Objective: To analyze the status of sleep disorders and their influencing factors among Tibetan secondary school students in high altitude areas in China, so as to provide a reference for the improvement and intervention of sleep quality among Tibetan secondary school students in high altitude areas. Methods: From April to July, 2022, a questionnaire survey on demographic factors, sleep disorders, and lifestyle was conducted on 5 486 Tibetan secondary school students in the Lhasa, Shigatse, and Nagqu regions of Tibet, China, using stratified whole-group sampling. Descriptive statistics and Logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the sleep disorders of Tibetan secondary school students and their influencing factors. Results: The average score of PSQI for Tibetan secondary school students at high altitude was (5.67±3.23), and the detection rate of sleep disorders (PSQI>7) was 24.72% . There were significant differences in the prevalence of sleep disorders among different grades ( χ 2=23.95, P <0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, academic stress, falling asleep after midnight, sleep environment, and parental sleep disorders were positively associated with the occurrence of sleep disorders among Tibetan secondary school students ( OR =2.74, 1.68, 2.62, 1.32, 2.02, 1.85, 2.61, 1.31, 2.19, 2.88, 4.91, 2.94, 2.51, 1.36, P <0.05). Conclusion Tibetan secondary school students in high altitude areas have poor sleep quality and widespread sleep disorder problems, which should be given intervention and improvement. Schools and families should give secondary school students more guidance on appropriate exercise, and reduce academic stress to improve sleep quality and ensure healthy physical and mental development for secondary school students.

New threats posed by the emerging circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2 highlight the need to find conserved neutralizing epitopes for therapeutic antibodies and efficient vaccine design. Here, we identified a receptor-binding domain (RBD)-binding antibody, XG014, which potently neutralizes β-coronavirus lineage B (β-CoV-B), including SARS-CoV-2, its circulating variants, SARS-CoV and bat SARSr-CoV WIV1. Interestingly, antibody family members competing with XG014 binding show reduced levels of cross-reactivity and induce antibody-dependent SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein-mediated cell-cell fusion, suggesting a unique mode of recognition by XG014. Structural analyses reveal that XG014 recognizes a conserved epitope outside the ACE2 binding site and completely locks RBD in the non-functional "down" conformation, while its family member XG005 directly competes with ACE2 binding and position the RBD "up". Single administration of XG014 is effective in protection against and therapy of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo. Our findings suggest the potential to develop XG014 as pan-β-CoV-B therapeutics and the importance of the XG014 conserved antigenic epitope for designing broadly protective vaccines against β-CoV-B and newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; COVID-19 ; Epitopes ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics* ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics*

Objective: To understand the relationship between college students with different mobile phone addiction trends and adverse psychological problems such as depression and anxiety, so as to provide references for college students mental health intervention and prevention of mobile phone addiction. Methods: From 2018 to 2019, 1 824 college students from two universities in Henan were investigated for 5 follow up surveys of mobile phone addiction, depression, and anxiety, to understand the change trajectory of college students mobile phone addiction and its relationship with depression and anxiety. Results: The average score of mobile phone addiction among college students was (43.19±5.51) points, the detection rate of anxiety was 34.21%, and the detection rate of depression was 40.73%. In different urban and rural areas, class rankings, and sleep time, the differences in the scores of mobile phone addiction among college students were statistically significant ( F =3.65, 3.79, 3.82, P <0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with students in the mobile phone addiction group with a stable change trend, the high addiction increased group ( OR =3.21,95% CI =2.33-4.41) and the low addiction rapidly increased group ( OR=8.39，95%CI =5.08-13.78) had a higher risk of anxiety ( P <0.01), the high addiction increased group ( OR=3.31，95%CI =2.39-4.51), the low addiction rapidly increased group ( OR=4.51，95%CI =2.81-7.15) had a higher risk of depression ( P <0.01). Conclusion Colleges and universities should pay attention to the problem of mobile phone addiction among college students, especially those with a high concentration of mobile phone addiction, so as to effectively reduce the negative psychological problems of college students such as depression and anxiety.

