BACKGROUND: It is crucial to understand the seasonal variation of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) for the detection and management of MetS. Previous studies have demonstrated the seasonal variations in MetS prevalence and its markers, but their methods are not robust. To clarify the concrete seasonal variations in the MetS prevalence and its markers, we utilized a powerful method called Seasonal Trend Decomposition Procedure based on LOESS (STL) and a big dataset of health checkups. METHODS: A total of 1,819,214 records of health checkups (759,839 records for men and 1,059,375 records for women) between April 2012 and December 2017 were included in this study. We examined the seasonal variations in the MetS prevalence and its markers using 5 years and 9 months health checkup data and STL analysis. MetS markers consisted of waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting plasma glucose (FPG). RESULTS: We found that the MetS prevalence was high in winter and somewhat high in August. Among men, MetS prevalence was 2.64 ± 0.42 (mean ± SD) % higher in the highest month (January) than in the lowest month (June). Among women, MetS prevalence was 0.53 ± 0.24% higher in the highest month (January) than in the lowest month (June). Additionally, SBP, DBP, and HDL-C exhibited simple variations, being higher in winter and lower in summer, while WC, TG, and FPG displayed more complex variations. CONCLUSIONS This finding, complex seasonal variations of MetS prevalence, WC, TG, and FPG, could not be derived from previous studies using just the mean values in spring, summer, autumn and winter or the cosinor analysis. More attention should be paid to factors affecting seasonal variations of central obesity, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology* ; Seasons ; Prevalence ; Climate ; Insulin Resistance ; Triglycerides

To explore the situation of 8 common respiratory pathogens in children with acute respiratory infection (ARI) from 2021 to 2022.The retrospective study selected 8 710 ARI patients from September 2021 to August 2022 in the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Gansu Province as the study object, patients aged 0 to 17 years old, including 5 048 male children and 3 662 female children. Indirect immunofluorescence was used to detect 8 common respiratory pathogens, including influenza virus A (FluA), influenza virus B (FluB), parainfluenza virus (PIV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus (ADV), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP), Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP), and Coxsackie virus group B (CoxB) IgM antibodies. χ² test was used to analyze the results. The results showed that 1 497 of 8 710 children with ARI were positive, with a positive rate of 17.19%. The detection rate of MP among 8 common respiratory pathogens was 11.34%, accounting for 66.0%, followed by FluB, CoxB, PIV, RSV, ADV, FluA and CP, accounting for 13.83%, 9.55%, 6.01%, 2.61%, 1.47%, 0.40% and 0.13%, respectively. Respiratory tract viruses (FluA, FluB, RSV, ADV, PIV, CoxB) accounted for 33.86%.There were significant differences in the detection rates of PIV, ADV and MP among children of different genders (χ²=6.814, 5.154 and 17.784, P<0.05). The detection rate of school-age children (6-17 years old) was the highest, accounting for 33.27% (184/553). The detection rates of 8 common respiratory pathogens in patients with ARI were higher in spring and winter and lower in summer and autumn. To sum up, from 2021 to 2022, MP and FluB infection were dominant in ARI patients in our hospital. The peak period of 8 common respiratory pathogens was in spring and winter. The physical examination rate of 8 common respiratory pathogens in ARI patients aged 6-17 years old was the highest.
Child ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Child, Preschool ; Adolescent ; Retrospective Studies ; Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology* ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human ; Seasons ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae ; Adenoviridae ; Influenza B virus

