To introduce the general thinking, guidelines, work objectives and elaboration process of the general technical requirements adopted by volume Ⅳ of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition, and to summarize and figure out the main characteristics on dosage forms, physico-chemical testing, microbial and biological testing, reference standards and guidelines The newly revised general chapters of pharmacopoeia give full play to the normative and guiding role of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia standard, track the frontier dynamics of international drug regulatory science and the elaboration of monographs, expand the application of state-of-the-art technologies, and steadily promote the harmonization and unification with the ICH guidelines； further enhance the overall capacity of TCM quality control, actively implement the 3 R principles on animal experiments, and practice the concept of environmental-friendly； replace and/or reduce the use of toxic and hazardous reagents, strengthen the requirements of drug safety control This paper aims to provide a full-view perspective for the comprehensive, correct understanding and accurate implementation of general technical requirements included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition.

Surgical operation is the main treatment of oral and maxillofacial tumors.Dysphagia is a common postoperative complication.Swal-lowing disorder can not only lead to mis-aspiration,malnutrition,aspiration pneumonia and other serious consequences,but also may cause psychological problems and social communication barriers,affecting the quality of life of the patients.At present,there is no systematic evalua-tion and rehabilitation management plan for the problem of swallowing disorder after oral and maxillofacial tumor surgery in China.Combining the characteristics of postoperative swallowing disorder in patients with oral and maxillofacial tumors,summarizing the clinical experience of ex-perts in the field of tumor and rehabilitation,reviewing and summarizing relevant literature at home and abroad,and through joint discussion and modification,a group of national experts reached this consensus including the core contents of the screening of swallowing disorders,the phased assessment of prognosis and complications,and the implementation plan of comprehensive management such as nutrition management,respiratory management,swallowing function recovery,psychology and nursing during rehabilitation treatment,in order to improve the evalua-tion and rehabilitation of swallowing disorder after oral and maxillofacial tumor surgery in clinic.

Cryoablation therapy with explicit anti-tumor mechanisms and histopathological manifestations has a long history.A large number of clinical practice has shown that cryoablation therapy is safe and effective,making it an ideal tumor treatment method in theory.Previously,its efficacy and clinical application were constrained by the limitations of refrigerants and refrigeration equipment.With the development of the new generation of cryoablation equipment represented by argon helium knives,significant progress has been made in refrigeration efficien-cy,ablation range,and precise temperature measurement,greatly promoting the progression of tumor cryoablation technology.This consensus systematically summarizes the mechanism of cryoablation technology,indications for oral mucosal melanoma(OMM)cryotherapy,clinical treatment process,adverse reactions and management,cryotherapy combination therapy,etc.,aiming to provide reference for carrying out the standardized cryoablation therapy of OMM.

Objective:To assess the diagnostic utility of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) combined with BRAF V600E gene mutation detection for discerning benign from malignant thyroid isthmus nodules classified as thyroid imaging report and data system (TI-RADS) 4a and 4b. Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 48 patients with thyroid nodules of TI-RADS 4, who underwent surgical confirmation and pathological diagnosis at Jiaozuo People's Hospital between October 2019 and June 2022. Using surgical and pathological outcomes as the gold standard, the diagnostic efficacy of FNA cytopathology, BRAF V600E gene mutation detection, and the combined approach were individually evaluated for benign and malignant thyroid nodules of TI-RADS 4. Results:The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed the diagnostic values of FNA, BRAF V600E gene mutation detection, and their combined use in predicting the benignancy or malignancy of thyroid isthmus nodules. For TI-RADS 4a nodules, the areas under the curves were 0.876 for FNA, 0.852 for BRAF V600E gene mutation detection, and 0.952 for the combined approach. For TI-RADS 4b nodules, the areas under the curves were 0.850, 0.858, and 0.908, respectively. The P-values were 0.010, 0.016, and 0.002 for TI-RADS 4a nodules, and 0.006, 0.005, and 0.001 for TI-RADS 4b nodules. Notably, the combined approach demonstrated larger areas under the curves compared with individual applications. Conclusion:The combined use of FNA and BRAF V600E gene mutation detection enhances the diagnostic accuracy for thyroid isthmus nodules classified as TI-RADS 4a and 4b, as reflected by an increased area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.

