Objective: This study aimed to explore the relationships between various exercise components (frequency, intensity, duration) and social anxiety. Methods: A sample of 844 college students in China participated in this study. The Physical Activity Rating Scale-3 assessed participants’ daily physical activity. Social anxiety levels were measured using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. A questionnaire was developed to collect demographic information and examine the relationships between exercise components and social anxiety levels. Results: One-way analysis of variance revealed significant differences in social anxiety levels across varying physical activity intensities. Specifically, students engaging in high levels of physical activity exhibited the lowest social anxiety. Post hoc analyses identified that exercise frequency F3 (p<0.01), exercise duration D5 (p<0.01), and exercise intensity I3 (p<0.01) were significantly associated with the lowest social anxiety levels. Among these components, regression analysis indicated that exercise duration (p<0.01) had the most substantial impact on social anxiety levels, followed by exercise frequency (p<0.05). In contrast, exercise intensity (p>0.05) did not significantly affect social anxiety levels. Conclusion The most influential factors associated with decreased social anxiety were: 1) moderate to high exercise intensity, 2) exercise duration of at least one hour, and 3) exercise frequency of at least 1–2 times per week. Among these factors, exercise duration and frequency demonstrated significantly stronger associations with reduced social anxiety. Therefore, it is advisable to prioritize exercise duration and frequency in physical activity programs for college students to reduce social anxiety and achieve more substantial outcomes.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the relationships between various exercise components (frequency, intensity, duration) and social anxiety. Methods: A sample of 844 college students in China participated in this study. The Physical Activity Rating Scale-3 assessed participants’ daily physical activity. Social anxiety levels were measured using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. A questionnaire was developed to collect demographic information and examine the relationships between exercise components and social anxiety levels. Results: One-way analysis of variance revealed significant differences in social anxiety levels across varying physical activity intensities. Specifically, students engaging in high levels of physical activity exhibited the lowest social anxiety. Post hoc analyses identified that exercise frequency F3 (p<0.01), exercise duration D5 (p<0.01), and exercise intensity I3 (p<0.01) were significantly associated with the lowest social anxiety levels. Among these components, regression analysis indicated that exercise duration (p<0.01) had the most substantial impact on social anxiety levels, followed by exercise frequency (p<0.05). In contrast, exercise intensity (p>0.05) did not significantly affect social anxiety levels. Conclusion The most influential factors associated with decreased social anxiety were: 1) moderate to high exercise intensity, 2) exercise duration of at least one hour, and 3) exercise frequency of at least 1–2 times per week. Among these factors, exercise duration and frequency demonstrated significantly stronger associations with reduced social anxiety. Therefore, it is advisable to prioritize exercise duration and frequency in physical activity programs for college students to reduce social anxiety and achieve more substantial outcomes.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the relationships between various exercise components (frequency, intensity, duration) and social anxiety. Methods: A sample of 844 college students in China participated in this study. The Physical Activity Rating Scale-3 assessed participants’ daily physical activity. Social anxiety levels were measured using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. A questionnaire was developed to collect demographic information and examine the relationships between exercise components and social anxiety levels. Results: One-way analysis of variance revealed significant differences in social anxiety levels across varying physical activity intensities. Specifically, students engaging in high levels of physical activity exhibited the lowest social anxiety. Post hoc analyses identified that exercise frequency F3 (p<0.01), exercise duration D5 (p<0.01), and exercise