The study was aimed to analyze the seasonal pollen allergen spectrum of patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) in Nanchang city, and to provide evidence for improving the clinical diagnosis, treatment, prevention and epidemiology of seasonal AR. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the results of skin prick test (SPT) among 1 752 patients with AR in outpatient at Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from September 2020 to August 2021 (a total of 1 069 males and 683 females, age ranged from 2 to 84 years old). SPSS 22.0 software was used to analyze the positive rates of main allergens and their differences in gender, age, and month of visit. Differences among groups were compared by student t test, Wilcox rank sum test, or χ² test. The results showed that among 1 752 SPT-positive patients, the number of simple seasonal AR and the number of perennial combined seasonal AR were 102 (5.82%) and 281 (16.04%), respectively. There was no significant difference between male and female patients in positive seasonal pollen allergens (χ²=2.181, P>0.05), but the positive rate of indoor seasonal pollen allergens in males was higher than that in females (χ²=7.901, P<0.05). The seasonal pollen allergens ranking top 5 of the positive rates were willow (6.62%, 116/1 752), humulus scandens (5.71%, 100/1 752), rape (5.54%, 97/1 752), grey pigweed (4.62%, 81/1 752) and birch (3.60%, 63/1 752). The positive rates of indoor and seasonal pollen allergens increased first and then decreased in different age groups, and the highest positive rates of seasonal pollen allergens were in the age group of 31-40 years old, with statistical significance compared with other groups (χ²=61.269, P<0.05). The seasonal allergen positive rate showed two peaks in time: March to May and September to November. The positive rate of pollen in spring was 60.27% (132/219), which was significantly higher than that in autumn (39.73%,87/219) (χ²=9.247, P<0.05). The positive rate of pollen combination in spring and autumn was 68.29% (112/164), which was significantly higher than that in spring and autumn alone (18.9%,31/164) and (12.8%, 21/164) (χ²=14.731, P<0.05). In summary, pollen allergy in Nanchang City cannot be ignored, accounting for more than 20% of the total number of AR. The incidence of seasonal AR in Nanchang City showed two peaks (March to May and September to November). The common allergens for seasonal AR in Nanchang City were willow, humulus scandens, rape, grey chenopods and birch.
Humans ; Female ; Male ; Adult ; Child, Preschool ; Child ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Retrospective Studies ; Seasons ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; Pollen ; Hospitals ; Allergens

Objective: To investigate the operation of children's vaccination clinics in Shandong Province, simulate the efficiency of vaccination capacity utilization, and explore the feasibility of carrying out adult vaccination in children's vaccination clinics. Methods: Using the extreme hypothesis method to determine the maximum vaccination capacity of children's vaccination clinics. Based on on-site surveys, population, and vaccination rate data, simulation parameters were determined, and the simulation method was used to simulate the utilization efficiency of vaccination capacity in different scenarios of children's vaccination clinics. Results: There were 2 654 children's vaccination clinics by the end of 2021 in Shandong province. There was (6.93±4.02) staff per vaccination clinic, with an average opening day of (4.16±2.19) days per week. In the scenario of only vaccinating children, the utilization efficiency of vaccination capacity during the non-influenza vaccination season was only 30.74% and 14.07% in urban and rural vaccination clinics, respectively. During the influenza vaccination season, the utilization efficiency of the vaccination capacity of urban vaccination clinics reached 49.26% when the child influenza vaccination rate reached 20%. In the scenario of simultaneous vaccination of children and adults, the utilization efficiency of vaccination capacity during the non-influenza vaccination season was 41.48% and 18.52% in urban and rural vaccination clinics, respectively. During the influenza vaccination season, the utilization efficiency of vaccination capacity in urban vaccination clinics reached 51.47% when the influenza vaccination rate of the entire population reached 3%. The utilization efficiency of vaccination capacity in rural vaccination clinics reached 52.44% when the influenza vaccination rate of the entire population reached 20%. Conclusion: The accessibility of children's vaccination is good in Shandong province, and the utilization efficiency of vaccination capacity can meet the current vaccination needs of children and adults. The vaccination capacity in urban areas needs to be strengthened to meet the growing vaccination needs of children and adults in the future.
Adult ; Child ; Humans ; Feasibility Studies ; Influenza, Human ; Seasons ; Vaccination

