The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between toe muscular strengths and single and/or repetitive jump performances on different directions (vertical or horizontal) in athletes. Thirty two male collegiate students participated (athletes group n=24, control group n=8). Two types of measurements were performed to evaluate toe muscular strengths: toe pushing force (TPF) with the metatarsophalangeal joint (MPJ) at neutral position (0°) and the MPJ in the dorsiflexed position (45°). Jump performances were assessed by press jump (vertical jump and standing broad jump) that measures jumping height or distance, and rebound jump (rebound jump and repetitive hopping) that measures “RJ-index” (the jumping height divided by the contact time). Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship between the toe muscular strengths and the performances of each jumping test. There were significant correlations between TPF with the MPJ in the dorsiflexed position and the performances of the repetitive hopping and rebound jump in athletes (P<0.05), but no significant correlations were found in controls. Also, there were no significant correlation between TPF and the performances of vertical jump and standing broad jump of all groups. These results suggest that, TPF in the dorsiflexed positions is one of the indicators that affect repetitive jump performance.

Medicine, Kampo ; Oils, Volatile

A report by the author entitled “Kampo formulas containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae” was published in Volume 47 Number 1 of the Japanese Journal of Oriental Medicine. In this paper, the author notes the finding of a reference that supplements the above report. In ‘Yojuin Yamawaki Sensei Hokan, ’ written by Yamawaki Toyo the author found the following: “To control verrucae, boil 5 sen of Coicis Semen in 3 go of water. Drink or wash the affected area with 1 go of this use.” (This text was originally written in classical Chinese.) It is clear from this statement that Yamawaki Toyo used Coicis Semen for verrucae in a manner resembling folk medicine. Although the date of compilation of the text is not known, this treatment method had obviously been in use before the death of Yamawaki Toyo (1762).
The description of the use containing Coicis Semen appearing in the above text is more accurate than that found in ‘Yamato Honzo.’
The first description of a formula for Coicis Semen for the treatment of verrucae is found in ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which was edited by Yamada Genrin in his late teens after stealing formulas from various famous doctors. According to various medical texts, the name of Yamada Genrin was Ikyo. In ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which Yamada edited, his name was written using different Chinese characters, but also pronounced ‘Ikyo’, this was probably his original first name. The name ‘Ikyo’ with the characters used later is associated with the text ‘Baiso Yakugen.’

A report by the author entitled “Kampo formulas containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae” was published in Volume 47 Number 1 of the Japanese Journal of Oriental Medicine. In this paper, the author notes the finding of a reference that supplements the above report. In ‘Yojuin Yamawaki Sensei Hokan, ’ written by Yamawaki Toyo the author found the following: “To control verrucae, boil 5 sen of Coicis Semen in 3 go of water. Drink or wash the affected area with 1 go of this use.” (This text was originally written in classical Chinese.) It is clear from this statement that Yamawaki Toyo used Coicis Semen for verrucae in a manner resembling folk medicine. Although the date of compilation of the text is not known, this treatment method had obviously been in use before the death of Yamawaki Toyo (1762).
The description of the use containing Coicis Semen appearing in the above text is more accurate than that found in ‘Yamato Honzo.’
The first description of a formula for Coicis Semen for the treatment of verrucae is found in ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which was edited by Yamada Genrin in his late teens after stealing formulas from various famous doctors. According to various medical texts, the name of Yamada Genrin was Ikyo. In ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which Yamada edited, his name was written using different Chinese characters, but also pronounced ‘Ikyo’, this was probably his original first name. The name ‘Ikyo’ with the characters used later is associated with the text ‘Baiso Yakugen.’

