Objective: To investigate the household eye hygiene among students at grades 3 to 5 in primary schools in Jinshan District, Shanghai Municipality, so as to provide insights into the management of myopia among children and adolescents. Methods: Students at grades 3 to 5 in primary schools were sampled in Jinshan District using a stratified cluster sampling method from December 2021 to January 2022. The household reading environments were observed, including the height of the learning desk and chair, desk surface color and strength. The duration of reading and writing, duration of watching TV and videos, duration of outdoor activities, duration of sleep and eye use behaviors and habits after school and at weekends were investigated using questionnaires. Results: A total of 330 primary school students were surveyed, including 179 boys (54.24%) and 151 girls (45.76%), and there were 36.36% grade 3 primary school students, 36.36% grade 4 students and 27.27% grade 5 students. There were 94.24% of primary school students that used the desk and chair with heights mismatched to students' heights, 25.45% that used desks with dark surface, 26.67% that used desks with light reflection, and 48.48% that used desk lamps with an illumination intensity of <300 lx. There were 56.36% of students with reading and writing duration of 1 h and longer, 15.76% with watching duration of 0.5 h and longer, 86.97% with outdoor activity duration of <1 h and 88.48% with sleep duration of <10 h after school, and 42.42% with reading and writing duration of 2 h and longer, 29.70% with watching duration of 1 hour and longer, 65.45% with outdoor activity duration of <2 h and 55.76% with sleep duration of <10 h at weekends. There were 30.91% of primary school students with 10 cm distance from chest to desk, 26.36% with 33 cm distance from eyes to books and 35.15% with 3 cm distance from fingers to pen points when reading and writing, and 35.45% with >3 m distance from TV, 40.91% with >50 cm distance from computers, and 22.73% with >40 cm distance from cell phones when watching TV or videos. Conclusions The household eye use environments remain to be improved, and there are poor eye use behaviors among primary school students at grades 3 to 5 in Jinshan District, Shanghai Municipality; notably, mismatch between the desk and chair height and students' body height and inadequate sleep are common.

Objective To study the relationship among bile components and different gallstone types through comparing and analyzing gallbladder bile contents in patients with different types of gallstones.Methods A retrospective study of 542 consecutive patients with gallstones or gallbladder polyps was conducted.The stone composition type and 14 kinds of bile components from these patients were analyzed.The bile parameters consisted of potassium (K +),sodium (Na+),chlorine (Cl-),calcium (Ca2+),bicarbonate (HCO3-),magnesium (Mg2+),aspartate aminotransferase (AST),glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT),alkaline phosphatase (ALP),total bilirubin (TBIL),total bile acid (TBA),cholesterol (CHO),lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pH.Finally,the content of these bile components among the different types of stones and gallbladder polyps were compared.According to the composition determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),the gallstone patients were divided into five groups.Results Compared with other groups,the content of K +,GGT,ALP,TBIL,TBA and CHO in the calcium carbonate stone group were lower (P ＜ 0.05),while the levels of C1-,HCO3-and value of PH were higher (P ＜0.05).Furthermore,CHO content in the cholesterol stone group was higher than other groups (P ＜ 0.05)except for the gallbladder polyp group (P ＞ 0.05).In addition,there was no difference in bile contents among the pigment gallstone group,mixed stone group and polyp group (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions In gallstone patients,the bile components of patients with calcium carbonate stones is significantly different.The high cholesterol content in bile is the main feature of cholesterol stone patients,and there is no significant difference in bile composition between patients with pigment stones and mixed stones.

Objective To study the protective effect of trimetazidine pretreatment on myocardial I/R in a rat I/R model and its mechanism.Methods One hundred and twenty SD rats were divided into control group,I/R group,HSP70 inhibitor group,trimetazidine treatment group and combined treatment group (24 in each group).The rats in each group were further divided into 30 min reperfusion group,4 h reperfusion group and 8 h reperfusion group (8 in each group).Their HSP70-positive myocardial cells were calculated,their serum CK,CK-MB,MDA,SOD levels and their myocardial infarction size were measured.Results The serum CK and CK-MB levels were significantly higher in I/R group,HSP70 inhibitor group,trimetazidine treatment group and combined treatment group than in control group and were significantly lower in trimetazidine treatment group than in combined treatment group and I/R group after reperfusion for 4 and 8 h (P＜0.01).The serum levels of HSP70 and SOD were significantly higher,the MDA levels were significantly lower in trimetazidine treatment group than in combined treatment group and I/R group after reperfusion for 30 min,4 and 8 h (P＜0.01).The infraction size was significantly smaller in trimetazidine treatment group than in combined treatment group and I/R group after reperfusion for 4 and 8 h (P＜0.05).Conclusion Trimetazidine can increase the serum HSP70 level in myocardial cells,reduce the infarction size,and protect the myocardium against I/R in rats.