The study was aimed to analyze the seasonal pollen allergen spectrum of patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) in Nanchang city, and to provide evidence for improving the clinical diagnosis, treatment, prevention and epidemiology of seasonal AR. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the results of skin prick test (SPT) among 1 752 patients with AR in outpatient at Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from September 2020 to August 2021 (a total of 1 069 males and 683 females, age ranged from 2 to 84 years old). SPSS 22.0 software was used to analyze the positive rates of main allergens and their differences in gender, age, and month of visit. Differences among groups were compared by student t test, Wilcox rank sum test, or χ² test. The results showed that among 1 752 SPT-positive patients, the number of simple seasonal AR and the number of perennial combined seasonal AR were 102 (5.82%) and 281 (16.04%), respectively. There was no significant difference between male and female patients in positive seasonal pollen allergens (χ²=2.181, P>0.05), but the positive rate of indoor seasonal pollen allergens in males was higher than that in females (χ²=7.901, P<0.05). The seasonal pollen allergens ranking top 5 of the positive rates were willow (6.62%, 116/1 752), humulus scandens (5.71%, 100/1 752), rape (5.54%, 97/1 752), grey pigweed (4.62%, 81/1 752) and birch (3.60%, 63/1 752). The positive rates of indoor and seasonal pollen allergens increased first and then decreased in different age groups, and the highest positive rates of seasonal pollen allergens were in the age group of 31-40 years old, with statistical significance compared with other groups (χ²=61.269, P<0.05). The seasonal allergen positive rate showed two peaks in time: March to May and September to November. The positive rate of pollen in spring was 60.27% (132/219), which was significantly higher than that in autumn (39.73%,87/219) (χ²=9.247, P<0.05). The positive rate of pollen combination in spring and autumn was 68.29% (112/164), which was significantly higher than that in spring and autumn alone (18.9%,31/164) and (12.8%, 21/164) (χ²=14.731, P<0.05). In summary, pollen allergy in Nanchang City cannot be ignored, accounting for more than 20% of the total number of AR. The incidence of seasonal AR in Nanchang City showed two peaks (March to May and September to November). The common allergens for seasonal AR in Nanchang City were willow, humulus scandens, rape, grey chenopods and birch.
Humans ; Female ; Male ; Adult ; Child, Preschool ; Child ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Retrospective Studies ; Seasons ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; Pollen ; Hospitals ; Allergens

Objective: To investigate the operation of children's vaccination clinics in Shandong Province, simulate the efficiency of vaccination capacity utilization, and explore the feasibility of carrying out adult vaccination in children's vaccination clinics. Methods: Using the extreme hypothesis method to determine the maximum vaccination capacity of children's vaccination clinics. Based on on-site surveys, population, and vaccination rate data, simulation parameters were determined, and the simulation method was used to simulate the utilization efficiency of vaccination capacity in different scenarios of children's vaccination clinics. Results: There were 2 654 children's vaccination clinics by the end of 2021 in Shandong province. There was (6.93±4.02) staff per vaccination clinic, with an average opening day of (4.16±2.19) days per week. In the scenario of only vaccinating children, the utilization efficiency of vaccination capacity during the non-influenza vaccination season was only 30.74% and 14.07% in urban and rural vaccination clinics, respectively. During the influenza vaccination season, the utilization efficiency of the vaccination capacity of urban vaccination clinics reached 49.26% when the child influenza vaccination rate reached 20%. In the scenario of simultaneous vaccination of children and adults, the utilization efficiency of vaccination capacity during the non-influenza vaccination season was 41.48% and 18.52% in urban and rural vaccination clinics, respectively. During the influenza vaccination season, the utilization efficiency of vaccination capacity in urban vaccination clinics reached 51.47% when the influenza vaccination rate of the entire population reached 3%. The utilization efficiency of vaccination capacity in rural vaccination clinics reached 52.44% when the influenza vaccination rate of the entire population reached 20%. Conclusion: The accessibility of children's vaccination is good in Shandong province, and the utilization efficiency of vaccination capacity can meet the current vaccination needs of children and adults. The vaccination capacity in urban areas needs to be strengthened to meet the growing vaccination needs of children and adults in the future.
Adult ; Child ; Humans ; Feasibility Studies ; Influenza, Human ; Seasons ; Vaccination

