.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between Effort-Reward Imbalance(ERI) and insomnia using structural equation modeling. METHODS: A total of 5 769 steel workers from an iron and steel company were selected as study objects by convenient sampling method. The Effort-Reward Imbalance Scale and Five-Item Athens Insomnia Scale were used to investigate their ERI and insomnia respectively. A structural equation modeling was constructed to analyze the relationship between ERI and insomnia. RESULTS: The scores of work effort and internal investment were positively correlated with the score of insomnia [the Spearman correlation coefficient(r_S) were 0.127 and 0.122 respectively, P<0.01]. Work reward scores were negatively correlated with the score of insomnia(r_S=-0.126, P<0.01). We successfully construct a structural equation model between ERI and insomnia in steel workers. According to this model, work effort, work reward and internal investment had direct effect on insomnia [the standardized path coefficient(β) were 0.065,-0.067 and 0.091 respectively, P<0.05]. Work effort and work reward have direct effect on insomnia(the β were 0.048 and-0.010 respectively, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: ERI increases the risk of insomnia. Both effort and internal investment have positive effect on insomnia, while reward has negative effect on insomnia.