Medicinal plants are a valuable source of essential medicines and herbal products for healthcare and disease therapy. Compared with chemical synthesis and extraction, the biosynthesis of natural products is a very promising alternative for the successful conservation of medicinal plants, and its rapid development will greatly facilitate the conservation and sustainable utilization of medicinal plants. Here, we summarize the advances in strategies and methods concerning the biosynthesis and production of natural products of medicinal plants. The strategies and methods mainly include genetic engineering, plant cell culture engineering, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology based on multiple "OMICS" technologies, with paradigms for the biosynthesis of terpenoids and alkaloids. We also highlight the biosynthetic approaches and discuss progress in the production of some valuable natural products, exemplifying compounds such as vindoline (alkaloid), artemisinin and paclitaxel (terpenoids), to illustrate the power of biotechnology in medicinal plants.

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics of adult Chinese patients with syncope.Methods:This is a cross-sectional survey study. Patients with preliminary diagnosis of syncope in the Emergency Department, Geriatrics and Cardiology Outpatient Department, or Syncope Unit of 37 hospitals in 19 provinces, autonomous regions and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region from June 2018 to March 2021 were included in this study. The clinical features of these patients with syncope were analyzed.Results:A total of 4 950 consecutive patients with syncope were included in this study. The age was (56.3±16.8)years, and 2 604 cases (52.6%) were male. The most common type of syncope was neurally mediated syncope (2 345 (47.4%)), followed by cardiac syncope (1 085 (21.9%)), orthostatic hypotensive syncope (311 (6.3%)), and unexplained syncope accounted for nearly one third (1 155 (23.3%)). Predisposing syncope was more common in patients under 65 years of age(2 066(72.4%) vs. 786(27.6%),χ 2=136.5, P<0.001). Presyncope was more common in patients with neurally mediated syncope (1 972(79.0%) vs.1 908(73.9%), χ 2=17.756, P<0.001). Premonitory symptoms were more common in women(1 837(80.0%) vs. 1 863(73.0%),χ 2=33.432, P<0.001). Presyncope syndrome was more common in patients under 65 years of age (2 482(77.8%) vs. 1 218(73.4%),χ 2=17.523, P=0.001). Cyanosis was more common in ≥65 years old patients (271(18.2%) vs. 369(12.7%), χ 2=23.235, P<0.001). Urinary incontinence was more common in old patients aged ≥65 years(252(15.2%) vs. 345(10.8%), χ 2=19.313, P<0.001). Family history was more common in patients with cardiogenic syncope compared with other types of syncope (264(24.3%) vs. 754(19.5%), χ 2=11.899, P=0.001). Hypertention(1 480(30.5%)), coronary heart disease(1 057(21.4%)), atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation(359(7.2%)), second degree atrioventricular block(236(4.8%)) were common complications of syncope. The proportion of patients with coronary heart disease was significantly higher in cardiac syncope than that of other types of syncope(417(38.4%) vs. 640(16.6%), χ 2=241.376, P<0.001). Other common complications included cerebrovascular diseases (551 (11.1%)) and diabetes mellitus (632(12.8%)). Conclusions:Neurally mediated syncope is the most common syncope in adult Chinese population. Patients with predisposing conditions and premonitory conditions are younger. Presyncope is more common in women. The proportion of family history and coronary heart disease is higher in patients with cardiogenic syncope.

Vertical one-and-a-half syndrome (VOHS) is a rare ophthalmoplegia syndrome caused by unilateral thalamo-mesencephalic infarct. It is manifested as a conjugate upgaze palsy and a monocular paresis of downward gaze. Recognition of VOHS helps clinical localization. No cases of VOHS with photos or videos of ocular motility have been reported in China. Herein a case of VOHS caused by unilateral thalamo-mesencephalic infarct is reported, in order to improve awareness about the ocular sign.

"The Expert Group on Tumor Ablation Therapy of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, The Tumor Ablation Committee of Chinese College of Interventionalists, The Society of Tumor Ablation Therapy of Chinese Anti-Cancer Association and The Ablation Expert Committee of the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology" have organized multidisciplinary experts to formulate the consensus for thermal ablation of pulmonary subsolid nodules or ground-glass nodule (GGN). The expert consensus reviews current literatures and provides clinical practices for thermal ablation of GGN. The main contents include: (1) clinical evaluation of GGN, (2) procedures, indications, contraindications, outcomes evaluation and related complications of thermal ablation for GGN and (3) future development directions.
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【Objective】 To investigate the expression level of B7-H6 in peripheral blood and bone marrow of patient with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and to analyze its association with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. 【Methods】 A total of 120 CML patients from January 2010 to May 2013 were selected as study subjects. The expression of B7-H6 mRNA in CML peripheral blood and bone marrow pre- and 3-, 6-, 12-month-posttreatment was detected by quantitative real time PCR, and its correlation between prognosis and clinicopathological factors was analyzed. 【Results】 The expression level of B7-H6 mRNA in the PB, BMMCs of CML patients was lower than that of the normal population (P<0.05). B7-H6 mRNA in PB at 3-, 6-, 12-month-posttreatment increased as compared with that of pre-treatment (P < 0.05). As treatment time prolonged, the expression level of B7-H6 mRNA increased gradually (P < 0.05). B7-H6 levels in BM samples from CML with BCR-ABL1/ABL≤0.1%, CCR were significantly higher than that in patients with BCR-ABL1/ABL>0.1%(P<0.0001) or without CCR (P<0.001). The expression level of B7-H6 in BMMCs was negatively correlated with the BCR-ABL1/ABL level (r=–0.260, P<0.05). Signifiant difference in PFS was observed between patients with high expression level of B7-H6 (not reached, HR: 0.06, 95% CI =0.03-0.37) and low expression level (81 months, HR: 15.58, 95% CI =2.68-30.23) in BM (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 The low expression of the B7-H6 gene in CML is correlated with BCR-ABL1 copy number and responsiveness to treatment, and monitoring of B7-H6 expression may be used to evaluate CML prognosis, progression and treatment efficacy.