Objective: To investigate the causes of disease among patients with liver disease hospitalized in Department of Infectious Diseases in our hospital and the changes in such causes within the past 20 years. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 7570 patients who were admitted to our hospital from January 1995 to December 2015. The chi-square test was used for the statistical analysis of constituent ratio. Results: Of all 7570 patients with liver disease, 4930 (65.13%) had viral hepatitis, 332 (4.39%) had immune disease, 215 (2.84%) had drug-induced liver injury, 192 (2.54%) had fatty liver disease, 88 (1.16%) had schistosome-induced liver disease, 160 (2.11%) had inherited metabolic diseases, and 20 (0.13%) had vascular disease; 689 (9.1%) still had no clear cause of disease at discharge. The proportion of patients with viral hepatitis was 77.61% in the first 10 years and 59.19% in the last 10 years (P < 0.01). As for liver disease caused by hepatotropic virus, there were significant increases in the proportion of patients with hepatitis C or hepatitis E from the first to the last 10 years (hepatitis C: 2.24% vs 15.56%, P < 0.01; hepatitis E: 18.61% vs 23.07%, P < 0.05), while there were significant reductions in the proportion of patients with hepatitis B (68.14% vs 60.01%, P < 0.05) or hepatitis A (10.7% vs 1.36%, P < 0.05). The proportion of patients with immune diseases was 0.82% in the first 10 years and 6.08% in the last 10 years (P < 0.01). There were also certain changes in the proportion of patients with liver disease caused by other reasons. Conclusion There is a large proportion of patients with viral hepatitis among patients with liver disease hospitalized in Department of Infectious Diseases in a large general hospital, especially hepatitis B and E caused by hepatotropic virus. There is a certain change in the epidemiology of liver disease within the past 20 years, with a reduction in the proportion of patients with viral hepatitis and an increase in the proportion of patients with non-infectious liver diseases. There is a large proportion of patients with unknown causes of liver disease.

Objective Endothelial microparticles (EMPs) are direct indicator of endothelial cell activation or apoptosis,and may also reflect endothelial inflammation,increased coagulation,and vascular tone.The aim of this study is to investigate whether EMPs would be able to evaluate systemic involvement and be a new indicator of disease activity in Beh(c)et's disease (BD).Methods Thirty-nine consecutive BD patients (who fulfilled the modified International Study Group on BD in 1990 or International Criteria for BD in 2006) and 67 age and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled (Including 37 patients with hypertension and 30 healthy subjects).The plasma levels of EMPs were measured by flow cytometry utilizing specific labels for endothelial MPs (CD31+ and CD42b-).The measurement data of each group were expressed as-x±s,and the comparison data betwen groups were analyzed by independent sample t test and analysis of variance,Spearman/Pearson correlation analysis,P＜0.05 was statistically significant.Results The levels of circulating EMPs (CD31 + and CI42b-) were significantly elevated in the case group compared with the healthy control group and hypertension (F=6.845,P＜0.05).Moreover,BD patients plasma EMPs were positively correlated with active BD (r=0.802,P＜0.05).Vascular involvement in BD patients was higher than in patients without vascular EMPs,t=4.707,P＜0.05.Gastrointestinal involvement in BD patients was more frequent than that in patients without Gastrointestinal involvement,t=2.673,P＜0.05.Conclusion Levels of circulating EMPs are elevatedd in BD patients and correlated with disease activity in BD.Elevated EMPs may be a potential indicator to predict disease activity of BD.The plasma level of EMPs is increased,which indicats increased risk of vascular and digestive tract involvement in BD.

Objective To evaluate the outcomes of distal leg and foot-ankle reconstruction with rotated single pedicel reverse sural neurocutaneous island flaps. Methods From June 2011 to January 2016, seventeen distal leg and foot-ankle defects cases repaired with rotated single pedicel reverse sural neurocutaneous island flap were analyzed retrospectively. In this study, 13 cases were male, and 4 cases were female. Age ranged from 25 to 65 years old, with an average age of 42.0 ± 8.3 years. Seven cases were distal leg defects, 3 cases were ankle defects, 3 cases were heel defects, and 4 cases were acrotarsium defects; all cases had bone and tendon exposure. The defects ranged from 5.0 cm × 7.0 cm-6.0 cm × 12.0 cm. The flap size ranged from 5.0 cm × 7.0 cm-8.0 cm × 15.0 cm. Results All 17 cases survived completely, without thanatosis, blisters and vascular crisis. The follow-up period was 12-48 months, and the mean was (20.0 ± 11.1) months. The color and elasticity of the flaps was excellent, with satisfactory appearances. Function and appearance of donor sites was not affected. Conclusions The rotated single pedicel reverse sural neurocutaneous island flaps have no injury on main nerves and arteries. The flaps have wide rotation angle and less invalid fold in the pedicel. The simple operation has satisfactory effects and high survival rate. It is a relatively easy procedure that can be applied toward repairing of distal leg and foot-ankle soft tissue defect.

