Post-stroke cognitive impairment(PSCI)has attracted substantial attention in the field of stroke research worldwide due to its high incidence rate and significant morbidity and mortality rates,but there are limited treatment meth-ods since the pathogenesis of PSCI remains unclear.Clinical observational studies have shown that patients achieve vary-ing degrees of cognitive recovery within the first 12 months after stroke,and such recovery is closely associated with the mechanisms of neuroplasticity.Gaining a deeper insight into the mechanisms of neuroplasticity is important for developing optimal strategies for nervous system repair after stroke and compensating for impaired brain functions.This article intro-duces the mechanisms of spontaneous neuroplasticity after stroke,including the plasticity of neuronal cells,synaptic neu-ral circuits,and brain networks,and their association with cognitive function and reveals the dynamic and intricate nature of neuroplasticity and brain function recovery.Subsequently,the article discusses the treatment methods for enhancing neuroplasticity,including pharmacotherapy,rehabilitation training,and noninvasive brain stimulation,and points out that early intervention may help to achieve a good outcome.Although there is a lack of clear clinical evidence for some new methods,inspiring results have been obtained in preliminary studies,which may help to initiate a new era in post-stroke therapy.

Objective:To explore the reliability of preoperative diagnosis of low-grade infectious nonunion using haematological testing and radioisotope scanning (bone 3-phase image).Methods:A retrospective study was conducted of the 265 patients with bone nonunion who had been treated at Department of Orthopaedics, The Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University and at Department of Orthopaedics, The Eighth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University from June 2010 to June 2018.They were 151 males and 114 females, aged from 19 to 64 years (average, 39.7 years).The nonunions occurred mainly at the tibia (113 cases) and the femur (72 cases).The preoperative results of their white blood cell count (WBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and radioisotope scanning were recorded.Taking the intraoperative pathological observations as the gold standards, the sensitivity, specificity, area under curve (AUC) of receiver operator characteristic (ROC) and Youden index were statistically analyzed respectively for every preoperative haematological tests and radioisotope scanning as well as for different combinations of the radioisotope scanning and one or more haematological tests.Results:Compared with the pathological observations, the radioisotope scanning showed a sensitivity of 80.7%, a specificity of 73.3%, an AUC of 0.770 and a Youden index of 0.540.In the combinations of radioisotope scanning and one haematological test, that of radioisotope scanning and CRP produced the largest AUC of 0.683, a sensitivity of 98.0%, a specificity of 70.3%, and a Youden index of 0.848.In the combinations of radioisotope scanning and 2 haematological tests, that of radioisotope scanning and WBC and ESR produced the largest AUC of 0.895, a sensitivity of 94.3%, a specificity of 67.3%, and a Youden index of 0.616 and all the 3 ones yielded an AUC of more than 0.880.The combination of radioisotope scanning and all the 3 haematological tests produced a sensitivity of 96.5%, a specificity of 79.7%, an AUC of 0.925 and a Youden index of 0.762.Conclusion:Combination of haematological testing and radioisotope scanning can be a reliable preoperative diagnosis of low-grade infection nonunion.

Parkinson disease(PD)is the second most common neurodegenerative disease,and its motor and non-motor symptoms seriously affect the patients' quality of life.The existing methods of evaluation of PD contain a lot of shortages,such as inter-rater variability and recall bias,which promote patients,clinicians and researchers to have a strong demand for more objective and long-term assessment and monitoring methods.The wearable device-based quantitative technology,which is easy to operate and have the features of objective quantification,daily permanence and meticulous accuracy,makes it have an extensive series of perspective and advantage for application in the management of PD.This article describes,and illustrates with several examples,the applications of wearable devices in the diagnosis and treatment of various motor symptoms such as bradykinesia,resting tremor,gait disorder,motor fluctuation,dyskinesia and non-motor symptoms.We also discuss its current limitations and future directions.

Neurostimulation remarkably alleviates the symptoms in a variety of brain disorders by modulating the brain-wide network. However, how brain-wide effects on the direct and indirect pathways evoked by focal neurostimulation elicit therapeutic effects in an individual patient is unknown. Understanding this remains crucial for advancing neural circuit-based guidance to optimize candidate patient screening, pre-surgical target selection, and post-surgical parameter tuning. To address this issue, we propose a functional brain connectome-based modeling approach that simulates the spreading effects of stimulating different brain regions and quantifies the rectification of abnormal network topology in silico. We validated these analyses by pinpointing nuclei in the basal ganglia circuits as top-ranked targets for 43 local patients with Parkinson's disease and 90 patients from a public database. Individual connectome-based analysis demonstrated that the globus pallidus was the best choice for 21.1% and the subthalamic nucleus for 19.5% of patients. Down-regulation of functional connectivity (up to 12%) at these prioritized targets optimally maximized the therapeutic effects. Notably, the priority rank of the subthalamic nucleus significantly correlated with motor symptom severity (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III) in the local cohort. These findings underscore the potential of neural network modeling for advancing personalized brain stimulation therapy, and warrant future experimental investigation to validate its clinical utility.
Adult ; Aged ; Brain Mapping ; Connectome ; Deep Brain Stimulation ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neural Pathways ; diagnostic imaging ; physiology ; Oxygen ; blood ; Parkinson Disease ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; therapy ; ROC Curve ; United Kingdom

