Objective: To understand the subjective and objective comfort evaluations of students from different age groups on desks and chairs, so as to provide reference for standardized allocation and use of desks and chairs. Methods: From January to April 2024, a total of 2 446 students were selected from 26 schools in 13 districts (counties/cities) in Shanghai, Tianjin, and Wuxi from Jiangsu Province by using cluster random method, including students in kindergartens, primary schools, junior high schools,senior high schools, colleges and universities. Standardized procedures were used to measure the height and weight of participants, and the matching desks and chairs models were selected according to the height. The subjective comfort of students on matching desks and chairs was investigated, and their objective comfort was evaluated by using a self designed questionnaire. The χ 2 test was used to analyze the differences of subjective perception and objective evaluation in comfort between different types of desks and chairs. Results: About 84.1% of the students subjectively thought that large desks and small chairs were very comfortable or relatively comfortable, followed by large desks and chairs (75.7%), and the proportion of small desks and chairs was the lowest among the three types (46.2%), and the difference was statistically significant ( χ 2=722.46, P <0.01). The reporting rates of primary school, junior high school and senior high school students who subjectively considered large desks and chairs to be very comfortable/relatively comfortable were higher than that of other types of desks and chairs, and the differences were statistically significant ( χ 2=297.49, 252.82, 343.67, P <0.01). However, there was no significant difference in the subjective comfort evaluation of different types of desks and chairs among kindergarten children ( χ 2=3.21, P >0.05), and 66.3% of the students in colleges and universities felt very comfortable/relatively comfortable when they used the matching standard desks and chairs. The objective evaluation results of the comfort for the three types of desks and chairs were consistent with the subjective evaluation, but the proportions of the objective evaluation as very comfortable/relatively comfortable were higher than that of the subjective evaluation ( χ 2=20.76- 813.47, P <0.01). Conclusions Large desks and chairs, as well as large desks with small chairs are perceived comfortable, while small desks and chairs are perceived less comfortable. It is recommended to match the large desks and chairs or large desks and small chairs that are suitable for them according to the "standard", to promote physical and mental health of students.

Objective: To investigate the differences in the comfort of desks and chairs furniture among students with different body types according to the standard, so as to provide a reference for guiding students with overweight and obesity to choose the correct study furniture and revising the standards. Methods: From January to April 2024, 2 443 students from 26 schools in 13 districts (counties/cities) in Shanghai, Tianjin, and Jiangsu Province were selected by the cluster random sampling method to conduct physical examination. The subjective and objective evaluations of the comfort of height matched desks and chairs were investigated. The students were divided into non overweight, overweight, and obesity groups according to relevant criteria, and stratified analysis was performed. The χ 2 test was used to analyze differences in the comfort evaluations of desks and chairs among students with different body types. Results: Among the 2 443 students surveyed, 16.7% and 12.6% were respectively classified as overweight and obese. All students assigned the highest comfort ratings to large desks and small chairs (84.1%), and consistency was observed between students subjective and objective evaluations. The reporting rate of samll desks and chairs of obesity students subjective evaluation was lower (36.8%) than that of overweight and non overweight/obesity students (52.1%, 48.0%) ( χ 2=14.63, P <0.01). The overweight and obese group of primary school students had a worse evaluation of the comfort of large desks and chairs and small desks and chairs than those of the non overweight and obese groups( χ 2=15.78, 7.63, P <0.05). Among high school students, the overweight and obese group had worse evaluation of the comfort of large desks and chairs, as well as large desks and small chairs, than those of the non-overweight and obese groups( χ 2=9.62, 11.77, P <0.05). The objective evaluations revealed low compliance ratings on the posture of the thighs and calves for naturally forming an angle greater than 90° (55.6%), and headroom height under the table (50.3%) with small desks and chairs ( χ 2=94.05, 166.47, P <0.05). Conclusions Compared with non overweight/obese students, students with overweight and obese students report poor comfort evaluations of height matched desks and chairs. Revision of the standard should consider the body types of students, and evaluations of the comfort of desks and chairs furniture by students with overweight and obesity should be improved.