A report by the author entitled “Kampo formulas containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae” was published in Volume 47 Number 1 of the Japanese Journal of Oriental Medicine. In this paper, the author notes the finding of a reference that supplements the above report. In ‘Yojuin Yamawaki Sensei Hokan, ’ written by Yamawaki Toyo the author found the following: “To control verrucae, boil 5 sen of Coicis Semen in 3 go of water. Drink or wash the affected area with 1 go of this use.” (This text was originally written in classical Chinese.) It is clear from this statement that Yamawaki Toyo used Coicis Semen for verrucae in a manner resembling folk medicine. Although the date of compilation of the text is not known, this treatment method had obviously been in use before the death of Yamawaki Toyo (1762).
The description of the use containing Coicis Semen appearing in the above text is more accurate than that found in ‘Yamato Honzo.’
The first description of a formula for Coicis Semen for the treatment of verrucae is found in ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which was edited by Yamada Genrin in his late teens after stealing formulas from various famous doctors. According to various medical texts, the name of Yamada Genrin was Ikyo. In ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which Yamada edited, his name was written using different Chinese characters, but also pronounced ‘Ikyo’, this was probably his original first name. The name ‘Ikyo’ with the characters used later is associated with the text ‘Baiso Yakugen.’

The author's first paper entitled “The First Recipe for Amomi Semen to the Kampo Formula, Anchu-san” was published in Volume 47 Number 2 of the Japanese Journal of Oriental Medicine. In this paper, the first appearance of the crude drug Bukuryo (Hoelen) in the formula Anchu-san-ka-bukuryo, which is listed in the Standardized Drug Prices of Japan, is examined.
The only manufacturer of this product remarked that the ‘Explanation of Clinical Applications of Kampo Formulas, ’ by Yakazu Domei, is the source of the formula Anchu-san-ka-bukuryo, since it includes the statement, “In many cases, Hoelen 5.0 is added.” In the ‘Hoizokucho, ’ published by Murase Toshu in 1889 (Meiji 22), however, it is noted that the addition of Hoelen to Ju fang Anchu-san is most suitable. In the “‘Kokonhoi’ and its Clinical Applications, ” published in Volume 2 Number 9 of the Journal of Kampo Medicine, Yakazu states that the ‘Hoizokucho’ can supplement the ‘Kokonhoi’, and that these two books are the best reference texts. It seems clear that Yakazu must have known about the presence of Hoelen in the ‘Hoizokucho, ’ since the description of Hoelen in the ‘Explanation of Clinical Applications of Kampo Formulas’ appears to be based on the ‘Hoizokucho.’ Yakazu confirmend this to the author when asked about this point. These considerations suggest that the source of Hoelen in Anchu-san-ka-bukuryo is the ‘Hoizokucho.’

A report by the author entitled “Kampo formulas containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae” was published in Volume 47 Number 1 of the Japanese Journal of Oriental Medicine. In this paper, the author notes the finding of a reference that supplements the above report. In ‘Yojuin Yamawaki Sensei Hokan, ’ written by Yamawaki Toyo the author found the following: “To control verrucae, boil 5 sen of Coicis Semen in 3 go of water. Drink or wash the affected area with 1 go of this use.” (This text was originally written in classical Chinese.) It is clear from this statement that Yamawaki Toyo used Coicis Semen for verrucae in a manner resembling folk medicine. Although the date of compilation of the text is not known, this treatment method had obviously been in use before the death of Yamawaki Toyo (1762).
The description of the use containing Coicis Semen appearing in the above text is more accurate than that found in ‘Yamato Honzo.’
The first description of a formula for Coicis Semen for the treatment of verrucae is found in ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which was edited by Yamada Genrin in his late teens after stealing formulas from various famous doctors. According to various medical texts, the name of Yamada Genrin was Ikyo. In ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which Yamada edited, his name was written using different Chinese characters, but also pronounced ‘Ikyo’, this was probably his original first name. The name ‘Ikyo’ with the characters used later is associated with the text ‘Baiso Yakugen.’