Objective·To explore plasma immune and inflammatory proteins that could serve as potential screening markers for Alzheimer's disease (AD).Methods·Healthy controls (n=19) and AD patients (n=19) were enrolled.Plasma samples were collected and 70 kinds of immune and inflammatory proteins were detected.The immune and inflammatory proteins associated with AD were screened by Mann-Whitney U test and partial correlation analysis.Discriminant analysis was used to develop multi-protein combined algorithm to distinguish plasma samples of AD patients from those of healthy controls.Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy for the multi-protein combined algorithm.Results·Among the 70 proteins analyzed,23 were significantly higher in AD patients (P＜0.05),among which 19 were strongly correlated with AD (P＜0.05).These 19 proteins were analyzed with Wilks' lambda stepwise analysis to develop discriminant algorithm for detecting plasma samples of AD.Finally,the discriminant algorithm established by 11 plasma immune and inflammatory proteins (EGF,GRO,MDC,MCP-1,MCP-2,MCP-4,TARC,SCF,TRAIL,CTACK,GCP-2) was found to have an optimal diagnostic efficacy (AUC=0.994).The optimal cutoff value of the algorithm was-0.609.When the optimal cutoff value was obtained,the sensitivity of the equation could reach 100％ and the specificity could reach 94.7％.Conclusion·The discriminant equation composed of the above 11 plasma immune and inflammatory proteins has the potential to assist AD screening.

Objective To discuss the genotype and phenotype features of 187 patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) and analyze their genotype-phenotype relationship.Methods A total of 187 patients genetically diagnosed as having SCA3 from 160 families were enrolled from our hospital from 2005 to 2015.Detailed medical histories were collected.SPSS 22.0 was conducted to statistically analyze the genotypes and pathogenic CAG expansions of A TXN3 gene in the patients.Results One hundred males and 87 females suffered SCA3.Mean age at onset was 35.43±11.17 years.The ranges of pathogenic CAG expansion were 65-86 repeats,with mean pathogenic CAG expansion of 74.11±3.56 repeats.A negative correlation was found between number of CAG repeats and age of onset (r=-0.815,P=0.000).Frequencies of the patients with tendon hyporeflexia were 28.9％ and 6.0％,respectively,in the smaller pathogenic CAG expansion group (≤74) and larger pathogenic CAG expansion group (＞74),with significant difference (P＜0.05).Frequencies of patients with rigidity were 27.8％ and 49.4％,respectively,in the smaller pathogenic CAG expansion group and larger pathogenic CAG expansion group,with significant difference (P＜0.05).Conclusions SCA3 is neurodegenerative disorder with high clinical and genetical heterogeneity.There are distinct correlations between number of pathogenic CAG expansion and age of onset,frequency ofhyporeflexia and rigidity.

Objective To detect the plasma macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) levels in patients with early Parkinson' s disease (PD) and to investigate whether plasma MIP was associated with motor and non-motor symptoms in early PD.Methods Fifty-nine patients with early idiopathic PD (Hoehn-Yahr Staging Scale from 1.0 to 2.5) treated in our hospital from January 28,2013 to September 30,2013 and 54 healthy controls were recruited.Plasma MIP-1α and MIP-1β levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Motor function was assessed by Unified Parkinson' s Disease Rating Scale Part Ⅲ and Hoehn-Yahr Staging Scale during “on” period.Total non-motor symptoms were assessed by Non-motor Symptoms Questionnaire.Cognitive dysfunction was assessed by Mini Mental State Examination.Autonotic dysfunction was assessed by Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson' s disease-Autonomic.Depression was assessed by Hamilton Depressive Scale (HAMD).Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder was assessed by REM sleep behavior disorder screening questionnaire (RBDSQ).Correlation between plasma MIP levels and scale scores was analyzed by Spearman rank correlation.Results Plasma MIP-1o and MIP-1β levels were not significantly different between early PD patients and healthy controls.However,plasma MIP-1 α level negatively correlated with depression (HAMD score,r =-0.520,P =0.027) and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBDSQ score,r =-0.537,P =0.039).Conclusion MIP-1 α may be correlated with depression and RBD in early PD.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of intern doctor training by 360 degree evaluation scale and to provide references for formulating targeted training plan. Methods A 360-degree evaluation scale with 6 subscales(Attendings, Peers, Nurse, Patients, Directors and Students) was employed to measure the status quo of medical education , represented by professional ethics and communication skills, among 129 intern doctors in medical clinical college. Cronbach's alpha was used to evaluate the reliability of the scale,one-way ANOVA was used to compare the difference of score among different scorers,and t test and Mann-Whitney test were employed to compare scores be-tween male group and female group, 5-year class and 8-year class (The significance level was set at P<0.05). Results Cronbach' α coefficients were 0.878, 0.948, 0.914, 0.908, and 0.934 for six sub-scales and 0.964 for the general scale. There were significant differences in evaluation scale scores a-mong differ-ent evaluators(P<0.01). After being adjusted by weight index, the average scores of pro-fessional ethics and communication ability & interpersonal relationship were ( 92 . 52 ± 8 . 09 ) and (93.32±8.67) respectively. No differences was observed between male and female, 5-year class and 8-year class(P>0.05). Conclusions 360 degree evaluation scale has reasonable reliability and it can provide valuable references for future similar survey in China. Meanwhile, intern doctors exhibit rela-tively good performances in professional ethics and communication ability & interpersonal relationship in the present study.

From the four aspects of residency training plan,the actual clinical teaching arrangement,clinical operation skill training and examination system,we compared the pros and cons of neurological resident training systems in two famous hospitals in Australia and China,aiming to provide useful suggestions to improve the current neurological resident training system.