Objective To construct a domain knowledge graph of dementia care,so as to provide the foundation and guarantee for the next intelligent application based on the knowledge graph.Methods A top-down approach was adopted to construct a domain knowledge graph of dementia care.Firstly,the ontology concept is constructed from the top level,namely the schema layer of knowledge graph.Then,instances are filled,and knowledge extraction is carried out from the existing data sources,and the extracted entities and relationships are filled into the pattern layer ontology database to complete the data layer construction of the knowledge graph.Finally,the"entity relationship entity"triplet data was input into the Neo4j graph database for storage.Results In this study,the personalized care plan set of 1 012 dementia cases was used as the corpus to construct a domain knowledge graph of dementia care.The knowledge graph takes people with dementia as the core,and unfolds,one by one,around basic characteristics,care problems,and care plans in a standardized"entity-relationship-entity"triplet format,forming a large knowledge network,which contains a total of 1 522 specific dementia care knowledge entities and 8 kinds of inter-entity relationships.Conclusion The domain knowledge graph of dementia care constructed in this study clearly and intuitively shows the global pedigree and logical path of knowledge,which provides an efficient and intelligent basic guarantee for the browsing,retrieval and application of dementia care knowledge,so as to realize personalized and intelligent management of people with dementia,break through the bottleneck of lack of professionals,improve the health outcomes of people with dementia,promote the implementation of inclusive pension services,and promote healthy aging.

Objective: The characteristics and differences of the general notice between the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the Japanese Pharmacopoeia were investigated to provide references and suggestions for the compilation of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
Methods: From the perspective of frame structure and main contents, the general notice between the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the Japanese Pharmacopoeia was compared.
Results: Each volume of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia had its general notice, including 34 to 48 items and 10 to 12 chapters based on different varieties collected in each volume. The Japanese Pharmacopoeia had 49 items not arranged by chapters. There are many differences on the general notice between the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, such as the definitions and expressions of names, determination of appearance, revision rules, risk assessment and quality control conception. The framework of the general notice in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia was clear, the content was specific and the operation was friendly. The term description of the general notice in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia was concise, and some terms need to be implemented under the guidance of professional knowledge.
Conclusion: In light of comparative study, every volume’s general notice of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia has its own characteristics. By integrating advanced analytical technique, combining the requirements with laws and regulations, and optimizing content and terms, all volume’s general notice could be explored to be coordinated and unified.

With the rapid advancement and wide application of microwave technology, it enhances convenience while potentially endangering health. The immune system, as a vital shield, is an important protective barrier and also one of the sensitive targets of microwave radiation. The immune system is particularly affected by microwave radiation via innate and adaptive immune responses, which is supported by both population surveys and experimental studies; however, the precise mechanism of immunotoxicity of microwave radiation remains under investigation. In light of recent scientific advances in the correlation between microwave radiation and the immune system, the deleterious impact of microwave radiation on innate immunity was delineated. Microwave radiation can induce irregular innate immune function by damaging macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. The effects of microwave radiation on adaptive immunity were also elucidated. Microwave radiation can impair cellular immune response by influencing T cell proliferation, maturation and activation, and distribution of T cell subpopulation, and also hinder humoral immune function by influencing B lymphocyte protein expression, maturation during development, and number of B cells. Disparity in the immune function of the body can precipitate the onset of various immune-associated diseases, so the immunotoxic effects of microwave radiation and associated protection need considerable attention and detailed investigation. This article reviewed the shortcomings of existing studies, and suggested that future experimental studies should use experimental parameters that are more similar to the actual scene of life and work, pay more attention to the biological effects of combined multi-frequency microwave exposure on the immune system, use standardized and unified experimental methods, and incorporate more sophisticated experimental technologies to further elucidate the laws of damage effect and exact mechanism of microwave radiation on the immune system, so as to provide a scientific basis for potent protection against the damage effect of microwave radiation on the immune system.