OBJECTIVE: To understand the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of human ocular thelaziasis patients in China. METHODS: Case reports regarding human ocular thelaziasis cases in China were retrieved in international and national electronic databases, including CNKI, VIP, CBM, Traditional Chinese Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, Wanfang Database, PubMed and Web of Science from 2011 to 2022. Patients' gender, age, clinical symptoms, treatment, recurrence, site of infections, time of onset, affected eye, affected sites, number of infected Thelazia callipaeda, sex of T. callipaeda and source of infections were extracted for descriptive analyses. RESULTS: A total of 85 eligible publications were included, covering 101 cases of human ocular thelaziasis, including 57 males (56.44%) and 44 females (43.56%) and aged from 3 months to 85 years. The main clinical manifestations included foreign body sensation (56 case-times, 22.49%), eye itching (38 case-times, 15.26%), abnormal or increased secretions (36 case-times, 14.46%), tears (28 case-times, 11.24%) and eye redness (28 case-times, 11.24%), and conjunctival congestion (50 case-times, 41.67%) was the most common clinical sign. The most common main treatment (99/101, 98.02%) was removal of parasites from eyes using ophthalmic forceps, followed by administration with ofloxacin and pranoprofen. In publications presenting thelaziasis recurrence, there were 90 cases without recurrence (97.83%) and 2 cases with recurrence (2.17%). Of all cases, 51.96% were reported in four provinces of Hubei, Shandong, Sichuan, Hebei and Henan, and ocular thelaziasis predominantly occurred in summer (42.19%) and autumn (42.19%). In addition, 56.45% (35/62) had a contact with dogs. CONCLUSIONS The human thelaziasis cases mainly occur in the continental monsoon and subtropical monsoon climate areas such as the Yellow River and the Yangtze River basin, and people of all ages and genders have the disease, with complex clinical symptoms and signs. Personal hygiene is required during the contact with dogs, cats and other animals, and individual protection is required during outdoor activities to prevent thelaziasis.
Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Bibliometrics ; China/epidemiology* ; Seasons ; Spirurida Infections/epidemiology* ; Thelazioidea ; Eye Diseases/parasitology*

From 2015 to 2019, the annual average incidence rate of scarlet fever was 7.80/100 000 in Yantai City, which showed an increasing trend since 2017 (χ²_trend=233.59, P<0.001). The peak period of this disease was from April to July and November to January of the next year. The ratio of male to female was 1.49∶1, with a higher prevalence among cases aged 3 to 9 years (2 357/2 552, 92.36%). Children in kindergartens, primary and middle school students, and scattered children were the high risk population, with the incidence rate of 159.86/100 000, 25.57/100 000 and 26.77/100 000, respectively. The global spatial auto-correlation analysis showed that the global Moran's I index of the reported incidence rate of scarlet fever in Yantai from 2015 to 2019 was 0.28, 0.29, 0.44, 0.48, and 0.22, respectively (all P values<0.05), suggesting that the incidence rate of scarlet fever in Yantai from 2015 to 2019 was spatial clustering. The local spatial auto-correlation analysis showed that the "high-high" clustering areas were mainly located in Laizhou City, Zhifu District, Haiyang City, Fushan District and Kaifa District, while the "low-high" clustering areas were mainly located in Haiyang City and Fushan District.
Child ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Scarlet Fever/epidemiology* ; Spatial Analysis ; Cities/epidemiology* ; Seasons ; Risk Factors ; Incidence ; Cluster Analysis ; China/epidemiology*