intensity I3 (p<0.01) were significantly associated with the lowest social anxiety levels. Among these components, regression analysis indicated that exercise duration (p<0.01) had the most substantial impact on social anxiety levels, followed by exercise frequency (p<0.05). In contrast, exercise intensity (p>0.05) did not significantly affect social anxiety levels. Conclusion The most influential factors associated with decreased social anxiety were: 1) moderate to high exercise intensity, 2) exercise duration of at least one hour, and 3) exercise frequency of at least 1–2 times per week. Among these factors, exercise duration and frequency demonstrated significantly stronger associations with reduced social anxiety. Therefore, it is advisable to prioritize exercise duration and frequency in physical activity programs for college students to reduce social anxiety and achieve more substantial outcomes.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the relationships between various exercise components (frequency, intensity, duration) and social anxiety. Methods: A sample of 844 college students in China participated in this study. The Physical Activity Rating Scale-3 assessed participants’ daily physical activity. Social anxiety levels were measured using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. A questionnaire was developed to collect demographic information and examine the relationships between exercise components and social anxiety levels. Results: One-way analysis of variance revealed significant differences in social anxiety levels across varying physical activity intensities. Specifically, students engaging in high levels of physical activity exhibited the lowest social anxiety. Post hoc analyses identified that exercise frequency F3 (p<0.01), exercise duration D5 (p<0.01), and exercise intensity I3 (p<0.01) were significantly associated with the lowest social anxiety levels. Among these components, regression analysis indicated that exercise duration (p<0.01) had the most substantial impact on social anxiety levels, followed by exercise frequency (p<0.05). In contrast, exercise intensity (p>0.05) did not significantly affect social anxiety levels. Conclusion The most influential factors associated with decreased social anxiety were: 1) moderate to high exercise intensity, 2) exercise duration of at least one hour, and 3) exercise frequency of at least 1–2 times per week. Among these factors, exercise duration and frequency demonstrated significantly stronger associations with reduced social anxiety. Therefore, it is advisable to prioritize exercise duration and frequency in physical activity programs for college students to reduce social anxiety and achieve more substantial outcomes.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the relationships between various exercise components (frequency, intensity, duration) and social anxiety. Methods: A sample of 844 college students in China participated in this study. The Physical Activity Rating Scale-3 assessed participants’ daily physical activity. Social anxiety levels were measured using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. A questionnaire was developed to collect demographic information and examine the relationships between exercise components and social anxiety levels. Results: One-way analysis of variance revealed significant differences in social anxiety levels across varying physical activity intensities. Specifically, students engaging in high levels of physical activity exhibited the lowest social anxiety. Post hoc analyses identified that exercise frequency F3 (p<0.01), exercise duration D5 (p<0.01), and exercise intensity I3 (p<0.01) were significantly associated with the lowest social anxiety levels. Among these components, regression analysis indicated that exercise duration (p<0.01) had the most substantial impact on social anxiety levels, followed by exercise frequency (p<0.05). In contrast, exercise intensity (p>0.05) did not significantly affect social anxiety levels. Conclusion The most influential factors associated with decreased social anxiety were: 1) moderate to high exercise intensity, 2) exercise duration of at least one hour, and 3) exercise frequency of at least 1–2 times per week. Among these factors, exercise duration and frequency demonstrated significantly stronger associations with reduced social anxiety. Therefore, it is advisable to prioritize exercise duration and frequency in physical activity programs for college students to reduce social anxiety and achieve more substantial outcomes.