With the increasing proportion of human papilloma virus(HPV)infection in the pathogenic factors of oro-pharyngeal cancer,a series of changes have occurred in the surgical treatment.While the treatment mode has been im-proved,there are still many problems,including the inconsistency between diagnosis and treatment modes,the lack of popularization of reconstruction technology,the imperfect post-treatment rehabilitation system,and the lack of effective preventive measures.Especially in terms of treatment mode for early oropharyngeal cancer,there is no unified conclu-sion whether it is surgery alone or radiotherapy alone,and whether robotic minimally invasive surgery has better func-tional protection than radiotherapy.For advanced oropharyngeal cancer,there is greater controversy over the treatment mode.It is still unclear whether to adopt a non-surgical treatment mode of synchronous chemoradiotherapy or induction chemotherapy combined with synchronous chemoradiotherapy,or a treatment mode of surgery combined with postopera-tive chemoradiotherapy.In order to standardize the surgical treatment of oropharyngeal cancer in China and clarify the indications for surgical treatment of oropharyngeal cancer,this expert consensus,based on the characteristics and treat-ment status of oropharyngeal cancer in China and combined with the international latest theories and practices,forms consensus opinions in multiple aspects of preoperative evaluation,surgical indication determination,primary tumor re-section,neck lymph node dissection,postoperative defect repair,postoperative complication management prognosis and follow-up of oropharyngeal cancer patients.The key points include:① Before the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer,the expression of P16 protein should be detected to clarify HPV status;② Perform enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the maxillofacial region before surgery to evaluate the invasion of oropharyngeal cancer and guide precise surgical resec-tion of oropharyngeal cancer.Evaluating mouth opening and airway status is crucial for surgical approach decisions and postoperative risk prediction;③ For oropharyngeal cancer patients who have to undergo major surgery and cannot eat for one to two months,it is recommended to undergo percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy before surgery to effectively improve their nutritional intake during treatment;④ Early-stage oropharyngeal cancer patients may opt for either sur-gery alone or radiation therapy alone.For intermediate and advanced stages,HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer general-ly prioritizes radiation therapy,with concurrent chemotherapy considered based on tumor staging.Surgical treatment is recommended as the first choice for HPV unrelated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma(including primary and re-current)and recurrent HPV related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma after radiotherapy and chemotherapy;⑤ For primary exogenous T1-2 oropharyngeal cancer,direct surgery through the oral approach or da Vinci robotic sur-gery is preferred.For T3-4 patients with advanced oropharyngeal cancer,it is recommended to use temporary mandibu-lectomy approach and lateral pharyngotomy approach for surgery as appropriate;⑥ For cT1-2N0 oropharyngeal cancer patients with tumor invasion depth＞3 mm and cT3-4N0 HPV unrelated oropharyngeal cancer patients,selective neck dissection of levels ⅠB to Ⅳ is recommended.For cN+HPV unrelated oropharyngeal cancer patients,therapeutic neck dissection in regions Ⅰ-Ⅴ is advised;⑦ If PET-CT scan at 12 or more weeks after completion of radiation shows intense FDG uptake in any node,or imaging suggests continuous enlargement of lymph nodes,the patient should undergo neck dissection;⑧ For patients with suspected extracapsular invasion preoperatively,lymph node dissection should include removal of surrounding muscle and adipose connective tissue;⑨ The reconstruction of oropharyngeal cancer defects should follow the principle of reconstruction steps,with priority given to adjacent flaps,followed by distal pedicled flaps,and finally free flaps.The anterolateral thigh flap with abundant tissue can be used as the preferred flap for large-scale postoperative defects.

Objective To investigate the differences in human epidermal factor receptor 2(HER-2)expression between urothelial bladder carcinoma(UBC)and upper tract urothelial carcinoma(UTUC)and the relationship between HER-2 expression and disease recurrence and progression.Methods Clinical data of 184 patients with urothelial carcinoma admitted in our hospital during Nov.2015 and Jun.2022 were retrospectively analyzed.The patients were divided into UBC group and UTUC group.The positive expression rate of HER-2,recurrence-free survival(RFS)and progression-free survival(PFS)of the two groups were compared,and the survival curve was drawn.The effects of HER-2 expression on the recurrence and progression of disease were analyzed with Cox proportional hazards model.Results The positive expression of HER-2 was significantly higher in UBC patients than in UTUC patients(49.6％vs.32.2％,P=0.027).Among UTUC patients,there was no statistically significant difference in the positive expression of HER-2 in those with renal pelvis cancer and ureteral cancer(30.6％vs.34.8％,P＞0.05).Cox analysis showed that HER-2 positive expression affected UBC recurrence(P＜0.001),but had no effects on the recurrence and progression of UTUC;HER-2 positive expression(P＜0.001),tumor diameter ≥3 cm(P＜0.001),stage ≥T2(P=0.003)and multiple tumor foci(P=0.033)affected the progression of UBC.Conclusion The positive expression of HER-2 is significantly higher in UBC than in UTUC,which can increase the risk of recurrence and progression of UBC,but has no significant effects on the recurrence and progression of UTUC.HER-2 expression is not recommended to independently predict the risk of recurrence and progression of UTUC.

This study design of specific identification primers for the ITS2 sequence of F. ussuriensis. The reaction system and conditions were optimized, and PCR-nucleic acid test strips were constructed to realize the visual detection of F. ussuriensis Bark. Through molecular cloning and sequencing technology, we constructed a positive control for F. ussuriensis DNA and formulated quality standards. The established method was evaluated for sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility, and the authenticity of the commercially available samples was identified. Results demonstrated that based on the ITS2 sequences, F. ussuriensis and its mixed forgeries could be distinguished. The PCR products of the authentic F. ussuriensis on test strips showed two bands in the T and C lines, while the pseudo products and negative control showed only one band in the C line, which was consistent with the results of agarose gel electrophoresis. The specificity was 100%, and the sensitivity of the PCR-nucleic acid test strip was up to 0.1 ng·μL^-1, which was 10 times higher than that of the gel electrophoresis assay. 11 out of 16 commercially available samples of F. ussuriensis were qualified, and 5 were unqualified. Collectively, the PCR-nucleic acid test strip method established in this study is specific, rapid, accurate and visualized, which can provide a new technical idea for the detection of F. ussuriensis.