Objective: To understand the home reading-writing levels among children and adolescents in Shanghai after school, and to explore its association with screening myopia, so as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of myopia. Methods: From April to December 2024, 641 primary and middle school students were recruited from 2 urban schools and 1 rural school in Shanghai to participate in the survey. An illuminance meter was used to measure the illuminance of home reading-writing activities after school. Screening myopia was determined through visual acuity examination and refractive detection under non ciliary muscle paralysis conditions among children and adolescents. A binary Logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between home reading-writing illuminance and screening myopia. Results: The detection rate of screening myopia among children and adolescents in Shanghai was 59.9%. The median home reading-writing illuminance after school was 340.9(112.2, 753.5) lx, and 45.4% was found of less than 300 lx. The family illuminance in the primary school stage [432.0 (136.9, 837.0) lx] was higher than that in the junior high school stage [113.1(53.7, 375.1) lx], and main urban area group [503.9 (212.6, 969.5) lx] was higher than that in the rural group [141.6 (53.7, 416.9) lx], the differences were statistically significant (Z=-7.56, -9.95,both P<0.05). The results of Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the family illuminance of 150-500 lx, children and adolescents with family illuminance<150 and >500 lx had increased risks of screening myopia detection[OR(95%CI)=1.56(1.01-2.42), 1.74(1.15-2.62),both P<0.05]. Conclusions The home reading-writing illuminance after school is suboptimal. Both excessively low and high home reading-writing illuminance levels are associated with screen-detected myopia. It is necessary for children and adolescents to improve lighting conditions during evening reading-writing activities, and strengthen health education according to different regions and school stages.

Objective: To understand the indoor light at night (LAN) exposure intensity during sleep among children and adolescents in Shanghai, so as to provide a basis for exploring potential health risks and formulating effective interventions. Methods: From April to December in 2024, a total of 628 students in grades 4-7 were recruited from three schools in Shanghai. A portable illuminance meter was used to measure LAN for one week, and participants recorded their sleep time. The Kruskal-Wallis H- test was used for comparison between groups, and the error bar chart was used to show the trend and variation range of average LAN exposure intensity in different sleep periods. Results: The indoor LAN exposure intensity of children and adolescents in Shanghai was [2.4(0.8, 5.9)lx] during sleep, and 28.8% of children and adolescents were exposed to indoor LAN≥5 lx. There was no significant differences in indoor LAN exposure intensity between boys [2.4(1.0, 5.9)lx] and girls [2.3(0.7, 5.9)lx] ( Z=-0.86, P > 0.05 ). The indoor LAN exposure intensity of primary school students [2.9(1.1, 6.6)lx] was higher than that of junior high school students [1.0(0.3, 3.1)lx] ( Z =-5.87), and indoor LAN exposure intensity of students in the main urban area [3.2(1.1, 7.8)lx] was higher than that of rural students [1.6(0.5, 4.3)lx] ( Z =-5.23)(both P <0.05). The indoor LAN exposure intensity showed an overall decreasing trend during sleep of children and adolescents ( tau=-0.81, P =0.02), with a slight increase before waking up. Conclusions Indoor LAN exposure intensity among children and adolescents in Shanghai is generally high, especially among primary school students and students living in the main urban area. Health policy and education should be strengthened to reduce the impact of LAN on children and adolescent health.

