Objective:To evaluate the distribution characteristics of choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in macula among normal children using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT), and to investigate the influencing factors.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted.Sixty-three children aged 6 to 12 years were enrolled in The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from May 2021 to November 2021.Spherical equivalent refraction, axial length (AL) and other ocular biological parameters were measured.Macula-centered CVI and choroidal thickness (ChT) were measured by SS-OCT angiography.According to the ETDRS partition, the obtained image was divided into macular central fovea (0-1 mm diameter), inner ring (1-3 mm diameter) and outer ring (3-6 mm diameter) zones.Data from the right eye were selected for statistical analysis.CVI in the three rings and four zones (superior, temporal, inferior and nasal zones) of the inner and outer rings were compared.Univariate and multiple linear regression analyses were used to analyze the correlation between CVI and sex, AL, anterior chamber depth (ACD), ChT and pupil diameter.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (No.2021-KY-0399-003). Written informed consent was obtained from each guardian.Results:The average CVI in the macular central fovea, inner ring and outer ring were 0.35±0.12, 0.32±0.10 and 0.27±0.08, respectively, with a significant difference ( F=10.96, P<0.001), and significant differences in CVI were found in pairwise comparisons of the three ring zones (all at P<0.05). Significant differences in CVI were found among superior, temporal, inferior and nasal zones in inner and outer rings ( Fring=11.60, P=0.001; Fzone=12.02, P<0.05). The CVI was smaller in superior and nasal zones in inner ring than in temporal zone, greater in superior, temporal and inferior zones in outer ring than in nasal zone, smaller in superior zone of outer ring than that of the inner ring, and the differences were statistically significant (all at P<0.001). The single factor linear regression analysis showed that ChT in the fovea, inner ring and outer ring were the influencing factors of CVI in the three ring zones (all at β=0.001, P<0.001). Pupil diameter ( β=0.034, P=0.038; β=0.040, P=0.003; β=0.024, P=0.011) and ACD ( β=0.097, P=0.034; β=0.097, P=0.013; β=0.061, P=0.032) were the influencing factors of CVI in fovea, inner ring and outer ring.After multiple linear regression analysis, the regression equations were established as follows: CVI in the macular fovea=0.001×ChT in the macular fovea + 0.001×ChT in the inner ring+ 0.001×ChT in the outer ring-0.301 ( R2=0.514, F=6.875, P<0.001); CVI in the inner ring=0.001×ChT in the macular fovea+ 0.001×ChT in the inner ring+ 0.001×ChT in the outer ring+ 0.088×AL-0.307 ( R2=0.603, F=9.870, P<0.001); CVI in the outer ring=0.001×ChT in the macular fovea+ 0.001×ChT in the inner ring+ 0.001×ChT in the outer ring-0.135 ( R2=0.601, F=9.781, P<0.001). Conclusions:In children aged 6-12 years old, the CVI is higher in the macular central fovea than in inner and outer rings, and the CVI in nasal zone is the smallest in both inner and outer rings.The thicker the ChT, the higher the CVI in all zones in the macular area; the deeper the anterior chamber, the higher the CVI in the inner ring.

The double-lumen endobronchial tubes are usually applied to the anesthesia of wet lung operation for the isolation of both lungs during anesthesia and one-lung ventilation.Many young physicians of the department and on-the-anesthesia training doctors are very interested in the intubatton.According to the past teaching experiences,some opinions are given in such aspects as the tube standard,pre-checking,estimation of the intubation depth and the significance of monitoring the airway resistance.These basic considerations are always easily overlooked by some young anesthetists.

The experimental results showed that the level of CAMP, the ratio of cAPM to cGMP,IL-2R expression and IL-2 production in vitro in lymphocytes immediate and 2 weeks after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were significantly lower than those before anesthetics in the patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB. These findings suggested that CPB could cause serious damage to adrenergic beta receptor-adenylate cyclase system on circulating lymphocytes surfaces,which might be one of the mechanisms resulting in immunosuppression after open heart surgery with CPB.

The experimental results showed that the level of CAMP, the ratio of cAPM to cGMP,IL-2R expression and IL-2 production in vitro in lymphocytes immediate and 2 weeks after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were significantly lower than those before anesthetics in the patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB. These findings suggested that CPB could cause serious damage to adrenergic beta receptor-adenylate cyclase system on circulating lymphocytes surfaces,which might be one of the mechanisms resulting in immunosuppression after open heart surgery with CPB.