Seesaw nystagmus is a rare spontaneous ocular movement,which refers to mixed torsional-vertical nystagmus with conjugate torsional components and the vertical components in the opposite directions.It is divided into the pendular and jerky types,according to the movement features.Seesaw nystagmus has not been reported in China.We herein report a case of jerky seesaw nystagmus caused by mesencephalic and thalamic infarcts,in order to improve awareness about the ocular sign.

Objective: To describe clinical features and prognosis of segmental zoster paralysis of limbs. Methods: Three patients with segmental zoster paralysis of limbs in Huashan Hospital from January 2018 to January 2019 were reported, and a total of 23 patients (including the presenting three patients) until January 2019 in China were summarized. Results: Case 1: A 72-year-old man developed right foot drop three days after herpes zoster in the right lower limb (L_4-5,S₁). The electrophysiological study showed incomplete common peroneal nerve injury. He was treated with anti-virus drug, mecobalamine and steroids, and achieved a complete recovery after six months. Case 2: A 62-year-old woman developed difficulty raising the right arm one week after herpes zoster in the right shoulder and upper limb (C_5-6). The electrophysiological study showed incomplete axillary nerve injury. He was treated with mecobalamine and ginkgo leaf preparation, and achieved an almost full recovery after six months. Case 3: A 86-year-old woman developed left hand weakness two weeks after herpes zoster in the left upper limb, chest and back (C_7-8,T_1-3). The electrophysiological study was not performed. She was treated with mecobalamine and ginkgo leaf preparation and got achieved an almost full recovery after three months. Conclusions Segmental zoster paralysis of limbs was most commonly seen in the elders, within weeks after rash eruptions. Focal motor paralysis appeared in the same segment where the skin eruptions occurred, with the upper limbs being more commonly affected than the lower ones. The electrophysiological study usually showed terminal nerve injuries. The prognosis was relatively good and most of the patients achieved functional recovery.

is famous for its important therapeutic effects. Saponins are bioactive compounds found in different parts and developmental stages of plants. Thus, it is urgently to study saponins distribution in different parts and growth ages of plants. In this study, potential biomarkers were found, and their chemical characteristic differences were revealed through metabolomic analysis. High-performance liquid chromatography data indicated the higher content of saponins (, Rg1, Re, Rd, and Rb1) in the underground parts than that in the aerial parts. 20()-Protopanaxadiol saponins were mainly distributed in the aerial parts. Additionally, the total saponin content in the 3-year-old plant (188.0 mg/g) was 1.4-fold higher than that in 2-year-old plant (130.5 mg/g). The transcriptomic analysis indicated the tissue-specific transcription expression of genes, namely, , , , , and , which encoded critical synthases in saponin biosyntheses. These genes showed similar expression patterns among the parts of plants. The expression levels of these genes in the flowers and leaves were 5.2fold higher than that in the roots and fibrils. These results suggested that saponins might be actively synthesized in the aerial parts and transformed to the underground parts. This study provides insights into the chemical and genetic characteristics of to facilitate the synthesis of its secondary metabolites and a scientific basis for appropriate collection and rational use of this plant.

The cultivation of plants is hindered by replanting problems, which may be caused by plant-driven changes in the soil microbial community. Inoculation with microbial antagonists may efficiently alleviate replanting issues. Through high-throughput sequencing, this study revealed that bacterial diversity decreased, whereas fungal diversity increased, in the rhizosphere soils of adult ginseng plants at the root growth stage under different ages. Few microbial community, such as , Cytophagaceae, , , Sphingomonadaceae, and Zygomycota, were observed; the relative abundance of microorganisms, namely, , Enterobacteriaceae, , Cantharellales, , , and Chytridiomycota, increased in the soils of adult ginseng plants compared with those in the soils of 2-year-old seedlings. 50-1, a microbial antagonist against the pathogenic , was isolated through a dual culture technique. These bacteria acted with a biocontrol efficacy of 67.8%. The ginseng death rate and abundance decreased by 63.3% and 46.1%, respectively, after inoculation with 50-1. Data revealed that microecological degradation could result from ginseng-driven changes in rhizospheric microbial communities; these changes are associated with the different ages and developmental stages of ginseng plants. Biocontrol using microbial antagonists alleviated the replanting problem.

Research teams work together to solve the technical bottleneck in the Panax notoginseng industry.These research directions mainly focus on breeding of new variety,alleviating the continuous cropping obstacles,building standard system and so on.We used methods such as biotechnology,information technology and so on,to realize digitization,network and intellectualization in the process of selection of producing areas,field management,harvest storage,solved key issues of the precise selection of producing areas,variety breeding,soil improvement,fertilization management,and realized the precision and optimization of ginseng cultivation.We built the composite technology system of pollution-free notoginseng.This technology system mainly contained the breeding of new cultivar,the composite technology of soil improvement,the cultivation system of pollution-free notoginseng and quality traceability system.A new disease-resistant cultivar of notoginseng was bred,which offered feasibility for the notoginseng continuous cropping.We first presented composite improvement technology of notoginseng continuous cropping soil.This improvement technology has been used in the field.This technology system of soil restoration and improvement guaranteed notoginseng continuous cropping.A first standard system of pollution-free notoginseng was issued.It established standard of high-quality notoginseng materials.Finally,quality traceability system of notoginseng was finished,which safeguarded the controllable quality.This composite technology system offers references for the cultivation of other Chinese herbal medicines.