Objective: To understand the current status and associated factors of comorbidity of common illnesses among primary and middle school students in Shanghai, so as to provide a reference for improving the pathogenic environment and preventing the occurrence of comorbidity of common illnesses. Methods: From September to November 2021, a stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 30 331 middle school students from 112 schools in 16 districts of Shanghai, each with 2 primary schools, 2 junior high schools, 2 high schools and 1 vocational high school. Elementary school students, their health status and influencing factor questionnaires were analyzed. Results: The detection rate of two or more common diseases such as myopia, overweight and obesity, high blood pressure, and abnormal spinal curvature among primary and secondary school students in Shanghai was 38.91%, of which 29.64% of primary and secondary school students had two diseases at the same time, and 9.19% had three diseases, 0.09% had 4 diseases. The detection rate of comorbidity was higher in boys (44.12%) than in girls (33.40%), and higher in junior high school students (40.40%) than in high school students (38.58%) and primary school students (38.01%). The differences were statistically significant (χ2=366.44, 50.33, P<0.01). Multifactor Logistic regression analysis showed that girls sometimes supervise themselves and often remind themselves that their sitting and standing postures were negatively correlated with the common comorbidities of primary and secondary school students (OR=0.64, 0.93, 0.90); junior middle school students and watching TV/d ≥1 h, using computers for ≥1 h/d, and using mobile electronic devices for >1 h/d were positively correlated with the comorbidity of common diseases among primary and secondary school students (OR=1.07, 1.10, 1.06, 1.10) (P<0.05). Conclusions The prevalence of comorbidity of common illnesses among primary and middle school students in Shanghai is not optimistic, which might be associated with combined effects of various external environmental factors. Targeted intervention should be implemented to effectively prevent the occurrence of comorbidities among students.

Objective: To understand the status of teaching environmental health in primary and secondary schools and explore its association with myopia, so as to provide a basis for precision myopia prevention and control. Methods: From September to October 2020, a stratified cluster sampling method was used in 16 districts of Shanghai. After matching the teaching environment testing classrooms with the classrooms where the students were surveyed, totally 470 classrooms and 14 624 students were monitored. Trained professional technicians used laser range finder, luxmeter to measure parameters about teaching environmental health. Students were subject vision testing and questionnaires. Multilevel models was used to analyze the association between teaching environment and screening myopia. Results: The qualified rates of each indicators of teaching environmental health were as follows: window to floor area ratio (93.0%), classroom area per capita (82.1%), uniformity ratio of illuminance of blackboard ( 79.7% ), blackboard size (68.7%), daylight factor (67.0%), blackboard hanging height (66.9%), average illuminance on desk (66.4%), uniformity ratio of illuminance of desk (63.6%), reflectance of blackboard (46.8%), average illuminance on blackboard (41.4%), reflectance of wall (33.2%), desk and chair allocation compliance rate (19.8%). The results of two level Logistic model analysis showed that unqualified average illuminance on blackboard was positively associated with screening myopia ( OR =1.24, 95% CI = 1.05 -1.47, P <0.05). Conclusion Teaching environmental health of primary and secondary schools in Shanghai is not optimistic, teaching environment especially the desk and chair allocation compliance rate need to be improved. The average illumination on blackboard is positively correlated with screening myopia, suggesting that myopia prevention and control can focus on improving the illuminance on blackboard.

Objective: To understand physical fitness among students aged 13-18 years in Henan Province and its influencing factors. Methods: Data of 21 785 students aged 13-18 years who participated in the national physical fitness surveys in Henan Province in 2014 were analyzed based on phyical fitness indicators and the questionnarie of physical exercise. The qualified rates of physical fitness indicators were evaluated based on the "National Students Constitutional Health Standards"(2014 revised edition). Results: In 2014, the eligible rate for physical test was 85.6% for boys and 82.5% for girls. Higher eligible rate was observed among boys with sleep duration less than 7 hours, compared to those with higher than 7 hours, while lower eligible rate was more likely observed in boys who reported sweaty and tired in PE class(OR=0.76), sweay and extreme tired in PE class(OR=0.72). Higher eligible rate was more common among girls who attended exercise during recess 2-3 times per day (OR=1.18) compared to those attended exercises higher than 3 times per day. Lower eligible rate was more common among girls with sleep duration less than 7 hours (OR=0.88) and those with low attendance in school recess exercises(OR=0.77). Normal weight, living in urban area, sufficient and regular PE class, daily physical exercise for more than 1 hour, enjoying physical exercise and extracurricular sports activities or long-distance running activities have higher success rates(P<0.05). Conclusion There is a relatively high eligible rate of phyical fitness among middle school boys and girls in Henan Province. Physical fitness is related to multiple factors. These findings highlight the need to target physical fitness interventions with sufficient time allocation in PE class and physical activity so as to effectively promote the phyical quality of students.