Objective:The stimulative effects of clonidine on release of enkephalin and substance P from periaqueductal gray was studied to analyse the analgesic neurotransmitters related to alpha 2 adrenoceptor activation. Method: Twenty SD rats were allocated in pairs to receiving intraperitoneal clonidine 40?g in clonidine group or normal saline in control group. Immunohistochemical technique was used to measure the contents of enkephalin and substance P in slice of rat midbrain. Result:The immunoreaction of enkephalin from slice of rat midbrain was decreased significantly in clonidine group compared with control group(P

Objective:The somatosensory evoked cerebral potential (SEP)was used to assess the analgesia effect of clonidine. Method: Twenty-three SD rats was randomly divided into two groups, the control group (n=8) and clonidine group (n=15). The control group rats was injected 1 ml normal saline to peritoneal cavity and the clonidine group rats was injected 10mg(1ml) clonidine peritoneally. The SEP waves were recorded in both groups at preinjection and 20,40,60 min after injection. Pain relief ratio was calculated according to the N15-P25 peak-peak amplitude of SEP wave. Result:SEP amplitude and latency were markedly reduced in clonidine group and remained unchanged in control group. The peak Pain relief ratio was 80. 6％at 20-40 min after clonidine administration. Conclusion:Clonidine does have a effect of pain relief

Objective: To evaluate the safety of controlled hypotension produced by human ?-calcitonin gene-related peptide(?-hCGRP)and sodium nitroprusside. Method: Twenty SD rats were randomly divided into ?-hCGRP(C) and sodium nitroprusside(S) groups. Animals in group C were infused intravenously with 0.001％ ?-hCGRP and those in group S with 0.01％ sodium nitroprusside. The mean blood pressure of rat was reduced to 6.7kPa and maintained for 30 min. Cerebral glucose,lactate,ATP, and phosphocreatine levels were measured at 0 and 30th min of hypotension. Result: Cerebral glucose level increased slightly,lactate level decreased significantly,ATP and phosphocreatine contents did not change in group C at 30th min of hypotension compared with those at 0 min of hypotension,respectively.Cerebral glucose level increased slightly,lactate concentration increased significantly,ATP and phosphocreatine contents decreased significantly in group S at 30th min of hypotension in comparison with those at 0 min of hypotension, respectively. Conclusion: Hypotension induced with alpha-hCGRP can maintain adequate cerebral oxygen supply,but with sodium nitroprusside may cause cerebral hypoxia.

Ten mongrel dogs,divided randomly into a control group (A) and a cerebroplegia group (B) ,were supported by closed-chest cardiopulmonary bypass,subjected to 2 hours of hypothermic circulatory arrest at 18 C. In group B, oxygenated asanguineous solution 50ml/kg was infused into the carotid artery at the onset of arrest. and 10 ml/kg was supplemented every 30 minutes during 2hours arrest. Nothing was infused in group A. Then all animals were rewarmed to 37 C and killed 6 hours later At five time points cerebral cortex was collected to study adnosine triphosphate (ATP),malondialde hyde (MDA) and ultrastructure. Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded continuously. In group A, ATP content decreased gradually from the beginning of arrest to the end of the experiment (P

Haemorheological changes, including blood viscosity (?b) and plasma viscosity (?p) measured on a cone-plate viscometer, erythrocyte aggregation calculated, erytkrocyte deformability (DI) determined by the nuclear pore microfiltration technique and red blood cell shape using scanning electromicroscopy, were observed in patients during anesthesia There acs a significant reduction in ?b (at shear rates range 7. 68- 307. 20 s-l ), ?p and haemotocrit after induction (preintubation ) and 30 min after enflurane in the presence of iv fentanyl, compared with pre-aneathesia, accompanying remarkable increased DI. No changes of erythrocyte shape, however, was found add, nor was the difference of the index between induction period and maintenance of anesthesia. These findings suggest that general anesthesia leads to haemorheological alterations which may improve the microcirculation of the patients.

In order to evaluate the post-traumatic changes of serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF_?) and their relationship to the occurance of multiple system organ failure (MSOF), 80 adult patients with severe multiple trauma(SMT), injury severity score(ISS) 32?14. served as the tested subjects. of which 50 cases received operations and the other did not. Thirty adult patient, scheduled for elective abdominal surgery, were randomly chosen as trauma control, and 20 healthy blood donors acted as normal control. The venous blood samples were taken on that day of injury, 3, 10 and 20 days post-traumatically, and immediately before dis charge. to measure serum concentrations of IL-6 by immunocytochemistry method and TNF_? by enzymo-immunoassay, respectively. The diagnosis of post-traumatic MSOF was made according to Baue's criteria. As compared with normal control levels, the concentrations of IL-6 and TFN_?, increased significantly in patients with SMT(P0.05). In comparison correspondingly with those of trauma control, the levels of IL-6 and TFN_? were elevated markedly (P