Objective To study the relationship among bile components and different gallstone types through comparing and analyzing gallbladder bile contents in patients with different types of gallstones.Methods A retrospective study of 542 consecutive patients with gallstones or gallbladder polyps was conducted.The stone composition type and 14 kinds of bile components from these patients were analyzed.The bile parameters consisted of potassium (K +),sodium (Na+),chlorine (Cl-),calcium (Ca2+),bicarbonate (HCO3-),magnesium (Mg2+),aspartate aminotransferase (AST),glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT),alkaline phosphatase (ALP),total bilirubin (TBIL),total bile acid (TBA),cholesterol (CHO),lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pH.Finally,the content of these bile components among the different types of stones and gallbladder polyps were compared.According to the composition determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),the gallstone patients were divided into five groups.Results Compared with other groups,the content of K +,GGT,ALP,TBIL,TBA and CHO in the calcium carbonate stone group were lower (P ＜ 0.05),while the levels of C1-,HCO3-and value of PH were higher (P ＜0.05).Furthermore,CHO content in the cholesterol stone group was higher than other groups (P ＜ 0.05)except for the gallbladder polyp group (P ＞ 0.05).In addition,there was no difference in bile contents among the pigment gallstone group,mixed stone group and polyp group (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions In gallstone patients,the bile components of patients with calcium carbonate stones is significantly different.The high cholesterol content in bile is the main feature of cholesterol stone patients,and there is no significant difference in bile composition between patients with pigment stones and mixed stones.

Objective:To investigate the damage and mechanism of artemisia annua pollen on tight junction of human nasal mucosa epithelial cells (HNEpC).Methods:HNEpC were cultured in vitro. Different concentrations of artemisia annua pollen (0, 20, 40, 80, 100, 160, 200 μg/ml) were used to intervene the cells for 24 h, and the cell proliferation activity was detected by the CCK-8 method. The expression and phosphorylation of p38MAPK signaling pathway were detected by Western Blot before and after the intervention of SB203580, a p38MAPK inhibitor in HNEpC. Immunofluorescence chemical staining, Western Blot and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) were used to observe the expression and distribution of tight junctions Occludin and Claudin-1. SPSS 21.1 software was used for statistical analysis.Results:CCK-8 results showed that, compared with the control group, the proliferation activity of HNEpC increased after 6 h intervention with different concentrations of artemisia annua pollen (all P<0.05). After 12 h of intervention, the proliferation activity of HNEpC in the 20, 40, 80, 100 and 160 μg/ml groups was not significantly changed (all P>0.05), while that in the 200 μg/ml group was decreased ( P<0.05). After the intervention for 24 h, the proliferation activity of cells in the 20 and 40 μg/ml groups was not significantly changed (all P>0.05), while that in the 80, 100, 160 and 200 μg/ml groups was decreased (all P<0.05). Immunofluorescence staining showed that the Occludin and Claudin-1 proteins in the normal control group were localized on the cell membrane and expressed more and formed a ring structure around the cell membrane. However, under the intervention of high concentration artemisia annua pollen, its expression level decreased, appeared broken, fuzzy, and nonuniform distribution. Western Blot and qPCR results showed that after 24 h of intervention, the expression levels of HNEpC Claudin-1 protein and its mRNA in the pollen groups (40, 80, 100, 160, 200 μg/ml) of artemisia annua decreased compared with those of those of the control group (mRNA expression levels were 0.567±0.214, 0.443±0.109, 0.462±0.160, 0.497±0.134, 0.388±0.076 compared with 1.001±0.067, respectively, all P<0.05). However, the mRNA of Occludin protein and its mRNA only decreased in the 200 μg/ml treatment group (mRNA expression level was 0.631±0.109 compared with 1.016±0.026, P<0.05), while all the other treatment groups increased (mRNA expression levels were 1.258±0.134, 1.827±0.103, 2.429±0.077, 1.707±0.085, 1.477±0.066 compared with 1.016±0.026, respectively, all P<0.05). Western Blot showed that p-p38MAPK expression increased after intervention with 100, 160, 200 μg/ml artemisia annua pollen for 24 h. SB203580 could inhibit the decreasing expression of Occludin caused by artemisinin pollen (mRNA expression was 1.255±0.179 compared with 0.631±0.109, P<0.05), but had no effect on Claudin-1 protein expression. Conclusion:Pollen from artemisia annua may activate p38MAPK signaling pathway and destroy the close connection of HNEpC.