Posttraumatic acute diffuse brain swelling (PADBS) is a relatively common severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Since it can lead to acute intracranial hypertension in a short time, the illness can be acute and critical, with a high disability and fatality rate. The pathogenesis of PADBS is still unclear, with the current theory consisting of acute cerebral vasodilation, cerebral edema and intracranial venous circulation disorder. For PADBS, there is still a lack of unified diagnostic criteria, and the indications and timing of decompression craniectomy remain controversial. The authors review the research progress in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of PADBS, hoping to provide some new ideas for its treatment.

Objective To investigate the risk factors,mechanism and treatment strategies of expanding regional brain injury (traumatic intracerebral contusion or hematoma) in patients with acute traumatic epidural hematoma (ATEDH) after surgical evacuation.Methods Fifty-nine patients with ATEDH,admired to and accepted surgical evacuation in our hospital from February 2013 to September 2018,were chosen in this study;their clinical data and CT imaging data were retrospectively analyzed.The volume ofintracranial hematoma was measured by 3D Slicer software.According to the progress of local brain injury revealed by first CT examination after surgical evacuation,patients with ATEDH were divided into progressive group and non-progressive group.Risk factors of patients with expanding regional brain injury after surgery were analyzed by univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses.Results After surgery,22 showed expanding regional brain injury,accounting for 37.29％:9 occurred expanding intracerebral hematoma,and 2 of them died after conservative treatment;two had both expanding intracerebral contusion and hematoma;11 expanding intracerebral contusion patients developed into hematoma,and three of them occurred delayed intracerebral hematoma adjacent to the area of ATEDH,and two underwent secondary craniotomy with good recovery.As compared with patients from the non-progressive group,progressive group had significantly higher percentages of patients with preoperative hyperglycemia (＞9.1 mmol/L),patients with preoperative abnormal coagulation and patients accepted decompressive craniectomy (P＜0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that preoperative abnormal coagulation was an independent risk factor for expanding intracerebral contusion or hematoma after surgery (OR=6.498,95％CI:1.076-39.253,P=0.041).Conclusion Expanding regional brain injury has high morbidity in patients with ATEDH after surgery evacuation;preoperative abnormal coagulation is an independent risk factor for its occurrence.

Objective To explore the risk factors,mechanism and treatment strategies of secondary brain injury (cerebral hemorrhage or cerebral infarction/encephaledema) adjacent to acute epidural hematoma after surgical evacuation.Methods Forty-four patients with acute epidural hematoma underwent craniotomy in our hospital from March 2013 to December 2018 were chosen in this study.According to postoperative CT or MR imaging examination results,patients were divided into group of secondary brain injury (n=11) and group of non-secondary brain injury (n=33).The clinical data of the two groups were compared,and the significance of epidural hematoma thickness in assessing secondary brain injury was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Binary Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the independent risk factors affecting secondary brain injury.Results After surgery,11 showed secondary brain injury:3 occurred cerebral hemorrhage,one of whom was diagnosed as having cerebral venous hemorrhage in the cortical vein drainage area caused by traumatic cerebral venous circulation disorder;6 had cerebral infarction/encephaledema,and 2 occurred hemorrhagic cerebral infarction/encephaledema;two underwent secondary craniotomy and both achieved satisfactory effect.As compared with patients from the non-secondary brain injury group,patients fromsecondary brain injury group had significantly higher percentage of patients with epidural hematoma thickness ≥ 33.5 mm (P＜0.05).ROC curve analysis showed that the thickness of epidural hematoma had predictive value in secondary brain injury after surgery (P＜0.05),and area under the curve was 0.722 and diagnostic threshold was 33.5 mm.Binary Logistic regression analysis revealed that epidural hematoma thickness ≥33.5 mm was an independent risk factor for secondary brain injury adjacent to epidural hematoma after surgery (odds ratio=7.367,P=0.024,95％CI=1.298-41.797).Conclusions Acuteepidural hematoma thickness ≥33.5 mm is a high-risk factor associated with secondary brain injury adjacent to epidural hematoma after surgery.Intracranial venous circulatory disorders have non-negligible effect on occurrence of secondary brain injury.

As an essential component of intracranial venous circulation,cortical veins are prone to be injured or compressed,and cortical venous thrombosis was formed after traumatic brain injury (TBI) because of their special anatomical position,which could result in intracranial venous retum disorders,intracranial hypertension,and brain parenchymal damage in drainage areas.The cortical venous related circulation disorders after TBI are summed up in this review.

Objective: To optimize the extraction technology of Chinese medicinal materials in Yanyanling dispersible tablets.Methods: Orthogonal design was used to study the effects of three factors, including the ratio of liquid to materials, extraction time and extraction times on the extraction rate of Chinese medicinal materials and the comprehensive score of gallic acid content and total solid yield was used as the index.Results: The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: the ratio of materials to liquid was 1∶10 (g·ml-1), the extraction time was one hour, and the extraction times was three.Conclusion: Under the optimum conditions, the extraction rate of gallic acid in Chinese medicinal materials in Yanyanling dispersible tablets is 0.058%, and the total solid yield is 21.4%.The optimal process is stable and feasible, which can provide reference for the production of Yanyanling dispersible tablets.