Objective To investigate the correlations of distribution and grading of deep medullary veins (DMVs) with clinical prognoses of patients with acute anterior circulation infarction by using susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI).Methods Fifty patients with acute anterior circulation infarction,admitted to our hospital from August 2016 to December 2017,were enrolled in our study.SWI was performed to evaluate the DMVs.Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression models were used to determine the correlation between distribution of DMVs and clinical prognoses of patients.DMVs on the ipsilateral side of the lesions were further graded and analyzed;boxplot was used to describe its relation with modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores of the patients.Results DMVs were observed in 36 patients (72％),with 19 ipsilateral DMVs and 17 contralateral DMVs.The ipsilateral DMVs were independently associated with poor outcome (odds ratio=3.380,95％CI:1.006-11.393,P=0.049).The contralateral DMVs were not independent predictors for outcomes,but appeared commonly in patients with good outcome (44.8％).In patients with ipsilateral DMVs,grading 1,grading 2,and grading 3 were noted in 7,two and three patients,respectively;boxplot analysis showed that DMVs patients of grading 3 had higher mRS scores,with an average of 4.Conclusion The ipsilateral DMVs on SWI are independent predictive biomarkers for poor clinical outcome after stroke,and contralateral DMVs often indicate good prognosis.

Objective To discussion the application value of three dimensional (3D) printing in neurosurgery.Methods A retrospective analysis of 7 patients with intracranial diseases,admitted to our hospital from April 2016 to December 2016 was performed.Cerebral hemorrhage,meningioma in the central region,sphenoid ridge meningioma,pituitary adenoma,odontoid deformity,chordoma,and aneurysm were noted in these patients.Cranial CT/MR imaging data of all patients were attained preoperatively.Three-dimensional reconstruction was performed using MIMICS.Models of intracranial diseases were printed using a 3D printer.Surgical simulation and planning were performed on the physical models.Results Models of intracranial diseases of all patients were produced before surgeries.The models clearly demonstrated the morphologies of intracranial diseases and spatial relationship with adjacent large vessels and skull.The operative approach was planned in vitro.Patients recovered well postoperatively without severe complications or death.Conclusion The 3D printing can assist the resection of intracranial lesions well and has great utilization potential in localizing intracranial lesions and demonstrating adjacent anatomical relationships;it provides required help to clinical doctors for preoperative planning.

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare and develop the method for identification of Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS),and evaluate the feasibility,accuracy and repeatability of MALDI-TOF MS to discriminate NTM.Methods Fifteen clinical strains were collected from January to March in 2012 and 68 environmental strains were retrospectively collected from 2011 to 2012.A protocol for sample pre-treatment and protein extraction was developed and utilized it to identify clinical and environmental isolates.The results from 16 s rRNA sequencing were served as control.Results Method A was more effective in protein extraction.Although all the three methods got the same species result,a total of 83 strains belonging to 10 distinct species grown in Middle brook 7H10 media were analyzed.All members of the NTM were identified accurately at the genus level and 80.7％ (67/83) of strains could be identified at the species level.Six strains were identified at the complex level.81.9％ (68/83) of NTM got high spectral scores.The identification of cultured colony could be completed in 1.5 hours.And it had good reproducibility.Conclusion MALDI-TOF MS can be used as a rapid and accurate method for identification of Mycobacteria in clinical microbiology laboratories,implying its good application prospects.