Objective Endothelial microparticles (EMPs) are direct indicator of endothelial cell activation or apoptosis,and may also reflect endothelial inflammation,increased coagulation,and vascular tone.The aim of this study is to investigate whether EMPs would be able to evaluate systemic involvement and be a new indicator of disease activity in Beh(c)et's disease (BD).Methods Thirty-nine consecutive BD patients (who fulfilled the modified International Study Group on BD in 1990 or International Criteria for BD in 2006) and 67 age and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled (Including 37 patients with hypertension and 30 healthy subjects).The plasma levels of EMPs were measured by flow cytometry utilizing specific labels for endothelial MPs (CD31+ and CD42b-).The measurement data of each group were expressed as-x±s,and the comparison data betwen groups were analyzed by independent sample t test and analysis of variance,Spearman/Pearson correlation analysis,P＜0.05 was statistically significant.Results The levels of circulating EMPs (CD31 + and CI42b-) were significantly elevated in the case group compared with the healthy control group and hypertension (F=6.845,P＜0.05).Moreover,BD patients plasma EMPs were positively correlated with active BD (r=0.802,P＜0.05).Vascular involvement in BD patients was higher than in patients without vascular EMPs,t=4.707,P＜0.05.Gastrointestinal involvement in BD patients was more frequent than that in patients without Gastrointestinal involvement,t=2.673,P＜0.05.Conclusion Levels of circulating EMPs are elevatedd in BD patients and correlated with disease activity in BD.Elevated EMPs may be a potential indicator to predict disease activity of BD.The plasma level of EMPs is increased,which indicats increased risk of vascular and digestive tract involvement in BD.

Objective A systematic study to classify mixed gallbladder stones to determine their relationship with Clonorchis sinensis infection.Methods 349 consecutive patients with mixed gallbladder stones were enrolled into this study and their gallstones were studied.The material composition of gallbladder stones was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy,and the distribution and microstructure of the material components were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy.The composition and distribution of the elements were analyzed by an X-ray energy spectrometer.Gallbladder stones were classified accordingly,and the stones were then grinded for microscopic examination.The stones were divided into two groups based on the results of detection of clonorchis sinensis eggs.Patients were also divided into two groups according to the patients' region (high-incidence and low-incidence regions of Clonorchis sinensis infection).The diversity of the subtypes of mixed gallbladder stones was compared.Results 14 subtypes were found,including Bilirubinate-calcium carbonate mixed stones (n =134),Cholesterol-bilirubinate mixed stones (n =87),Bilirubinate-phosphate mixed stones (n =39),Cholesterol-calcium carbonate mixed stones (n =30),Cholesterol-bilirubinate-calcium carbonate mixed stones (n =15),etc.Bilirubinate-calcium carbonate mixed stones were the main subtype of egg-positive mixed gallbladder stones and the patients were from high-incidence regions.Cholesterol-bilirubinate mixed stones were the main subtype of egg-negative mixed gallbladder stones and patients were from low-incidence regions.The differences of the subtypes constituent between the high-incidence and low-incidence regions groups were significant (P ＜ 0.05),and between the egg-positive and egg-negative groups were also significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The most common subtypes of mixed gallbladder stones were bilirubinate-calcium carbonate mixed stones,while the second was cholesterol-bilirubinate mixed stones.Clonorchis sinensis infection was mainly associated with Bilirubinatecalcium carbonate mixed stones.

