Aims: Hypoxia is believed to be one of the key components contributing to the clinical resistance of cancer therapies. Alternative strategies are under investigation to overcome this resistance and the oncolytic virus stands amongst the others. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been demonstrated to possess oncolytic activity against cancer cells. The present study investigated the effects of oncolytic NDV strain AF2240 and V4-UPM on osteosarcoma cells (Saos-2) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Methodology and results: Results showed that the NDV strain AF2240 and V4-UPM could infect and kill normoxic and hypoxic Saos-2 cells equally well by inducing hypoxia-independent apoptosis, and S-phase cell cycle arrest under the microscopy examination, cell viability assay, Annexin V apoptosis assay and cell cycle analysis experiments. However, the Velogenic NDV strain AF2240 excelled over the lentogenic NDV V4-UPM with increased oncolytic effects in Saos-2 cells. Conclusion, significance and impact of study In a nutshell, normoxia or hypoxia microenvironment has little effect on NDV-induced oncolysis of Saos-2 cancer cells which poses as a potential agent for the treatment of resistant cancer.

Aims: During the Covid-19 pandemic, adaptation, flexibility and creativity is paramount in conducting Service-Learning courses. The study aims to evaluate the feasibility of a hybrid mode service-learning in Microbiology course conducted over a semester which involved undergraduate students being strewn all over the country, with highly diversified conditions varying from local movement control laws and availability of facilities such as internet access. Methodology and results: A cohort of undergraduate students conducted the course from the comfort of their own homes to teach underprivileged school students. The undergraduate students engaged school students in the proximity of their location, then conducted STEM activities over the course of a few weeks either via face-to-face, online or hybrid mode. Microbiology activities included microscopy using a Foldscope (paper microscope), isolation and growth of microbes, preparation of microbe-related food and others. Surveys were conducted with school students pre- and postprogramme, parents and the undergraduate students conducting the programme. While the school students benefitted from highly engaging STEM modules, the undergraduate students underwent a steep learning curve, mentoring school students in STEM whilst juggling challenges presented by the pandemic but finally achieved all learning outcomes. Conclusion, significance and impact of study Service-learning for life sciences subjects can be conducted efficiently during a pandemic when flexibility and freedom is given to students to achieve the learning outcomes.
Microbiological Phenomena ; COVID-19--epidemiology