Objective: To explore the feasibility of moving epidemic method (MEM) in the assessment of seasonal influenza (influenza) activity intensity from the perspective of urban agglomeration, assess influenza activity intensity in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 2019 to 2021 and evaluate the reliability of surveillance data and the effectiveness of the MEM model application. Methods: The weekly reported incidence rate (IR) of influenza and the percentage of influenza-like illness (ILI%) from 2011-2021 in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region were collected to establish MEM models respectively. The model fitting effect and the reliability of the two data were evaluated for the purpose of establishing an optimal model to assess the influenza activity intensity in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 2019-2021. A cross-validation procedure was used to evaluate the performance of the models by calculating the Youden's index, sensitivity and specificity. Results: The MEM model fitted with weekly ILI% had a higher Youden's index compared with the model fitted with weekly IR at both Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region level and provincial level. The MEM model based on ILI% showed that the epidemic threshold in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region during 2019-2020 was 4.42%, the post-epidemic threshold was 4.66%, with medium, high and very high intensity thresholds as 5.38%, 7.22% and 7.84%, respectively. The influenza season during 2019-2020 had 10 weeks (week 50 of 2019 to week 7 of 2020). The influenza season started in week 50 of 2019, and the intensity fluctuated above and below medium epidemic level for six consecutive weeks. The high intensity was observed in week 4 of 2020, the threshold of very high intensity was excessed in week 5, and the intensity gradually declined and became lower than the threshold at the end of the influenza season in week 8. The epidemic threshold was 4.29% and the post-epidemic threshold was 4.35% during 2020-2021. Influenza activity level never excessed the epidemic threshold throughout the year, and no epidemic period emerged. Conclusions: The MEM model could be applied in the assessment of influenza activity intensity in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, and the use of ILI% to assess influenza activity intensity in this region was more reliable than IR data. Influenza activity intensity in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region was higher during 2019-2020 but significantly lower in 2020-2021.
Humans ; Beijing/epidemiology* ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology* ; Seasons ; Reproducibility of Results ; Epidemics ; China/epidemiology*

Objective: To evaluate the thermal environment of different types of public places and the thermal comfort of employees, so as to provide scientific basis for the establishment of microclimate standards and health supervision requirements. Methods: From June 2019 to December 2021, 50 public places (178 times) of 8 categories in Wuxi were selected, including hotels, swimming pools (gymnasiums), bathing places, shopping malls (supermarkets), barber shops, beauty shops, waiting rooms (bus station) and gyms. In summer and winter, microclimate indicators such as temperature and wind speed were measured in all kinds of places, combined with the work attire and physical activity of employees in the places. Fanger thermal comfort equation and center for the built environment (CBE) thermal comfort calculation tool were used to evaluate the predicted mean vote (PMV), predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD) and standard effective temperature (SET) according to the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 55-2020. The modification effects of seasonal and temperature control conditions on thermal comfort were analyzed. The consistency of GB 37488-2019 "Hygienic Indicators and Limits in Public Places" and ASHRAE 55-2020 evaluation results on thermal environment was compared. Results: The thermal sensation of hotel, barber shop staff and the gym front-desk staff were moderate, while the thermal sensation of swimming place lifeguard, bathing place cleaning staff and gym trainer were slightly warm in summer and winter. Waiting room (bus station) cleaning and working staff, shopping mall staff felt slightly warm in summer and moderate in winter. Service staff in bathing places felt slightly warm in winter, while staff in beauty salons felt slightly cool in winter. The thermal comfort compliance of hotel cleaning staff and shopping mall staff in summer was lower than that in winter (χ(2)=7.01, 7.22, P=0.008, 0.007). The thermal comfort compliance of shopping mall staff in the condition of air conditioning off was higher than that in the condition of air conditioning on (χ(2)=7.01, P=0.008). The SET values of front-desk staff in hotels with different health supervision levels were significantly different (F=3.30, P=0.024). The PPD value and SET value of the front-desk staff, and the PPD value of cleaning staff of hotels above three stars were lower than those of hotels below three stars (P<0.05). The thermal comfort compliance of front-desk staff and cleaning staff in hotels above three stars was higher than that in hotels below three stars (χ(2)=8.33, 8.09, P=0.016, 0.018). The consistency of the two criteria was highest among waiting room (bus station) staff (100.0%, 1/1) and lowest among gym front-desk staff (0%, 0/2) and waiting room (bus station) cleaning staff (0%, 0/1) . Conclusion: There are different degrees of thermal discomfort in different seasons, under the condition of air conditioning and health supervision, and the microclimate indicators can not fully reflect the thermal comfort of human body. The health supervision of microclimate should be strengthened, the applicability of health standard limit value should be evaluated in many aspects, and the thermal comfort of occupational group should be improved.
Humans ; Temperature ; Cold Temperature ; Air Conditioning ; Wind ; Seasons