Objective To investigate effect of emodin on cell membrane, protein and nucleic acid synthesis of MRSA41577, and systematically investigate the anti-bacterial mechanism of emodin.Methods TTC assay was used to detected the anti-bacterial activity of emodin on MRSA 41577. Conductivity and macromolecular were detected to investigate the effect of emodin on MRSA41577 cell membrane .SDS-PAGE was used to detect the effect of emodin on the soluble protein synthesis.DAPI staining was used to detect the effect of emodin on nucleic acid synthesis.UV-visible spectrophotometric was used to detected the interaction between emodin and DNA.ResuIts Emodin has significant inhibitory activity on MRSA41577, and the minimum inhibitory concentration was 8μg/mL.After treated with 8 μg/mL emodin for 6h, compared with control group, the macromolecular and conductivity improved (71.48 ±0.026)% (P<0.01) and (2.39 ±0.102)%(P<0.05), sepreatly.Compared with control, after treated with 8μg/ml emodin for 16h,the protein reduced 32.8%, and the contents of DNA and RNA reduced (4.82 ±1.06)%(P<0.05,) and (6.67 ±0.36)%(P<0.053).The UV-visible spectrophotometric results indicated that emodin could integrate with DNA through hydrogen bond.ConcIusion The anti-bacterial mechanism of emodin mainly through damage the cell membrane , inhibit the replication and transcription of DNA through hydrogen bond , inhibit the synthesis of protein, and thus inhibit the biological function of bacteria.

Objective To investigate effect of emodin on mice immune function and its hemolysis toxicity.Methods The mouse specific immune cells of T, B lymphocytes and nonspecific immune cell of macrophages and NK cells were prepared and incubated in vitro.The different immune cells were treated by emodin with different concentrations of 5,10,15 and 20μM, and DMSO as control group.The effect of emodin on immune cells function was detected by neutral red assay and MTT assay.The hemolysis test in vitro was conducted by emodin with different concentrations of 20, 40, 60 and 80μM, physiological saline as blank control group and sterile distilled water as positive control group, then the hemolysis toxicity of emodin was observed. Results There were no significant difference of T and B lymphocyte proliferation among control group, 5, 10, 15 and 20 μM group(F=0.009,P=1.000;F=0.003,P=1.000), the phagocytic ability of macrophages enhanced in each dose group and was concentration dependent(F=665.525,P=0.000), the proliferation rate of macrophages enhanced and was concentration dependent(F=134.812,P=0.000), the activity of NK cells enhanced and was concentration dependent(F=200.190,P=0.000).Hemolysis test results showed the hemolysis rate was less than 5% in the range of 20 to 80μM emodin.Conclusion Emodin could significantly promote the nonspecific immune cells activity.Within the concentration of experiment, emodin has no hemolysis toxicity.

Objective To study the relationship between Clonorchis sinensis infestation and different types of gallbladder stones.Methods From May 2011 to September 2014, 1 052 cases of gallbladder stones were collected from the Department of General Surgery at The Sixth People's Hospital of Nansha, Guangzhou.These stones were first grinded for microscopic examination and divided into two groups based on the results of detection of Clonorchis sinensis eggs.They were then analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy to identify the type of gallbladder stones.Some stones were also chosen randomly for observation under scanning electron microscope (SEM).Results Clonorchis sinensis eggs were found in 300 stones and among these, the number and proportion of cholesterol, bile pigment, calcium carbonate, mixed and other types of stones were 28 (9.3％), 102 (34.0％), 102 (34.0％), 50 (16.7％), and 18 (6.0％), respectively.In the 752 egg-negative stones, the number and proportion of the above five types of stones were 414 (55.1％), 132 (17.6％), 66 (8.8％), 94 (12.5％), and 46 (6.1％), respectively.Observation under SEM showed a lot of tiny particles were absorbed on the mesh of the superficial texture of the Clonorchis sinensis eggs, which were also adherent to the bilirubin particles, calcium stearate crystals, phosphate, calcium stearate and protein particles.Conclusions The main types of egg-positive stones were bile pigment and calcium carbonate stones, while cholesterol stone was the main type of egg-negative stones.Clonorchis sinensis infestation was associated mainly with bile pigment and calcium carbonate stones.