A report by the author entitled “Kampo formulas containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the Treatment of Verrucae” was published in Volume 47 Number 1 of the Japanese Journal of Oriental Medicine. In this paper, the author notes the finding of a reference that supplements the above report. In ‘Yojuin Yamawaki Sensei Hokan, ’ written by Yamawaki Toyo the author found the following: “To control verrucae, boil 5 sen of Coicis Semen in 3 go of water. Drink or wash the affected area with 1 go of this use.” (This text was originally written in classical Chinese.) It is clear from this statement that Yamawaki Toyo used Coicis Semen for verrucae in a manner resembling folk medicine. Although the date of compilation of the text is not known, this treatment method had obviously been in use before the death of Yamawaki Toyo (1762).
The description of the use containing Coicis Semen appearing in the above text is more accurate than that found in ‘Yamato Honzo.’
The first description of a formula for Coicis Semen for the treatment of verrucae is found in ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which was edited by Yamada Genrin in his late teens after stealing formulas from various famous doctors. According to various medical texts, the name of Yamada Genrin was Ikyo. In ‘Meika Hosen, ’ which Yamada edited, his name was written using different Chinese characters, but also pronounced ‘Ikyo’, this was probably his original first name. The name ‘Ikyo’ with the characters used later is associated with the text ‘Baiso Yakugen.’

Coicis Semen was known in ancient times as a medicine promoting longevity. In the ‘Huang ti nei ching su wên’, there is a reference to Coicis Semen in a description of one of the pulses (cardiac pulse without stomachic energy), and it is contained in four formulas in the ‘Chin kuei yao lueh’. As for the effectiveness of Coicis Semen for the treatment of verrucae, there are no references in the ‘Ben cao gang mu’ or the ‘Nodoku’. In the Edo period, a common treatment for warts was moxibustion. The first text thought to mention Coicis Semen for the treatment of verrucae was the ‘Yamato Honzo. However, it is difficult to tell from the description of the condition whether it is in fact warts or not. Previously, the references contained in the later texts, ‘Matsukageidan’ and ‘Seinosatan’, containing a verruca formula (Chiyushimpo), have been considered to be theearliest notations of applying formulas containing Coicis Semen for the treatment of warts. However, independent investigation revealed the presence of a formula for verrucae in the text ‘Meikahosen’, compiled by Yamada Genrin twenty years before the ‘Seinosatan’. The description in the ‘Meikahosen’ says ‘Formula for warts: Coicis Semen-3 sen; Glycyrrhizae Radix-1 bu to beused not only internally but externally as well.
The realization of the ability of Coicis Semen to cure warts was thought to have occurred with the observation of many cases of remarkable effectiveness seen when large quantities were consumed in the form of rice and gruel containing Coicis Semen, rather than in the form of sweets made from what was called ‘Chosenmugi or Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. koreana.

Anchu-san is included in the ‘Tai Ping Hui Min He Ji Ju Fang’ (a Song dynasty pharmacopoeia), with the constituent crude drugs listed as Kanzo (Glycyrrhizae Radix), Gengosaku (Corydalis Tuber), Ryokyo (Alpiniae Officinarum Rhizoma), Kankyo (Zingiberis Siccatum Rhizoma), Uikyo (Foeniculi Fructus), Nikkei (Cinnamomi Cortex) and Borei (Ostreae Testa). However, in modern-day Japan, the same formula usually contains Keihi (Cinnamomi Cortex), Borei, Shukusha (Amomi Semen), Engosaku (Corydalis Tuber), Uikyo, Kanzo and Ryokyo. The ‘Futsugo-yakushitsu-hokan, ’ (late 19th century) lists the latter formula in the section on decoctions and the former formula in the section on powdered medicines. In the ‘Shochitekiyo’ of the late Edo period (1603-1867), it is said that Hara Nanyo added Shukusha to the pharmacopoeia prescription, for a total of eight ingredients, and tripled the amount of Borei as another device. In ‘Sokei-tei-iji-shogen, ’ (1820) the latter device is included with the note that it is effective for treating pyloric stenosis. The former device may well have been a secret formula of his family of physicians.
In many texts, uses of the formula, Anchu-san, were not limited to the directions given in the pharma copoeia, and decocting the formula was relatively common. For severe cases of stagnation, the addition of Bushi (Aconiti Tuber) was recommended, and Shinra (river snail) was also used inplace of the Borei.
Anchu-san appears primarily in texts from the late Edo period onwards. If copies of books with unclear dates are not considered, Anchu-san was not used significantly as a prescription until the 19th century.