BACKGROUND: Resistin has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between resistin level in serum and synovial fluid and the severity of knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: Seventy-four patients with knee osteoarthritis and 79 healthy individuals were recruited. The Noyes score method was used to assess articular cartilage damage arthroscopically. The severity of knee osteoarthritis was evaluated according to the Western Ontario McMaster University Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) score. The radiographic severity of knee osteoarthritis was assessed by the Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grading system. The levels of resistin and cross linked C-telopeptide of type Ⅱ collagen (CTX-Ⅱ) in serum and synovial fluid were determined by ELISA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The resistin level in the synovial fluid was positively correlated with the radiographic severity of knee osteoarthritis, WOMAC pain, WOMAC function, and WOMAC total scores, but showed no correlation with the WOMAC stiffness score. There were no significant correlations between the serum level of resistin and WOMAC total scores, subscale or K-L Grading system in the the osteoarthritis patients. Multiple regression analysis showed that the correlation between the synovial fluid level of resistin and WOMAC scores was of significance after removal of other confounding factors, and the resistin level in the synovial fluid was positively correlated with Noyes scores and CTX-Ⅱ level. These results suggest that the resistin level in the synovial fluid can serve as a potential biomarker reflecting the severity of knee osteoarthritis and cartilage degenerative degree in patients with osteoarthritis.

Objective A systematic study to classify mixed gallbladder stones to determine their relationship with Clonorchis sinensis infection.Methods 349 consecutive patients with mixed gallbladder stones were enrolled into this study and their gallstones were studied.The material composition of gallbladder stones was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy,and the distribution and microstructure of the material components were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy.The composition and distribution of the elements were analyzed by an X-ray energy spectrometer.Gallbladder stones were classified accordingly,and the stones were then grinded for microscopic examination.The stones were divided into two groups based on the results of detection of clonorchis sinensis eggs.Patients were also divided into two groups according to the patients' region (high-incidence and low-incidence regions of Clonorchis sinensis infection).The diversity of the subtypes of mixed gallbladder stones was compared.Results 14 subtypes were found,including Bilirubinate-calcium carbonate mixed stones (n =134),Cholesterol-bilirubinate mixed stones (n =87),Bilirubinate-phosphate mixed stones (n =39),Cholesterol-calcium carbonate mixed stones (n =30),Cholesterol-bilirubinate-calcium carbonate mixed stones (n =15),etc.Bilirubinate-calcium carbonate mixed stones were the main subtype of egg-positive mixed gallbladder stones and the patients were from high-incidence regions.Cholesterol-bilirubinate mixed stones were the main subtype of egg-negative mixed gallbladder stones and patients were from low-incidence regions.The differences of the subtypes constituent between the high-incidence and low-incidence regions groups were significant (P ＜ 0.05),and between the egg-positive and egg-negative groups were also significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The most common subtypes of mixed gallbladder stones were bilirubinate-calcium carbonate mixed stones,while the second was cholesterol-bilirubinate mixed stones.Clonorchis sinensis infection was mainly associated with Bilirubinatecalcium carbonate mixed stones.

Objective To study the relationship between Clonorchis sinensis infestation and different types of gallbladder stones.Methods From May 2011 to September 2014, 1 052 cases of gallbladder stones were collected from the Department of General Surgery at The Sixth People's Hospital of Nansha, Guangzhou.These stones were first grinded for microscopic examination and divided into two groups based on the results of detection of Clonorchis sinensis eggs.They were then analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy to identify the type of gallbladder stones.Some stones were also chosen randomly for observation under scanning electron microscope (SEM).Results Clonorchis sinensis eggs were found in 300 stones and among these, the number and proportion of cholesterol, bile pigment, calcium carbonate, mixed and other types of stones were 28 (9.3％), 102 (34.0％), 102 (34.0％), 50 (16.7％), and 18 (6.0％), respectively.In the 752 egg-negative stones, the number and proportion of the above five types of stones were 414 (55.1％), 132 (17.6％), 66 (8.8％), 94 (12.5％), and 46 (6.1％), respectively.Observation under SEM showed a lot of tiny particles were absorbed on the mesh of the superficial texture of the Clonorchis sinensis eggs, which were also adherent to the bilirubin particles, calcium stearate crystals, phosphate, calcium stearate and protein particles.Conclusions The main types of egg-positive stones were bile pigment and calcium carbonate stones, while cholesterol stone was the main type of egg-negative stones.Clonorchis sinensis infestation was associated mainly with bile pigment and calcium carbonate stones.

Objective To develop a classification of gallbladder stones,to analyze the clinical characteristics of each type of stone and to provide a theoretical basis for the formation of different types of gallbladder stones.Method 925 consecutive patients with gallbladder stones were enrolled and their gallstones were studied.The material composition of the gallbladder stones was analyzed using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the distribution and microstructure of the material components were observed using scanning electron microscopy.The composition and distribution of the elements were analyzed by an X-ray energy spectrometer.Gallbladder stones were classified accordingly.Results The gallbladder stones were classified into 8 types and more than ten subtypes,including cholesterol stones (n =334),pigment stones (n =246),calcium carbonate stones (n =167),phosphate stones (n =14),calcium stearate stones (n =11),protein stones (n =3),cystine stones (n =1) and mixed stones (n =149).Mixed stones were those stones with two or more than two kinds of material components and the content of each component was similar.A total of 11 subtypes of mixed stones were found in this study.Conclusion The systematic classification of gallbladder stones indicated that different types of stones had different characteristics in terms of infrared spectrogram,microstructure,elemental composition and distribution,thus providing an important basis for the mechanistic study of gallbladder stones.